Federal toplumu anlamak: Federal sistemlerin sosyolojik yaklaşımı

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 64 Sayı: 3, 595 - 636, 01.09.2015

Ulusoy Demet Çelik

https://doi.org/10.1501/Hukfak_0000001788

Cited By: 1

Öz

Katı anayasaların, tanımında kurucu unsur olarak yer aldığı devlet biçimi olarak federal sistem, literatüre oldukça karmaşık teoriler ve kavramlar popülasyonu sunar. Sistemin, birbirinden farklı yönlerini ele alan teoriler ve onların ürettiği kavramlar nedeniyle bu popülasyon gittikçe büyür. Kimi teoriler, federal sistemlerin oluşumunu açıklamaya yönelirken, kimileri de işleyişine ilişkin yaklaşımlar sunarlar. Bu devlet biçiminde, anayasaların kurucu unsur olarak kabulünden hareketle, literatürde ilk olarak hukuksal ya da anayasal yaklaşımla geliştirilen klasik teoriler tartışılmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra federal sistem, siyasal, ekonomik, sosyolojik ve yargısal gibi pek çok farklı yaklaşımla da ele alınmaktadır. Dinamik bir doğası bulunan federal sistemin, tek bir yaklaşımla çözümlenmesi her zaman iyi ve kesin sonuçlar vermeyebilir. Bu nedenle literatürde, sistemin birden fazla birleştirilmiş yaklaşımla çözümlenmesi önemli bir görüş olarak benimsenir. Federal sistemin açıklayan teorilerden biri olarak sosyolojik yaklaşım, federal sistemlerin oluşumu ile işleyişine ilişkin önemli katkılar sağlamış ve sağlamaya da devam etmektedir. Sosyolojik yaklaşımın temel hareket

Anahtar Kelimeler

Federal Toplum, Federal Sistemin Sosyolojik Teorisi, Federalizm, Çeşitlilik içinde Birlik, Asimetrik ve Simetrik Federalizm.

Understanding the Federal Society: Overview of Sociological Approaches of the Federal Systems

Öz

Federal system where the constitution is the constituent elements of the definition of the form of government provides population of the various theories and concepts to the relative literature. This population becomes larger due to address different aspects of theoretical discussions of the system. Some discussions are inclining towards the formation of the federal system while others related to the function. In theoretical debates, firstly legal or constitutional approaches are discussed since the constitutions are the founding or constituent element of the system. Resolving in a single approach to the system may not always provide good and accurate results because of the dynamic nature of the federal system. Yet the federal system is discussed from the different point of view such political, economic, sociological and judicial as many. The sociological perspective is one of the approaches on the formation and functioning of the federal system significantly contributed and continues to do so relative literature. The basic point of the sociological approach is federalism. The approach gained the vital discussions to the literature focusing on the conceptual distinction between federalism and federal system. Hereby the literature focuses on the conceptual separation of federalism and the federal system. Another important phenomenon which is developed by the sociological approach is “federal society”. According to the approach, federal system does not constitute by a federal constitution, it is found in the federal community or society. Today as another important concept is unity in diversity debate rely on the intellectual foundations of sociological theory. In this paper, the sociological approach which contains important debate and discussion points will be considered together with the conceptual map

