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Travmaların Dönüştürücü Rolü: Olumlu Değişimler

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 191 - 200, 30.12.2020

Abstract

Travmalar kişilerin yaşamlarında dönüm noktaları olarak görülebilen olaylar olup, kişiler üzerinde olumlu ve olumsuz etkilere yol açabilmektedir. Araştırma kapsamda travmaların kişilerin yaşamındaki dönüştürücü rolü üzerinde durularak, ortaya çıkan olumlu değişimler hakkında bilgilerin literatür çerçevesinde sunulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu minvalde ilk olarak travma sonrası ortaya çıkabilecek durumlar ele alınmıştır. Travma sonrasında ortaya çıkabilecek olan durumlar arasında yer alan olumlu değişimler travma sonrası büyüme şeklinde ifade edilmektedir. Araştırmada travma sonrası büyüme kavramı temel olarak Tedeschi ve Calhoun’un görüşleri doğrultusunda kavramsal çerçevede ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda travma sonrası büyüme modellerinden işlevsel-betimleyici model kapsamında; travma öncesi kişisel özelliklerle birlikte, travma ve sonrası süreçleri ortaya konulmuştur. Son olarak travma sonrası büyüme çerçevesinde gerçekleşen olumlu değişimler (travma sonrası büyümenin boyutları) başlıklar halinde ele alınarak araştırma kapsamında travmaların olumlu yöndeki dönüştürücü etkileri ortaya konulmuştur. Kavramsal inceleme sonucunda görülmüştür ki; travmatik olaylar kişilerin hem kendilerine hem de başkalarına olan bakış açısında değişimlere yol açarak; kişilerin kendilerine olan güvenlerinin artmasını, daha merhametli ve anlayışlı bir yaklaşımla kişilerarası ilişkilerinde de samimiyet duygusunun gelişmesini sağlayabilmektedir. Ayrıca yaşanan zorluklar sonucunda kişilerin olgunlaşma sürecine girerek, inançlarında gelişim sağlamakla birlikte, yaşamın değerini de daha fazla anladıkları ortaya konulmuştur.

