Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı ve Yeşil Ekonomiye Geçiş: Enerji Senaryoları Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2022, Volume: 22 Issue: 1, 137 - 156, 29.03.2022

Gülay Küçük , Betül Yüce Dural

https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1095137

Cited By: 7

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, yeşil ekonomi anlayışının Avrupa Birliği tarafından nasıl uygulandığı ve bu uygulamaların AB’nin 2050’de iklim hedeflerine ulaşmada ne derece etki edebileceği incelemektedir. Çalışma, bu soruya geçerli bir yanıt bulmak amacıyla, Avrupa Birliği Komisyonu’nun 2019 yılında duyurduğu Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı ve bu doğrultuda 2050 yılına kadar dünyanın ilk iklim nötr kıtası olma hedefi üzerinden oluşturduğu Avrupa Birliği’nin enerji kurumları ve uluslararası enerji kuruluşlarının gelecekteki enerji senaryolarına odaklanmaktadır. Araştırma sürecinde 15 farklı enerji raporunun gelecek enerji senaryoları incelenmiştir. Gelecek enerji senaryoları Avrupa Birliği, Uluslararası Enerji Ajansı ve Uluslararası Yenilenebilir Enerji Ajansı gibi uluslararası kuruluşların yayınladıkları raporlardan elde edilmiştir. Araştırma süreci sonucunda elde edilen bilgiler yorumlanarak bulgular oluşturulmuştur. Araştırmanın sonucuna göre; Avrupa Birliği, Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı doğrultusunda planladığı eylem alanlarıyla birlikte Paris İklim Anlaşması ile uyumlu politikaları uygulamaya devam ettiği takdirde 2050 hedeflerine yaklaşması mümkün olabilecektir. Ancak mevcut politika uygulamaları ve hedefler ile hiçbir senaryo Avrupa Birliği’nin iklim nötr kıta olması için %100 yeterli olmamaktadır.

Keywords

Yeşil ekonomi, Avrupa Birliği, Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı, Enerji Senaryoları, Döngüsel Ekonomi, İklim Değişikliği