Anahtar Kelimeler

Federal Society, Sociological Theory of the Federal System

Kaynakça

• Akhtar, Majeed, Watts, Ronald L, Brown, Douglas M., (Eds.), “Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities in Federal Countries”, McGill-Queen's University Press, Canada, 2006.
• Auclair, Céline, “Federalism: Its Principles, Flexibility and Limitations”, 2nd International Conference on Decentralization, Forum of Federations, Manila, Philippines, July 25, 2002, İnternet Kaynak: http://www.forumfed.org/libdocs/IntConfDecent02/128-ICD20702-int- auclair.pdf, Erişim Tarihi:10-01-2011.
• Banting, Keith G., “Social Citizenship and Federalism: Is a Federal Welfare State a Contradiction in Terms?”, içinde, Greer, Scott L., (Ed.) “Territory, Democracy and Justice Regionalism and Federalism in Western Democracies”, ”, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2006.
• Brand, Dirk J., “Asymmetry in Federal Systems – Constitutional Arrangements in South Africa”, European Diversity and Autonomy Papers EDAP 01/2008, İnternet Kaynak: www.eurac.edu/edap.
• Brown, Douglas, “Who’s Afraid of Asymmetrical Federalism ? – A Summary Discussion” Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, IIGR, School of Policy Studies, Queen’s University, Asymmetry Series 2005 (17).
• Burgess, Michael, “Comparative Federalism: Theory and Practice”, Routledge, USA-Canada, 2006.
• Canatan, Kadir, “Avrupa Toplumlarında Çokkültürcülük: Sosyolojik Bir Yaklaşım”, Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, The Journal of International Social Research, Vol.2/6, 2009.
• Caron, Jean-François, Laforest, Guy “Canada and Multinational Federalism: From the Spirit of 1982 to Stephen Harper's Open Federalism”, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 15:1, 27-55, 2009.
• Clarke, Susan E., “Thinking Federally” from a Governance Perspective”, içinde, Pagano, Michael A., Leonardi, Robert, “The Dynamics of Federalism in National and Supranational Political Systems”, Palgrave Macmillan, USA, 2007.
• Çelik Ulusoy, Demet “Federal Sistemlerde Geriye Bakış: Modern Dönem Öncesi Yaklaşımlar”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, Cilt 69, No. 4, 2014.
• Çelik Ulusoy, Demet, “Federasyon ve Federalizm‟in Kavramsal Ayrımından Doğan Federal Siyasal Sistemler”, Legal Hukuk Dergisi, Cilt: 127, S: (11), 2013.
• Çelik Ulusoy, Demet, “ABD’de Federal Hukukun Üstünlüğü/Preemption İlkesi: Federalizmden Bir Sapma”, Koç Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuka Genç Yaklaşımlar Konferans Serisi No. 3 Anayasa Hukuku, Editör: Oder, Bertil Emrah, “Anayasa Hukuku Araştırmalarında Genç Yaklaşımlar Kuramsal ve Uygulamalı Yeni Çalışmalar”, 12 Levha Yayınları, İstanbul, 2013.
• Çelik Ulusoy, Demet, “Federasyonlar ve Yetki Uyuşmazlıklarının Yargısal Çözümü”, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kamu Hukuku Anabilim Dalı: Anayasa Hukuku, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, 2013.
• Dikshit, Ramesh Dutta, “The Political Geography of Federalism: An Inquiry into Origins and Stability”, The Macmillan Company of India Limited, New Delhi, First published 1975,.
• Dimitris N. Chryssochoou, “Federalism and Democracy Reconsidered”, Regional & Federal Studies, 8:2, 1-20, 1998, DOI:10.1080/ 13597569808421048.
• Elazar, Daniel J., “Exploring Federalism”, University of Alabama Press, USA, 1987.
• Elazar, Daniel J., “Federalism: An Overview”, içinde, Villiers, De Bertus, (Ed.), “Federalism: Theory and Application”, Human Sciences Research Council Publishers, Pretoria, 1995.
• Ergül, Ozan, “Yeni Kurumsalcı Yaklaşımla Türk Anayasa Mahkemesi ve Demokrasi”, Adalet Yayınevi, Ankara, 2007.