References

  • Abel, L., Walker, C., Samios, C. and Morozow, L. 2014. Vicarious posttraumatic growth: predictors of growth and relationships with adjustment. Traumatology: An International Journal; 20(1): 9-18.
  • American Psychiatric Association, (APA). 1994. Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği: Mental Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal El Kitabı. 4. Baskı (DSM-4), (Çev. E. Köroğlu), Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
  • Bower, J. E., Kemeny, M. E., Taylor, S. E. and Fahey, J. L. 1998. Cognitive Processing, discovery of meaning, CD4 decline, and AIDS-related mortality among bereaved HIV-seropositive men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology; 66(6): 979-986.
  • Calhoun, L. G. and Tedeschi, R. G. 1998. Posttraumatic Growth: Future Directions, Posttraumatic Growth: Positive Changes in The Aftermath of Crisis, Ed. R. G. Tedeschi, C. L. Park, and L. G. Calhoun, pp. 215-238, London: Routledge.
  • Calhoun, L. G. and Tedeschi, R. G. 1999. Facilitating Posttraumatic Growth: A Clinician's Guide, Charlotte: Routledge.
  • Calhoun, L. G. and Tedeschi, R. G. 2001. Posttraumatic Growth: The Positive Lessons of Loss, Meaning Reconstruction & The Experience of Loss, Ed. R. A. Neimeyer, 1. Edition, pp.157-172, American Psychological Association.
  • Calhoun, L. G. and Tedeschi, R. G. 2006. The Foundations of Posttraumatic Growth: An Expanded Framework, Handbook of Posttraumatic Growth, Ed. L. G. Calhoun and R. G. Tedeschi, pp. 1-23, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Carver, C. S. 1998. Resilience and thriving: Issues, models, and linkages. Journal of Social Issues; 54(2): 245-266.
  • Collicutt M. J. and Linley, P. A. 2006. Post-traumatic growth in acquired brain injury: A preliminary small scale study. Brain Injury; 20(7): 767-773.
  • Collins, R. L., Taylor, S. E. and Skokan, L. A. 1990. A better world or a shattered vision? Changes in life perspectives following victimization. Social Cognition; 8(3): 263-285.
  • Cordova, M. J., Cunningham, L. L., Carlson, C. R. and Andrykowski, M. A. 2001. Posttraumatic growth following breast cancer: A controlled comparison study. Health Psychology; 20(3): 176-185.
  • Exenberger, S., Kumnig, M., Juen, B., Rumpold, G. and Siller, H. 2019. Dimensions of posttraumatic growth in a german-speaking sample using mixed methods. European Journal of Psychotraumatology; 10(1701258): 1-11.
  • Frankl, V. E. 1985. Man's Search for Meaning, The 60th Anniversary Edition of The Classic Bestseller, New York: Pocket Books.
  • Gallaway, M. S., Millikan, A. M. and Bell, M. R. 2011. The association between deployment‐related posttraumatic growth among us army soldiers and negative behavioral health conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychology; 67(12): 1151-1160.
  • Guise-Moores, S. 1965. Principles of preventive psychiatry-book reviews. Mental Health; 24(4): 174.
  • Heidarzadeh, M., Rassouli, M., Brant, J. M., Mohammadi-Shahbolaghi, F. and Alavi-Majd, H. 2018. Dimensions of posttraumatic growth in patients with cancer: A mixed method study. Cancer Nursing; 41(6): 441-449.
  • Helge, D. 2003. Acıyı Güce Dönüştürmek-Duygularınızdan En İyi Şekilde Yararlanmanızın Yolları, (Çev. G. Koca), 1. Baskı, İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık.
  • Helgeson, V. S., Reynolds, K. A. and Tomich, P. L. 2006. A meta-analytic review of benefit finding and growth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology; 74(5): 797-816.
  • Higgins R. L. and Leibowitz, R. Q. 1999. Reality Negotiation and Coping: The Social Construction of Adaptive Outcomes, Coping: The Psychology of What Works, Ed. C. R. Snyder, pp. 20-49, Clarendon Press.
  • Janoff-Bulman, R. 2004. Posttraumatic growth: Three explanatory models. Psychological Inquiry; 15(1): 30-34.
  • Joseph, S. and Linley, P. A. 2005. Positive adjustment to threatening events: An organismic valuing theory of growth through adversity. Review of General Psychology; 9(3): 262-280.
  • Kallay, E. 2004. Posttraumatıc growth: A brief review. Psychology Review; 24: 55-85.