References

• Allen, C. ve Clouth, S. (2012). Issue 1: green economy, green growth, and low-carbon development – history, definitions and a guide to recent publications. UN Division for Sustainable Development. Erişim adresi: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/GE%20Guidebook.pdf
• Barbier, E. B. (2009). Global green new deal: Rethinking the economic recovery. UNEP. Erişim adresi: https://www.cbd.int/development/doc/UNEP-global-green-new-deal.pdf
• Capros, P., Kannavou, M., Evangelopoulou, S., Petropoulos, A., Siskos, P., Tasios, N ve DeVita, A. (2018). Outlook of the EU energy system up to 2050: The case of scenarios prepared for European Commission's “clean energy for all Europeans” package using the PRIMES model. Energy Strategy Reviews, 22, 255-263. doi: 10.1016/j.esr.2018.06.009
• Climate Analytics. (2020). Decarbonisation pathways for the EU power sector policy framework, main drivers, case studies, and scenerio analysis: lessons learned for alingment with the Paris Agreement. Erişim adresi: https://climateanalytics.org/media/sgccc_ca_report_eu_power_sector-2020-11-30.pdf
• Ellen MacArthur Foundation (EMF). (2021a). Circular economy glossary. Erişim adresi: https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/topics/circular-economy-introduction/glossary
• Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (EMF). (2021b). Circular economy products. Erişim adresi: https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/articles/circular-economy-products
• EU-ASEAN Strategic Partners. (2021). The European green deal. Erişim adresi: https://euinasean.eu/eu-green-deal/
• Eurelectric. (2018). Decarbonisation pathways. Erişim adresi: https://cdn.eurelectric.org/media/3457/decarbonisation-pathways-h-5A25D8D1.pdf
• European Climate Foundation. (2018). Net zero by 2050 from whether to how. Climact. Erişim adresi: https://europeanclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/09-18-net-zero-by-2050-from-whether-to-how.pdf
• European Commission (2011). Rio+20: towards the green economy and better governance, communication,COM (2011) 363 final. Erişim adresi: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:0363:FIN:EN:PDF
• European Commission. (2012). Energy roadmap 2050. Technical report. Luxembourg: Publications Office
• European Commission. (2014). Living well, within the limits of our planet. 7th EAP- The new general union environment action programme to 2020. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/pubs/pdf/factsheets/7eap/en.pdf
• European Commission. (2015). EU ETS handbook. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/docs/ets_handbook_en.pdf
• European Commission. (2016a). The Road from Paris: assessing the implications of the Paris Agreement and accompanying the proposal for a Council decision on the signing, on behalf of the European Union, of the Paris agreement adopted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. COM (2016) 110 final. Erişim adresi: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2016:110:FIN
• European Commission. (2016b). EU reference scenarıo 2016 energy, transport and GHG emissions trends to 2050. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/20160713%20draft_publication_REF2016_v13.pdf
• European Commission. (2018). A clean planet for all a European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy. COM (2018) 773 final. Erişim adresi: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52018DC0773
• Eurupean Commission. (2019a). The European green deal. COM (2019) 640 final. Erişim adresi: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2019%3A640%3AFIN
• European Commission. (2019b, 11 Aralık). Press remarks by President Von der Leyen on the occasion of the adoption of the European Green Deal communication. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/speech_19_6749
• European Commission. (2019c). Clean energy for all Europeans. Erişim adresi: https://op.europa.eu/s/vdHz
• European Commission. (2020a). A new circular economy action plan. COM (2020) 98 final. Erişim adresi: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2020%3A98%3AFIN
• European Commission. (2020b). An EU-wide assessment of national energy and climate plans.COM (2020) 564 final. Erişim adresi: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1600339518571&uri=COM:2020:564:FIN
• European Commission. (2020c) Financing the green transition: The European green deal ınvestment plan and just transition mechanism. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_17
• European Commission. (2021a). A European green deal. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en
• European Commission. (2021b, Temmuz 14). Carbon border adjustment mechanism: questions and answers. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_21_3661
• European Commission. (2021c). EU reference scenario 2020. Energy, transport and GHG emissions- Trends to 2050. Erişim adresi: http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/13656/1/REF2016_report_FINAL-web.pdf
• European Enviroment Agency. (2020). Greenhouse gas emissions across EU drop slightly in 2016. Erişim adresi: https://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/greenhouse-gas-emissions-across-eu