• Erhürman, Tufan, “Çok Katmanlı Toplumlarda İstikrarlı Demokrasi: Birleşik Kıbrıs Örneği”, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, N: 61 (1), 2012, s. 125 vd.
• Erk, Jan ve Swenden,Wilfried, “New Directions in Federalism Studies”, Routledge, USA-Canada, 2010.
• Erk, Jan, “Austria: A Federation without Federalism”, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, Vol. 34, Number 1, 2004.
• Erk, Jan, “Explaining Federalism: State, Society and Congruence İn Austria, Belgium, Canada, Germany and Switzerland”, Routledge, USA- Canada, 2008.
• Erk, Jan, “Review: Does Federalism Really Matter?”, Comparative Politics, Published by: Ph.D. Program in Political Science of the City University of New York, Vol. 39, No. 1 (Oct, 2006).
• Falleti, Tulia G. ve Cameron, Maxwell A. “Federalism and the Subnational Separation of Powers”, Publius, Spring 2005.
• Filippov, Mikhail, “Riker and Federalism”, Constitutional Political Economy, 16, 93–111, 2005.
• Filippov, Mikhail, Ordeshook, Peter C., Shvetsova, Olga, “Designing Federalism: A Theory of Self-Sustainable Federal Institutions”, Cambridge University Press, USA, 2004.
• Gerven, Walter Van, “Federalism in the US and Europe”, Vienna Online Journal on International Constitutional Law, www.icl-journal.com, Vol. 1, Number: 1/2007, s. 3.
• Gönenç, Levent, “Siyaset Bilimi ve Anayasalar”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, C. 54, Sayı 3, 1999.
• Gözler, Kemal, “Devletin Genel Teorisi”, Ekin Yayınevi, Bursa, Şubat 2007.
• Greer, Scott L. (Ed.), “Territory, Democracy and Justice Regionalism and Federalism in Western Democracies”, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2006.
• Grofman, Bernard, Wittman, Donald, “The Federalist Papers and the New Institutionalism”, Agathon Press, First Publish, New York, 1989.
• Hadley, Charles D., Morass, Michael, Nick, Rainer, “Federalism and Party Interaction in West Germany, Switzerland, and Austria”, Publius: Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations in West Germany: A Fortieth Year Appraisal, Vol. 19, No. 4, 1989.
• Hueglin, Thomas, “Federalism at the Crossroads: Old Meanings, New Significance”, Canadian Journal of Political Science, Vol: 36:2, June 2003.
• Jeffery, Charlie, “Multi-Level Party Competition in Federal And Regional States”, Center for Metropolitan Studies, Seminar: Metropolis and Inequalities, 2010. İnternet Kaynak: http://www.centrodametropole.org.br/static/uploads/C_Jeffery.pdf&ei=s jmeUODwOYmDhQeXqYDQBA&usg=AFQjCNF8qqH0rH6Zrdb- oYkQu-7VdS8zJQ. Erişim Tarihi:02-10-2011.
• Johnstad, Tom, “Co-operatives and Federations”, Journal of Co-operative Studies, No 89, May 1997.
• Kefale, Asnake, “Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Ethiopia: A Comparative Study of the Somali and Benishangul-Gumuz Region” Leiden University Department of Political Science of the Leiden, Doctoral Thesis, 2009.
• Kelemen, Daniel R., “Federalism and Democratization: The United States and European Union in Comparative Perspective”, içinde, Menon, Anand, Schaın, Martin, (Ed.), “Comparative Federalism: The European Union and the United States in Comparative Perspective”, Oxford University Press, USA, 2006.
• Kincaid, John ve Tarr, Alan G. (Ed.), “Constitutional Origins, Structure, and Change in Federal Countries”, McGill-Queens University Press, Canada-USA, 2005.
• King, Preston, “Federalism and Federation”, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, Biddles Ltd, Great Britain.
• Lijphart, Arend, “Çağdaş Demokrasiler: Yirmibir Ülkede Çoğunlukçu ve Oydaşmacı Yönetim Örüntüleri”, (Çev. Özbudun, Ergun, Onulduran, Ersin), Yetkin Yayınları, Ankara, 1996.
• Lijphart, Arend, “Thinking about Democracy: Power Sharing and Majority Rule in Theory and Practice”, Routledge, USA-London, 2008.
