Küresel Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri Kapsamında Çocuk Göçmenler ve COVID-19 Pandemisinin Çocuk Göçmenler Üzerindeki Etkileri

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 153 - 170, 30.12.2021

Çağla Bucak , Burcu Türkcan

Abstract

Çocuk göçmenler, çok boyutlu göç sorununun belki de en az tartışılan, fakat bir o kadar da önem arz eden boyutlarından biridir. Dahası 2020 yılı Mart ayından itibaren küresel çapta yaşanan COVID-19 pandemisi göçmen ve mülteci çocukların karşılaştıkları zorlukları daha da derinleştirmiştir. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmanın temel amaçları, küresel sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleri bağlamında çocuk göçmenler olgusunu tartışmak ve COVID-19 pandemisinin çocuk göçmenler üzerinde yaratmış olduğu etkileri analiz etmektir. Bu doğrultuda ayrıntılı bir giriş bölümünün ardından birinci bölümde, küresel sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleri, İnsani Gelişme Endeksi ve Çok Boyutlu Yoksulluk Endeksi incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde güncel istatistikler ve endeks değerleri ışığında dünyada çocuk göçmenlerin durumu analiz edilmektedir. Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde ise yayınlanan son raporlar ışığında küresel çapta COVID-19 pandemisinin çocuk göçmenler üzerinde yarattığı etkiler irdelenmektedir. Son olarak çalışmanın sonuç bölümünde küresel sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleri doğrultusunda çocuk göçmenlerin yaşam kalitelerinin yükseltilmesine yönelik alınması gereken politika önerilerine yönelik bir tartışma geliştirilmektedir.

Keywords

Göç, Çocuk Göçmen, Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, İnsani Gelişme, COVID-19

Child Migrants in the Scope of the Global Sustainable Development Goals and The Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Child Migrants

Abstract

Migration is a multidimensional issue, and child migrants and unaccompanied minors have been one of the most important and underestimated dimensions of migration. What is more, the COVID-19 pandemic, declared in March 2020, has deepened the difficulties faced by migrant and refugee children.
In this context, the two main purposes of this study are:

·to discuss child migrants as a phenomenon in the context of sustainable development goals
·and to analyse the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on child migrants.

In this manner, after a brief introduction, the first part of the study is devoted to the discussion of sustainable development goals, the Human Development Index, and the Multidimensional Poverty Index. The second section is attributed to the current situation of migrant children in terms of basic indicators. The third section is devoted to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on child migrants. Lastly in the conclusion, the policy implications to improve the child migrants’ quality of life are discussed.

Keywords

Migration, Migrant Children, Sustainable Development, Human Development, COVID-19

