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Bizans Dönemi Mekân Aydınlatmasında “İslami Tipte” Cam Kandiller

Year 2017, Volume: 17 Issue: 4, 163 - 180, 15.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.417403

Abstract

İslami tipte cam kandiller, zarif formu ve işlevsel tasarımıyla pek çok kültürde tercih edilen bir ışık kaynağıdır. Bununla birlikte, bu tip kandillerin İslam kültüründe, özellikle cami aydınlatmasında yaygın kullanımı, onların Cami kandili olarak adlandırılmasına ve İslam camcılığının keşfettiği bir form olarak tanınmasına neden olmuştur. Diğer taraftan, arkeolojik buluntular ve tasvirler, bu kandillerin olasılıkla 4. yüzyıldan itibaren Batı dünyasında kullanıldığını ve Erken Bizans döneminin bilinen bir aydınlatma gereci olduğuna işaret etmektedir. 



Bu makalede, söz konusu kandillerin, Bizans dönemi mekân aydınlatmasındaki yeri ve kullanım şekli, arkeolojik buluntular ve tasvirlere dayalı olarak ele alınmakta, Asya ve Avrupa arasında Haçlı seferleri ve Batılı tüccarlar aracılığıyla artarak gelişen Ortaçağ Akdeniz ticaretinin, bu kandillerin, farklı kültür ve coğrafyalara dağılmasındaki olası etkileri üzerinde durulmaktadır. 

