Orta Çağ Avrupa’sının Eli kanlı Adlî Memurları ve Kirli İşlerin Efendileri: Cellatlar

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 36, 252 - 274, 20.09.2023

Derya Gürtaş Dündar

https://doi.org/10.33692/avrasyad.1287351

Abstract

Erken Orta Çağ döneminin büyük bölümünde ve bunu takip eden yüzyıllarda, suç ve kanunsuzluk tüm dünyada yaygındı. Orta Çağ’da suçlu kişilerin yargılandığı adlî sistem, hem sivil mahkemelerden hem de kiliseye bağlı Engizisyon mahkemelerinden oluşuyordu. Bu bağlamda adlî sisteme hizmet eden birçok görevli vardı. Ancak, Orta Çağ'dan itibaren Batı ve Orta Avrupa toplumları, hükümlülerine ölüm cezası verme ihtiyaçlarını karşılayacak resmi bir pozisyona giderek daha fazla ihtiyaç duymaya başladılar. Bu yüzden cellatlık toplumda bir meslek olarak ön plana çıkmıştır.
Orta Çağ Dünyası ile zihin dünyamızda oluşan el baltaları ile ölüm yayan kimseler olarak tasvir edilen cellatlar, aslında faydalı birer kamu görevlisi olmuşlardır. Bir kamu celladının, görevi adlî makamlar tarafından verilen idam ve bedensel cezaları uygulamak olmuştur. Çünkü erken Orta Çağlardan itibaren eğer bir celladın yardımı yoksa, cüppeli hakimlerin ve peruklu yargıçların cezaları hiçbir işe yaramazdı. Orta Çağ Avrupa'sında cellatlar sadece infazları gerçekleştirmiyordu. Çöplerin toplanmasından fahişelerin ve cüzzamlıların takibine, pazar yerlerinin denetiminden, kanalizasyon işlerine, başıboş hayvanların kontrolüne kadar şehir hayatının düzeniyle ilgili pek çok görevi de yerine getirmişlerdir. Cellatlar, kimsenin yapmak istemediği veya tiksindiği birçok şeyi yaptıkları için kirli işlerin ustaları da denir. Bu işlerden iyi para kazanmış olmalarına rağmen toplumda katil ve kirli olarak görülmüşlerdir. Bu nedenle insanlar tarafından sevilmediler ve toplumdan izole edildiler.

Keywords

adalet, Orta Çağ, cellat, şehir hayatı, zabıta, güvenlik

The Bloody Judicial Officers and Masters of Dirty Jobs of Medieval Europe: Executioners

Abstract

During much of the early medieval period, as well as the centuries that followed, crime and lawlessness were rampant throughout the world. In the Middle Ages, the judicial system in which criminals were tried consisted of both civil courts and Inquisition courts affiliated to the Church. In this context, there were many officials serving the judicial system. However, From the Middle Ages the societies of Western and Central Europe were increasingly requiring an official position that would satisfy their needs for delivering capital punishment to their convicts. That's why executioner has come to the fore in society as a profession.
The executioners, who were depicted in the medieval world and in our minds as people spreading death with their hand axes, actually became useful public servants. The task of a public executioner was to carry out the death and corporal punishments imposed by the judicial authorities. For from the early Middle Ages onwards, the sentences of robed judges and wigged magistrates were useless if they were not assisted by an executioner.In medieval Europe, executioners did not only carry out executions. They also carried out many tasks related to the order of city life, from garbage collection to the follow-up of prostitutes and lepers, in sewage Works, the supervision of market places, and the control of stray animals. Executioners are also called masters of dirty jobs because they have done many things that no one else wants to do or is disgusted by. Even though they made good money from these duties, they were seen as murderers and dirty in the society. For this reason, they were not liked by the people and were isolated from society. For this reason, in this article, other different duties of executioners, who are referred to as killing machines and whose only duties are perceived to consist of execution and torture, are investigated. In addition, the public activities of the executioners and their effects on social life due to all the tasks under their responsibility are discussed.

Keywords

Middle Ages, Justice, Executioner, Hangman, City Life, Police, Security

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