• Feldhaus, P. ve Vahlenkamp, T. (2010). Transformation of Europe's power system until 2050 ıncluding specific considerations for Germany electric power and natural gas practice. McKinsey. Erişim adresi: transformation_of_europes_power_system.ashx (mckinsey.com)
• Green Economy Coalition. (2020). The 5 principles of green economy. Erişim adresi: https://www.greeneconomycoalition.org/news-and-resources/the-5-principles-of-green-economy
• Hainsch, K., Löffler, K., Burandt, T., Auer, H., del Granado, P. C., Pisciella, P. ve Zwickl-Bernhard, S. (2022). Energy transition scenarios: What policies, societal attitudes, and technology developments will realize the EU Green Deal? Energy, 239(Bölüm C), 1-17. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.122067
• International Chamber of Commerce. (2012). Green economy roadmap a guide for business policy makers and society. Erişim adresi: https://iccwbo.org/content/uploads/sites/3/2012/08/Green-Economy-Roadmap-a-guide-for-business_-policy-makers-and-society.pdf
• International Energy Agency (IEA). (2020). World Energy Outlook 2020, Paris: IEA. Erişim adresi: https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2020
• IRENA (2020). The global renewables outlook: energy transformation 2050. Abu Dhabi, UAE: IRENA.
• İktisadi Kalkınma Vakfı. (2020). AB Yeşil Mutabakatı temel unsurları ve yol haritası. Erişim adresi: https://www.ikv.org.tr/images/files/AB_Yesil_Mutabakati_Temel_Unsurlari_ve_Yol_Haritasi.pdf
• Jonsson, D. K., Johansson, B., Månsson, A., Nilsson, L. J., Nilsson, M. ve Sonnsjö, H. (2015). Energy security matters in the EU energy roadmap. Energy Strategy Reviews, 6, 48-56. doi: 10.1016/j.esr.2015.03.002
• Kurrer, C. (2020, 11). Environment policy: General principles and basic framework. Fact sheets on the European Union- 2020. Erişim adresi: www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en
• Mantzos, L., Wiesenthal, T., Neuwahl, F. ve Rozsai, M. (2019). The POTEnCIA central scenario: an EU energy outlook to 2050. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/78212.
• Matthes, F. C., Hermann, H. ve Zimmer, W. (2018). The vision scenario for the European Union 2011 update for the EU-27. Öko-Institut. Erişim adresi: https://www.oeko.de/publikationen/p-details/the-vision-scenario-for-the-european-union-2011-update-for-the-eu-27
• Mikova, N., Eichhammer, W. ve Pfluger, B. (2019). Low-carbon energy scenarios 2050 in north-west European countries: Towards a more harmonised approach to achieve the EU targets. Energy policy, 130, 448-460.doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2019.03.047
• Murray, A., Skene, K. ve Haynes, K. (2017). The circular economy: an interdisciplinary exploration of the concept and application in a global context. Journal of Business Ethics, 140(3), 369-380.doi: 10.1007/s10551-015-2693-2
• Mühlenhoff, J. ve Bonadio, J. (2020). Building a Paris Agreement compatible (PAC) energy scenario can Europe/eeb technical summary of key elements. Climate Action Network ve The European Environmental Bureau. Erişim adresi: https://caneurope.org/building-a-paris-agreement-compatible-pac-energy-scenario/
• Nijs, W., Castelló, P. R., González, I. H. ve Stiff, G. (2017). Baseline scenario of the total energy system up to 2050. Heat Roadmap Europe. Erişim adresi: https://heatroadmap.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/HRE4_D5.2.pdf
• Official Jounal of European Union. (2016). On The Conclusion, On Behalf Of The European Union, Of The Paris Agreement Adopted Under The United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change. Erişim adresi: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dec/2016/1841/oj
• Pearce D, Markandya A, Barbier ED (1989). Blueprint of a green economy. Earthscan Publications, London.
• Pearce, D. (1992). Green economics. Environmental Values, 1(1), 3–13. doi:10.3197/096327192776680179
• Pineda, I., Fraile, D. ve Tardieu, P. (2018). Breaking new ground: wind energy and the electrification of Europe’s energy system. Wind Europe. Erişim adresi: https://windeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/files/about-wind/reports/WindEurope-breaking-new-ground.pdf
• Stern, N. (2007). Implications of climate change for development. In Stern review: The Economics of Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511817434.010
• T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı. (2020, Ekim 21). Sınırda karbon düzenleme mekanizması. Erişim adresi: https://ticaret.gov.tr/dis-iliskiler/avrupa-birligi/sinirda-karbon-duzenleme-mekanizmasi
• The Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS). (2018). The Role of Business in the Circular Economy: Markets, Processes and Enabling Policies, CEPS Task Force Reports. Erişim adresi:https://www.ceps.eu/download/publication/?id=10508&pdf=RoleBusinessCircularEconomyTFR.pdf
• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2011), Towards a green economy: pathways to sustainable development and poverty eradication – full report. Nairobi: UNEP.
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2015). Paris Agreement. Erişim adresi: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf
• World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). (1987). Report of the world commission on environment and development: our common future. Erişim adresi: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/139811?ln=en