References

  • Acara, M. (1998). Bizans Ortodoks Kilisesinde Litürji ve Litürjik Eserler, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), Ankara, 183-201.
  • Akyürek, E. (1996). Bizans’ta Sanat ve Ritüel, Kariye Güney Şapelinin İkonografisi ve İşlevi, İstanbul.
  • Antonaras, A. (2008). Glass lamps of the Roman and Early Christian periods. Evidence from the Thessaloniki area, Trade and Local Production of Lamps from the Prehistory until the Middle Age, Lychnological Acts 2, Acts of 2nd International Congress on Ancient and Middle Age Lighting Devices, Cluj-Napoca, 23-30.
  • Antonaras, A. (2010). Glassware in Late Antique Thessalonikē (Third to Seventh Centuries C.E.), L. Nasrallah, C. Bakirtzis, S. J. Friesen (Ed.) From Roman to Early Christian Thessalonikē: Studies in Religion and Archaeology içinde (s. 299-331), Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
  • Archer T. A., Kingsford, C. L. (1894). The Crusades, The Story of Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, London.
  • Bergman, R. (1980). The Salerno Ivories, Ars Sacra from Medieval Amalfi, Harvard University Press, 1980.
  • Bouras, L., Parani M. G. (2008). Lighting in Early Byzantium, Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine Collection Publications no.11, Washington D.C.
  • Carboni, S. (2001). Glass From Islamic Lands, The Al-Sabah Collection Kuwait National Museum, London.
  • Clair, A.St. (1979a). Pyxis with Women at the Tomb, K. Weitzmann (Ed.), Age of Spirituality, Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third To Seventh Century içinde (s. 581-582, kat. no 520), Catalogue of the exhibition at The Metropolitan Museum Of Art, New York.
  • Clair, A. St. (1979b). Pyxis with New testament scenes, K. Weitzmann (Ed.), Age of Spirituality, Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third To Seventh Century içinde (s. 579-580, kat. no 519), Catalogue of the exhibition at The Metropolitan Museum Of Art, New York.
  • Clair, A. St. (1979c). The Visit to the Tomb: Narrative and Liturgy on Three Early Christian Pyxides, Gesta, 18 (1), 127-135.
  • Cormack, R.S. (1969). The Mosaic Decoration of S. Demetrios, Thessaloniki: A re-examination in the Ligth of the Drawings of W.S. George, The Annual of the British School at Athens, 64, 17-52.
  • Crowfoot, M.–Harden, D.B. (1931). Early Byzantine and Later Glass Lamps, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 17(3/4), 196-208.
  • Çakmakçı, Z. (2012). Kültürlerarası İletişim ve Etkileşim Açısından Ortaçağ Bizans Camcılığına Bakış, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(2), s. 107-132.
  • Çömezoğlu, Ö. (2007). Akdeniz Çevresi Ortaçağ Camcılığı Işığında Demre Aziz Nikolaos Kilisesi Cam Buluntuları, (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Dalton, O.M. (1926). An Enamelled Gold Reliquary of the Twelfth Century, The British Museum Quarterly, 1(2), 33-35.
  • Davidson, G. R. (1940). A Medieval Glass Factory at Corinth, The American Journal of Archaeology, 44, No.3, 297 – 324.
  • Davidson, G. R. (1952). Corinth XII, The Minor Objects, Princeton.
  • Durand, J. (1999). Byzantine Art, Paris. Evans, H., Ratliff, B. (Ed.) (2012). Byzantium and Islam, Age of Transition, 7th-9th Century, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
  • Folda, J. (1995). The Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land, 1098-1187, USA ,Cambrigde University press.
  • Gençler Ç. (2000). I vetri di Hierapolis / Hierapolis Camları, Ricerche Archeologiche Turche Nella Vale Del Lykos/ Lykos Vadisi Türk Arkeoloji Araştırmaları, İtalya, s. 209–289.
  • Gill, M. A. V. (2002). Amorium Reports, Finds I: The Glass (1987–1997), BAR International Series 1070, England.
  • Grabar, A. (1950). Quelques reliquaires de saint Démétrios et le martyrium du saint àSalonique, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 5, 3-28
  • Grabar, A. (1954). Un nouveau reliquaire de saint Démétrios, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 8, s. 307-313.