  • Kinsinger, D. P., Penedo, F. J., Antoni, M. H., Dahn, J. R., Lechner, S. and Schneiderman, N. 2006. Psychosocial and sociodemographic correlates of benefit‐finding in men treated for localized prostate cancer. Psycho‐Oncology: Journal of the Psychological, Social and Behavioral Dimensions of Cancer; 15(11): 954-961.
  • Lindstrom, C. M., Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G. and Tedeschi, R. G. 2013. The relationship of core belief challenge, rumination, disclosure, and sociocultural elements to posttraumatic growth. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy; 5(1): 50-55.
  • Linley, P. A. 2003. Positive adaptation to trauma: Wisdom as both process and outcome. Journal of Traumatic Stress; 16(6): 601-610.
  • Park, C. L., Cohen, L. H. and Murch, R. L. 1996. Assessment and prediction of stress‐related growth. Journal of Personality; 64(1): 71-105.
  • Pauls, J. E. 2017. The Impact of Posttraumatic Growth on Authentic Leader Development: Five Portraits of Women Cancer Survivors in Leadership, Doctoral Dissertation, School o f Professional Studies of Gonzaga University, USA.
  • Saakvitne, K. W., Tennen, H. and Affleck, G. 1998. Exploring thriving in the context of clinical trauma theory: constructivist self development theory. Journal of Social Issues; 54(2): 279-299.
  • Schaefer, J. A. and Moos, R. H. 1992. Life Crises and Personal Growth, Personal Coping: Theory, Research, and Application, Ed. B. N. Carpenter, pp. 149–170, Praeger Publishers, Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Scheier, M. F., Weintraub, J. K. and Carver, C. S. 1986. Coping with stress: Divergent strategies of optimists and pessimists. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; 51(6): 1257-1264.
  • Tedeschi, R. G. and Calhoun, L. G. 1995. Trauma and Transformation, Growing in the Aftermath of Suffering, USA: Sage Publications.
  • Tedeschi, R. G. and Calhoun, L. G. 1996. The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress; 9(3): 455-471.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., Park, C. L. and Calhoun, L. G. 1998. Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Issues, Posttraumatic Growth: Positive Changes in The Aftermath of Crisis, Ed. Tedeschi, R. G., Tedeschi, R. G., Park, C. L. and Calhoun, L. G., pp. 1-22, Routledge.
  • Tedeschi, R. G. and Calhoun, L. G. 2004a. Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry; 15(1): 1-18.
  • Tedeschi, R. G. and Calhoun, L. G. 2004b. A Clinical Approach to Posttraumatic Growth, Positive Psychology in Practice, Ed. P. A. Linley, and S. Joseph, pp. 405-419, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., Cann, A., Taku, K., Durak, E. Ş. and Calhoun, L. G. 2017. The posttraumatic growth inventory: A revision ıntegrating existential and spiritual change. Journal of Traumatic Stress; 30(1): 11-18.
  • Tennen, H. and Affleck, G. 1998. Personality and Transformation in the Face of Adversity, Posttraumatic Growth: Positive Changes in The Aftermath of Crisis, Ed. R. G. Tedeschi, C. L. Park and L. G. Calhoun, pp. 65-98, Routledge.
  • Thilges, S. R. 2013. A Longitudinal Study of Posttraumatic Symptoms and Posttraumatic Growth in Oncology Patients, Doctoral Dissertation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago.
  • Webster, J. D. and Deng, X. C. 2015. Paths from trauma to ıntrapersonal strength: Worldview, posttraumatic growth, and wisdom. Journal of Loss and Trauma; 20(3): 253-266.
  • Weinstein, N. D. 1980. Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; 39(5): 806-820.
  • Wortman, C. B. 2004. Posttraumatic growth: Progress and problems. Psychological Inquiry; 15(1): 81-90.
  • Yalom, I. D. and Lieberman, M. A. 1991. Bereavement and heightened existential awareness. Psychiatry; 54(4): 334-345.
  • Zara, A. 2011. Yaşadıkça Psikolojik Sorunlar ve Başa Çıkma Yolları, İmge Kitabevi.
  • Zarin, S. S., Khanjani, M. S., Foroughan, M., Hosseini, M. A., Bakhshi, E. and Kamali, M. 2017. Relationship between locus of control with posttraumatic growth among individuals with spinal cord injury. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation; 11(2): 109-118.
Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 191 - 200, 30.12.2020