• Livingston, William S. “A Note on the Nature of Federalism”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 67: 1, 1952.
• Lowndes, Joseph E. “From the New Deal to the New Right : Race and the Southern Origins of Modern Conservatism”, Yale University Press, USA, 2008.
• Marc, Alexandre, “New and Old Federalism: Faithful to the Origins”, Publius: Federalism as Grand Design, Vol. 9, No. 4, (Autumn, 1979).
• Norman, Wayne, “Negotiating Nationalism:Nation-building, Federalism, and Secession in the Multinational State”, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006.
• Parikh, Sunita, Weingast, Barry R., “A Comparative Theory of Federalism: India”, Virginia Law Review, Vol. 83, 1997.
• Riker, William, “Federalism: Origin, Operations, Significance”, Boston: Little, Brown and Co, 1964, s. 50-51.
• Simeon, Richard, Papillon, Martin, “The Division of Powers In Canada: An Overview”, Institute of Federalism University of Fribourg Files, s. 4. İnternet Kaynak: www.federalism.ch/files/categories/IntensivkursII/Canadag2.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 31-10-2011.
• Singh, Mahendra P., Verney, Douglas V., “Challenges to India's Centralized Parliamentary Federalism”, Publius: Emerging Federal Process in India, Vol. 33, No. 4, (Autumn, 2003).
• Skoutaris, Nikos “From Dual to Cooperative Federalism”, European Constitutional Law Review, Vol.7, Asser Press and Contributors, 2011.
• Smith, Jennifer, “Defınitions, Typologies and Catalogues: Ronald Watts On Federalism”, The Federal Idea: A Conference in Honour of Ronald L. Watts, Conference Paper, Institute of Intergovernmental Relations Queen’s University, Kingston, 2007.
• Smith, Jennifer, “Federalism”, UBC Press, Canada, 2004, s. 22,25.
• Stein, Michael B., “Federal Political Systems and Federal Societies”, World Politics, Volume 20, Issue 04, July 1968.
• Swenden, Wilfried, “Asymmetric Federalism and Coalition-Making in Belgium”, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, N: 32:3, (Summer 2002).
• Swenden, Wilfried, “Federalism and Regionalism in Western Europe: A Comparative and Thematic Analysis”, Palgrave Macmillan, USA, 2006.
• Tarlton, Charles D., “Symmetry and Asymmetry as Elements of Federalism: A Theoretical Speculation”, The Journal of Politics, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Nov, 1965). Burgess, s. 42. Erk, 2008, s. 5 vd.
• Thorlakson, Lori, “Comparing Federal Institutions: Power and Representation in Six Federations”, West European Politics, Routledge Publishing, 26:2, 2003.
• Uygun, Oktay, “Federal Devlet”, 12 Levha Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2007.
• Verney, Douglas, “Federalism, Federative Systems, and Federations: The United States, Canada, and India”, Publius, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Spring, 1995).
• Volden, Craig, “Origin, Operation, and Significance: The Federalism of William H. Riker”, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, Vol: 34:4, 2004.
• Wachendorfer-Schmidt, Ute, (Ed.), “Federalism and Political Performance”, Routledge, London, 2000.
• Ward, Ann ve Ward, Lee (Ed.), “The Ashgate Research Companion to Federalism”, Ashgate Publishing Limited, USA-Canada-New England, 2009.
• Watts, Ronald L., “A Comparative Perspective on Asymmetry in Federations”, IIGR, Queen’s University Asymmetry Series 2005(4).
• Watts, Ronald L., “Comparing Federal Systems in the 1990s”, Institute of Intergovernmental Relations Queen's University, Canada, 1996.
• Watts, Ronald L., “The Contemporary Relevance of the Federal Idea”, Louis-Warsaw Transatlantic Law Journal, 1995.
• Watts, Ronald L., “The Historical Development of Comparative Federal Studies”, IIGR Working Paper, Queen’s University, Kingston, 2007.