  • Isings, C. (1957). Roman Glass From Dated Finds, Groningen. Katsarelias, D.G. (1997). Enkolpion Reliquary of Saint Demetrios, H.C.Evans -W.D.Wixom (Ed.), The Glory of Byzantium, Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era A.D. 843-1261 içinde (s. 167-168, no.116), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
  • Kalavrezou, I. (1997). Enkolpion Reliquary of Saint Demetrios, H.C.Evans -W.D.Wixom (Ed.), The Glory of Byzantium, Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era A.D. 843-1261 içinde (s.168, no.117), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
  • Kourkoutidou, E.- Tourta N. A. (1997). Wandering in Byzantine Thessaloniki, Athens.
  • Lamm, C. J. (1929-1930). Mittelalterliche Gläser und Steinschnittarbeiten aus dem Nahen Osten I-II, Berlin.
  • Mack, R. E. (2005). Doğu Malı Batı Sanatı, İslam Ülkeleriyle Ticaret ve İtalyan Sanatı, 1300-1600, İstanbul.
  • Mango, M. M. (1986). Silver from Early Byzantium, The Kaper Koraon and Related Treasures, The Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore.
  • Newby, M. S. (1999). Form and Function of Central Italian Medieval Glass in the Light of Finds from the Benedictine Abbey of Farfa and the Palazzo Vitelleschi at Tarquinia, (MPhil. Thesis University of Durham, Department of Archaeology), United Kingdom.
  • ODB (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, New York. Olcay, Y. (2001). Lighting Methods in the Byzantine Period and Findings of Glass Lamps in Anatolia, Journal of Glass Studies, 43, 77-87.
  • Oral Çakmakçı, Z. (2008). Örnekler Işığında Bizans Asia’sında Cam Sanatı, (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir 2008.
  • Özeren Ö., Çorum B. (1997). Kurşunlu Hagios Aberkios Manastırı Kilisesi 1995 yılı Temizlik ve Kurtarma Kazısı Çalışmaları, 7. Müze Kurtarma Kazıları Semineri, 08-10 Nisan 1996 Kuşadası, Ankara, s.149-160.
  • Quibell, J. B. (1907). Excavations at Saqqara (1905-1906), 1, Le Caire Imprimerie de L’Institut Francais D’Archeologie Orientale.
  • Parani, M.G. (2005). Representations of Glass Objects as a Source on Byzantine Glass: How useful are They?, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 59, 147–171.
  • Pitarakis, B. (2012). New Evidence on Lead Flask and Devotional Patterns: From Crusader Jerusalem to Byzantium, D. Sullivan, E. A. Fisher, S. Papaioannou (Ed.) Byzantine Religious Culture: Studies in Honor of Alice-Mary Talbot, The Medieval Mediterranean, 92, s.239-266.
  • Philippe, J. (1990). Reflections on Byzantine Glass, I. Uluslararası Anadolu Cam Sanatı Sempozyumu 26–27 Nisan 1988/ 1st International Anatolian Glass Symposium April 26th-27th 1988, İstanbul, s. 40 – 46.
  • Schrader, J. L. (1979). The Riha Paten, K. Weitzmann (Ed.), Age of Spirituality, Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third To Seventh Century içinde (s. 611-612, Kat. no.547) Catalogue of the exhibition at The Metropolitan Museum Of Art, New York.
  • Schwarzer, H. (2009). Spätantike, byzantinische und islamische Glasfunde aus Pergamon, E. Laflı (Ed.), Late Antique/Early Byzantine Glass in the Eastern Mediterranean, Colloqvia Anatolica et Aegaea – Acta Congressus Internationalis Smyrrnensis II içinde (s. 85-109), İzmir.
  • Weitzmann K. (1972b). Catalogue of the Byzantine and Early Mediaeval Antiquities in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection, Ivories and Steatites, 3, Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, Washington D.C.
  • Weitzmann K. (1972b). The Ivories of the So-Called Grado Chair, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 26, 43-91.
  • Whitehouse, D. (1991). Glassmaking at Corinth: A Reassessment, D.Foy-G. Sennequier (Ed.), Ateliers de verriers de l’Antiquité á la période pré-industrielle içinde (s.73-82), Association Française pour l’ Archéologie du Verre, Actes des 4emes Rencontres de L’afav, 24–25 November 1989, Rouen.
  • Whitehouse, D. (2010). Medieval Glass for Popes, Princes, and Peasants, The Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, New York. Williams, C.K. – Zervos H.O. (1993). Frankish Corinth: 1992, Hesperia, 62(1), 1–52.
Year 2017, Volume: 17 Issue: 4, 163 - 180, 15.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.417403