Abstract

References

  • Abel, L., Walker, C., Samios, C. and Morozow, L. 2014. Vicarious posttraumatic growth: predictors of growth and relationships with adjustment. Traumatology: An International Journal; 20(1): 9-18.
  • American Psychiatric Association, (APA). 1994. Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği: Mental Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal El Kitabı. 4. Baskı (DSM-4), (Çev. E. Köroğlu), Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
  • Bower, J. E., Kemeny, M. E., Taylor, S. E. and Fahey, J. L. 1998. Cognitive Processing, discovery of meaning, CD4 decline, and AIDS-related mortality among bereaved HIV-seropositive men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology; 66(6): 979-986.
  • Calhoun, L. G. and Tedeschi, R. G. 1998. Posttraumatic Growth: Future Directions, Posttraumatic Growth: Positive Changes in The Aftermath of Crisis, Ed. R. G. Tedeschi, C. L. Park, and L. G. Calhoun, pp. 215-238, London: Routledge.
  • Calhoun, L. G. and Tedeschi, R. G. 1999. Facilitating Posttraumatic Growth: A Clinician's Guide, Charlotte: Routledge.
  • Calhoun, L. G. and Tedeschi, R. G. 2001. Posttraumatic Growth: The Positive Lessons of Loss, Meaning Reconstruction & The Experience of Loss, Ed. R. A. Neimeyer, 1. Edition, pp.157-172, American Psychological Association.
  • Calhoun, L. G. and Tedeschi, R. G. 2006. The Foundations of Posttraumatic Growth: An Expanded Framework, Handbook of Posttraumatic Growth, Ed. L. G. Calhoun and R. G. Tedeschi, pp. 1-23, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Carver, C. S. 1998. Resilience and thriving: Issues, models, and linkages. Journal of Social Issues; 54(2): 245-266.
  • Collicutt M. J. and Linley, P. A. 2006. Post-traumatic growth in acquired brain injury: A preliminary small scale study. Brain Injury; 20(7): 767-773.
  • Collins, R. L., Taylor, S. E. and Skokan, L. A. 1990. A better world or a shattered vision? Changes in life perspectives following victimization. Social Cognition; 8(3): 263-285.
  • Cordova, M. J., Cunningham, L. L., Carlson, C. R. and Andrykowski, M. A. 2001. Posttraumatic growth following breast cancer: A controlled comparison study. Health Psychology; 20(3): 176-185.
  • Exenberger, S., Kumnig, M., Juen, B., Rumpold, G. and Siller, H. 2019. Dimensions of posttraumatic growth in a german-speaking sample using mixed methods. European Journal of Psychotraumatology; 10(1701258): 1-11.
  • Frankl, V. E. 1985. Man's Search for Meaning, The 60th Anniversary Edition of The Classic Bestseller, New York: Pocket Books.
  • Gallaway, M. S., Millikan, A. M. and Bell, M. R. 2011. The association between deployment‐related posttraumatic growth among us army soldiers and negative behavioral health conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychology; 67(12): 1151-1160.
  • Guise-Moores, S. 1965. Principles of preventive psychiatry-book reviews. Mental Health; 24(4): 174.
  • Heidarzadeh, M., Rassouli, M., Brant, J. M., Mohammadi-Shahbolaghi, F. and Alavi-Majd, H. 2018. Dimensions of posttraumatic growth in patients with cancer: A mixed method study. Cancer Nursing; 41(6): 441-449.
  • Helge, D. 2003. Acıyı Güce Dönüştürmek-Duygularınızdan En İyi Şekilde Yararlanmanızın Yolları, (Çev. G. Koca), 1. Baskı, İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık.
  • Helgeson, V. S., Reynolds, K. A. and Tomich, P. L. 2006. A meta-analytic review of benefit finding and growth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology; 74(5): 797-816.
  • Higgins R. L. and Leibowitz, R. Q. 1999. Reality Negotiation and Coping: The Social Construction of Adaptive Outcomes, Coping: The Psychology of What Works, Ed. C. R. Snyder, pp. 20-49, Clarendon Press.
  • Janoff-Bulman, R. 2004. Posttraumatic growth: Three explanatory models. Psychological Inquiry; 15(1): 30-34.
  • Joseph, S. and Linley, P. A. 2005. Positive adjustment to threatening events: An organismic valuing theory of growth through adversity. Review of General Psychology; 9(3): 262-280.
  • Kallay, E. 2004. Posttraumatıc growth: A brief review. Psychology Review; 24: 55-85.
  • Kinsinger, D. P., Penedo, F. J., Antoni, M. H., Dahn, J. R., Lechner, S. and Schneiderman, N. 2006. Psychosocial and sociodemographic correlates of benefit‐finding in men treated for localized prostate cancer. Psycho‐Oncology: Journal of the Psychological, Social and Behavioral Dimensions of Cancer; 15(11): 954-961.