References

• Allsopp, J. ve Chase, E. (2019). Best Interests, Durable Solutions and Belonging: Policy Discourses Shaping the Futures of Unaccompanied Migrant and Refugee Minors Coming of Age in Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 45(2): 293–311.
• Birleşmiş Milletler Türkiye. (2021). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları. https://turkey.un.org/tr/sdgs
• Cordoso, J.B., Brabeck, K., Stinchcomb, D., Heidbrink, L., Price, O.A. Gil-Garcia, O. F., Crea, T.M. ve Zayas, L.H. (2019). Integration of Unaccompanied Migrant Youth in the United States: A Call for Research. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 45(2): 273 – 292.
• Çelik, S. ve Kardaş İşler, N. (2020). Göç Mağduru Suriyeli Öğrencilerin Covid-19 Salgını Sürecindeki Öğrenme Deneyimleri. Milli Eğitim. 49: 783-800.
• Demirel, C. A. (2015). Türkiye’deki Suriyeliler: Statüler ve Hükümet Politikaları. Göçler Ülkesi. Derleyenler: Lülüfer Körükmez ve İlkay Südaş. Ayrıntı Yayınları. İstanbul. ss. 45–68.
• Eurostat. (2016). Press Release: Almost 90.000 Unaccompanied Minors Among Asylum Seekers Registered in the EU in 2015: Slightly More than Half Are Afghans. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/7244677/3-02052016-AP-EN.pdf/
• IOM. (2020). COVID-19 Analytical Snapshot #17: Impacts on migrant children and youth. https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/documents/covid-19_analytical_snapshot_17_impacts_on_migrant_children_and_youth_0.pdf
• IOM. (2019). World Migration Report 2020. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/wmr_2020.pdf
• ILO. (2004). Towards a Fair Deal for Migrant Workers in the Global Economy. http://www.ilo.org
• Karaağaç, F. Ş. (2021). Covid-19 Salgını Sürecinde Mülteci Öğrencilerin Eğitimde Karşılaştıkları Zorluklar. Ed. Mehmet Dalkılıç. Scientific Developments for Social and Education Sciences. Duvar Kitabevi. İzmir. ss. 195–208.
• O’Brien, J. R. G., Auerswald, C., English, A., Ammerman, S., Beharry, M., Heerde, J. A., Kang, M., Naous, J., Pham, D-O., Maria, D. S. ve Elliott, A. (2021). Youth Experiencing Homelessness During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Unique Needs and Practical Strategies From International Perspectives. Journal of Adolescent Health. 68: 236–240.
• OECD. (2020). OECD Economic Outlook. No 108. https://www.oecd.org/economic-outlook/december-2020/
• Popyk, A. (2021). The Impact of Distance Learning on the Social Practices of Schoolchildren During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Reconstructing Values of Migrant Children in Poland. European Societies. 23(1): 530–544.
• REUTERS. (2021). Explainer: Why More Migrant Children are Arriving at the U.S.-Mexico Border? https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-immigration-children-explainer-idUSKBN2BA11B
• Sahin, E., Dagli, T. E., Acarturk, C. ve Dagli, F. S. (2021). Vulnerabilities of Syrian Refugee Children in Turkey and Actions Taken for Prevention and Management in Terms of Health and Wellbeing. Child Abuse & Neglect. 119(1): 104628.
• Strasser, S. ve Tibet, E. E. (2020). The Border Event in the Everyday: Hope and Constraints in the Lives of Young Unaccompanied Asylum Seekers in Turkey. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 46(2): 354 – 371.
• Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda
• Tibet, E. E. (2017). Confused Moralities and Syrian Unaccompanied Minors’ Search for Freedom in Turkey. Movements Journal for Critical Migration and Border Regime Studies. 3(2): 195–212.
• UN. (2021). International Migrant Stock. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock
• UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). 2014. Children on the Run: Unaccompanied Children Leaving Central America and Mexico and the Need for International Protection. Washington, DC. http://www.unhcr.org/56fc266f4.html
• UNDP. (2020a). Özet İnsani Gelişme Raporu 2020 Önümüzdeki Sınır İnsani Gelişme ve Antroposen. https://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/tr/home/library/human_development/hdr-2020.html
• UNDP. (2020b). Charting pathways out of multidimensional poverty: Achieving the SDGs. https://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/tr/home/library/human_development/2020-Multidimensional-Poverty-Index-MPI.html
• UNDP. (2021a). About Human Development. http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev
• UNDP. (2021b). Human Development Index. http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi UNDP. (2021c). Human Development Data Center. http://hdr.undp.org/en/data
• UNDP. (2021d). Multidimensional poverty index (MPI). http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/38406
• UNICEF. (2020a). Child Migration. https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-migration-and-displacement/migration/
• UNICEF. (2020b). Social Protection for Children and Families in the Context of Migration and Displacement during COVID-19. https://www.unicef.org/media/83531/file/Social-Protection-for-Children-and-Families-in-the-Context-of-Migration-and-Displacement-during-COVID-19.pdf
• United Nations. (2020). The Sustainable Development Agenda. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/development-agenda/#:~:text=Sustainable%20development%20has%20been%20defined,to%20meet%20their%20own%20needs
• World Bank (2021). World Bank Country and Lending Groups. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups#:~:text=For%20the%20current%202021%20fiscal,those%20with%20a%20GNI%20per
• You, D., Lindt, N., Allen, R., Hansen, C., Beise, J. ve Blume, S. (2020). Migrant and Displaced Children in the Age of COVID-19: How the Pandemic is Impacting Them and What Can We Do to Help. Migration Policy Practice. 10(2): 32-39.