Abstract

References

  • Acara, M. (1998). Bizans Ortodoks Kilisesinde Litürji ve Litürjik Eserler, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), Ankara, 183-201.
  • Akyürek, E. (1996). Bizans’ta Sanat ve Ritüel, Kariye Güney Şapelinin İkonografisi ve İşlevi, İstanbul.
  • Antonaras, A. (2008). Glass lamps of the Roman and Early Christian periods. Evidence from the Thessaloniki area, Trade and Local Production of Lamps from the Prehistory until the Middle Age, Lychnological Acts 2, Acts of 2nd International Congress on Ancient and Middle Age Lighting Devices, Cluj-Napoca, 23-30.
  • Antonaras, A. (2010). Glassware in Late Antique Thessalonikē (Third to Seventh Centuries C.E.), L. Nasrallah, C. Bakirtzis, S. J. Friesen (Ed.) From Roman to Early Christian Thessalonikē: Studies in Religion and Archaeology içinde (s. 299-331), Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
  • Archer T. A., Kingsford, C. L. (1894). The Crusades, The Story of Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, London.
  • Bergman, R. (1980). The Salerno Ivories, Ars Sacra from Medieval Amalfi, Harvard University Press, 1980.
  • Bouras, L., Parani M. G. (2008). Lighting in Early Byzantium, Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine Collection Publications no.11, Washington D.C.
  • Carboni, S. (2001). Glass From Islamic Lands, The Al-Sabah Collection Kuwait National Museum, London.
  • Clair, A.St. (1979a). Pyxis with Women at the Tomb, K. Weitzmann (Ed.), Age of Spirituality, Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third To Seventh Century içinde (s. 581-582, kat. no 520), Catalogue of the exhibition at The Metropolitan Museum Of Art, New York.
  • Clair, A. St. (1979b). Pyxis with New testament scenes, K. Weitzmann (Ed.), Age of Spirituality, Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third To Seventh Century içinde (s. 579-580, kat. no 519), Catalogue of the exhibition at The Metropolitan Museum Of Art, New York.
  • Clair, A. St. (1979c). The Visit to the Tomb: Narrative and Liturgy on Three Early Christian Pyxides, Gesta, 18 (1), 127-135.
  • Cormack, R.S. (1969). The Mosaic Decoration of S. Demetrios, Thessaloniki: A re-examination in the Ligth of the Drawings of W.S. George, The Annual of the British School at Athens, 64, 17-52.
  • Crowfoot, M.–Harden, D.B. (1931). Early Byzantine and Later Glass Lamps, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 17(3/4), 196-208.
  • Çakmakçı, Z. (2012). Kültürlerarası İletişim ve Etkileşim Açısından Ortaçağ Bizans Camcılığına Bakış, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(2), s. 107-132.
  • Çömezoğlu, Ö. (2007). Akdeniz Çevresi Ortaçağ Camcılığı Işığında Demre Aziz Nikolaos Kilisesi Cam Buluntuları, (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Dalton, O.M. (1926). An Enamelled Gold Reliquary of the Twelfth Century, The British Museum Quarterly, 1(2), 33-35.
  • Davidson, G. R. (1940). A Medieval Glass Factory at Corinth, The American Journal of Archaeology, 44, No.3, 297 – 324.
  • Davidson, G. R. (1952). Corinth XII, The Minor Objects, Princeton.
  • Durand, J. (1999). Byzantine Art, Paris. Evans, H., Ratliff, B. (Ed.) (2012). Byzantium and Islam, Age of Transition, 7th-9th Century, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
  • Folda, J. (1995). The Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land, 1098-1187, USA ,Cambrigde University press.
  • Gençler Ç. (2000). I vetri di Hierapolis / Hierapolis Camları, Ricerche Archeologiche Turche Nella Vale Del Lykos/ Lykos Vadisi Türk Arkeoloji Araştırmaları, İtalya, s. 209–289.
  • Gill, M. A. V. (2002). Amorium Reports, Finds I: The Glass (1987–1997), BAR International Series 1070, England.
  • Grabar, A. (1950). Quelques reliquaires de saint Démétrios et le martyrium du saint àSalonique, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 5, 3-28
  • Grabar, A. (1954). Un nouveau reliquaire de saint Démétrios, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 8, s. 307-313.
  • Isings, C. (1957). Roman Glass From Dated Finds, Groningen. Katsarelias, D.G. (1997). Enkolpion Reliquary of Saint Demetrios, H.C.Evans -W.D.Wixom (Ed.), The Glory of Byzantium, Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era A.D. 843-1261 içinde (s. 167-168, no.116), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