  • Lindstrom, C. M., Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G. and Tedeschi, R. G. 2013. The relationship of core belief challenge, rumination, disclosure, and sociocultural elements to posttraumatic growth. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy; 5(1): 50-55.
  • Linley, P. A. 2003. Positive adaptation to trauma: Wisdom as both process and outcome. Journal of Traumatic Stress; 16(6): 601-610.
  • Park, C. L., Cohen, L. H. and Murch, R. L. 1996. Assessment and prediction of stress‐related growth. Journal of Personality; 64(1): 71-105.
  • Pauls, J. E. 2017. The Impact of Posttraumatic Growth on Authentic Leader Development: Five Portraits of Women Cancer Survivors in Leadership, Doctoral Dissertation, School o f Professional Studies of Gonzaga University, USA.
  • Saakvitne, K. W., Tennen, H. and Affleck, G. 1998. Exploring thriving in the context of clinical trauma theory: constructivist self development theory. Journal of Social Issues; 54(2): 279-299.
  • Schaefer, J. A. and Moos, R. H. 1992. Life Crises and Personal Growth, Personal Coping: Theory, Research, and Application, Ed. B. N. Carpenter, pp. 149–170, Praeger Publishers, Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Scheier, M. F., Weintraub, J. K. and Carver, C. S. 1986. Coping with stress: Divergent strategies of optimists and pessimists. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; 51(6): 1257-1264.
  • Tedeschi, R. G. and Calhoun, L. G. 1995. Trauma and Transformation, Growing in the Aftermath of Suffering, USA: Sage Publications.
  • Tedeschi, R. G. and Calhoun, L. G. 1996. The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress; 9(3): 455-471.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., Park, C. L. and Calhoun, L. G. 1998. Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Issues, Posttraumatic Growth: Positive Changes in The Aftermath of Crisis, Ed. Tedeschi, R. G., Tedeschi, R. G., Park, C. L. and Calhoun, L. G., pp. 1-22, Routledge.
  • Tedeschi, R. G. and Calhoun, L. G. 2004a. Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry; 15(1): 1-18.
  • Tedeschi, R. G. and Calhoun, L. G. 2004b. A Clinical Approach to Posttraumatic Growth, Positive Psychology in Practice, Ed. P. A. Linley, and S. Joseph, pp. 405-419, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., Cann, A., Taku, K., Durak, E. Ş. and Calhoun, L. G. 2017. The posttraumatic growth inventory: A revision ıntegrating existential and spiritual change. Journal of Traumatic Stress; 30(1): 11-18.
  • Tennen, H. and Affleck, G. 1998. Personality and Transformation in the Face of Adversity, Posttraumatic Growth: Positive Changes in The Aftermath of Crisis, Ed. R. G. Tedeschi, C. L. Park and L. G. Calhoun, pp. 65-98, Routledge.
  • Thilges, S. R. 2013. A Longitudinal Study of Posttraumatic Symptoms and Posttraumatic Growth in Oncology Patients, Doctoral Dissertation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago.
  • Webster, J. D. and Deng, X. C. 2015. Paths from trauma to ıntrapersonal strength: Worldview, posttraumatic growth, and wisdom. Journal of Loss and Trauma; 20(3): 253-266.
  • Weinstein, N. D. 1980. Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; 39(5): 806-820.
  • Wortman, C. B. 2004. Posttraumatic growth: Progress and problems. Psychological Inquiry; 15(1): 81-90.
  • Yalom, I. D. and Lieberman, M. A. 1991. Bereavement and heightened existential awareness. Psychiatry; 54(4): 334-345.
  • Zara, A. 2011. Yaşadıkça Psikolojik Sorunlar ve Başa Çıkma Yolları, İmge Kitabevi.
  • Zarin, S. S., Khanjani, M. S., Foroughan, M., Hosseini, M. A., Bakhshi, E. and Kamali, M. 2017. Relationship between locus of control with posttraumatic growth among individuals with spinal cord injury. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation; 11(2): 109-118.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Dilruba İzgüden 0000-0002-6938-8854

Ramazan Erdem 0000-0001-6951-3814

Publication Date December 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA İzgüden, D., & Erdem, R. (2020). Travmaların Dönüştürücü Rolü: Olumlu Değişimler. Ankara Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(2), 191-200. https://doi.org/10.46971/ausbid.796425