  • Kalavrezou, I. (1997). Enkolpion Reliquary of Saint Demetrios, H.C.Evans -W.D.Wixom (Ed.), The Glory of Byzantium, Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era A.D. 843-1261 içinde (s.168, no.117), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
  • Kourkoutidou, E.- Tourta N. A. (1997). Wandering in Byzantine Thessaloniki, Athens.
  • Lamm, C. J. (1929-1930). Mittelalterliche Gläser und Steinschnittarbeiten aus dem Nahen Osten I-II, Berlin.
  • Mack, R. E. (2005). Doğu Malı Batı Sanatı, İslam Ülkeleriyle Ticaret ve İtalyan Sanatı, 1300-1600, İstanbul.
  • Mango, M. M. (1986). Silver from Early Byzantium, The Kaper Koraon and Related Treasures, The Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore.
  • Newby, M. S. (1999). Form and Function of Central Italian Medieval Glass in the Light of Finds from the Benedictine Abbey of Farfa and the Palazzo Vitelleschi at Tarquinia, (MPhil. Thesis University of Durham, Department of Archaeology), United Kingdom.
  • ODB (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, New York. Olcay, Y. (2001). Lighting Methods in the Byzantine Period and Findings of Glass Lamps in Anatolia, Journal of Glass Studies, 43, 77-87.
  • Oral Çakmakçı, Z. (2008). Örnekler Işığında Bizans Asia’sında Cam Sanatı, (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir 2008.
  • Özeren Ö., Çorum B. (1997). Kurşunlu Hagios Aberkios Manastırı Kilisesi 1995 yılı Temizlik ve Kurtarma Kazısı Çalışmaları, 7. Müze Kurtarma Kazıları Semineri, 08-10 Nisan 1996 Kuşadası, Ankara, s.149-160.
  • Quibell, J. B. (1907). Excavations at Saqqara (1905-1906), 1, Le Caire Imprimerie de L’Institut Francais D’Archeologie Orientale.
  • Parani, M.G. (2005). Representations of Glass Objects as a Source on Byzantine Glass: How useful are They?, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 59, 147–171.
  • Pitarakis, B. (2012). New Evidence on Lead Flask and Devotional Patterns: From Crusader Jerusalem to Byzantium, D. Sullivan, E. A. Fisher, S. Papaioannou (Ed.) Byzantine Religious Culture: Studies in Honor of Alice-Mary Talbot, The Medieval Mediterranean, 92, s.239-266.
  • Philippe, J. (1990). Reflections on Byzantine Glass, I. Uluslararası Anadolu Cam Sanatı Sempozyumu 26–27 Nisan 1988/ 1st International Anatolian Glass Symposium April 26th-27th 1988, İstanbul, s. 40 – 46.
  • Schrader, J. L. (1979). The Riha Paten, K. Weitzmann (Ed.), Age of Spirituality, Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third To Seventh Century içinde (s. 611-612, Kat. no.547) Catalogue of the exhibition at The Metropolitan Museum Of Art, New York.
  • Schwarzer, H. (2009). Spätantike, byzantinische und islamische Glasfunde aus Pergamon, E. Laflı (Ed.), Late Antique/Early Byzantine Glass in the Eastern Mediterranean, Colloqvia Anatolica et Aegaea – Acta Congressus Internationalis Smyrrnensis II içinde (s. 85-109), İzmir.
  • Weitzmann K. (1972b). Catalogue of the Byzantine and Early Mediaeval Antiquities in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection, Ivories and Steatites, 3, Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, Washington D.C.
  • Weitzmann K. (1972b). The Ivories of the So-Called Grado Chair, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 26, 43-91.
  • Whitehouse, D. (1991). Glassmaking at Corinth: A Reassessment, D.Foy-G. Sennequier (Ed.), Ateliers de verriers de l’Antiquité á la période pré-industrielle içinde (s.73-82), Association Française pour l’ Archéologie du Verre, Actes des 4emes Rencontres de L’afav, 24–25 November 1989, Rouen.
  • Whitehouse, D. (2010). Medieval Glass for Popes, Princes, and Peasants, The Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, New York. Williams, C.K. – Zervos H.O. (1993). Frankish Corinth: 1992, Hesperia, 62(1), 1–52.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Zeynep Çakmakçı

Publication Date December 15, 2017
Submission Date August 14, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 17 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Çakmakçı, Y. D. D. Z. (2017). Bizans Dönemi Mekân Aydınlatmasında “İslami Tipte” Cam Kandiller. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(4), 163-180. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.417403

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