AVRUPA KRİZLERİNDE MERKEL ETKİSİ: KOHL'ÜN KIZINDAN HİÇKİMSENİN KIZINA

Year 2022, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 690 - 706, 31.12.2022

Altuğ Günar , İlhan Aras

https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1178542

Abstract

Avrupa Birliği entegrasyonu tarihi birçok dönüm noktasından geçmiş ve üye ülkeler her seferinde krizlerin üstesinden gelmiştir.Bu bağlamda Almanya, tüm üye ülkeler arasında en fazla öne çıkan ülke olmuştur.Almanya, bir yandan tarihsel sorunlarının üstesinden gelerek ekonomik bir güç haline gelmiş, diğer yandan Avrupa entegrasyonunun sorumluluğunu üstlenen ülke olmuştur. Çalışma, Merkel dönemine ve bu dönemde Avrupa entegrasyonunun büyük krizlerinde Almanya'nın rolüne odaklanmıştır. Merkel, Avrupa Birliği'ndeki her büyük krizde akla gelen ilk isim olmuştur.Çalışmada, Euro Bölgesi krizi ve Suriyeli mülteci krizi Merkel döneminin temel sorunlarını olarak tanımlanmıştır.Bu temel problemler, literatürde en çok öne çıkan konular olması nedeniyle de dikkat çekmektedir.Bu kapsamda ilk olarak Merkel'in siyasi kariyerine ve Merkel ile ilgili literatüre değinilmiştir.Sonraki bölümlerde söz konusu krizler tartışılmış ve Merkel'in kriz yönetimine yönelik tutumu incelenmiştir. Çalışma, “Merkel etkisi” kavramını kullanmasıyla literatürden ayrılmaktadır. Sonuç olarak Merkel'in söz konusu krizlerin çözümünde en önemli siyasi figür olduğu iddia edilmiştir.

Keywords

Almanya, Merkel, CDU, Avrupa Krizleri

MERKEL EFFECT IN EUROPEAN CRISES: FROM "KOHL’S MÄDCHEN" TO "NOBODY’S GIRL"

Abstract

The history of European Union integration has passed through many milestones and member countries have overcome crises each time. In this context, Germany has been the most outstanding country among all member states. On the one hand, Germany has become an economic power by overcoming its historical problems, and on the other hand, it is the country that has taken responsibility for European integration. The study focuses on the Merkel era and Germany's role in the major crises of European integration during this period. Merkel was the first name that came to mind in every major crisis in the European Union. In the study, the Euro Zone crisis and the Syrian refugee crisis were defined as the main problems of the Merkel period. These fundamental problems also attract attention because they are the most prominent topics in the literature. In this context, Merkel's political career and the literature about Merkel were mentioned first. The following chapters discussed the crises mentioned and examined Merkel's attitude toward crisis management. The study differs from the literature by using the concept of “Merkel effect”. As a result, it was claimed that Merkel was the most important political figure in resolving these crises.

Keywords

Germany, Merkel, CDU, European Crisis

References

• Aktan, S. (2020). Angela Merkel: Kökleri, kariyeri, kişiliği, siyaseti ve mirası. 14 November 2021, .https://tr.euronews.com/2018/12/11/angela-merkel-kokleri-kariyeri-kisiligi-siyaseti-ve-miras
• Amadeo, K. (2020). Eurozone debt crisis: Causes, cures, and consequences, 6 November 2021, https://www.thebalance.com/eurozone-debt-crisis-causes-cures-and-consequences-3305524#citation-2
• Auer, S. (2021). Merkel's Germany and the European Union: between emergency and the rule of rules. Government and Opposition, 56(1), 1-19.
• Bulmer, S. (2014). Germany and the Eurozone crisis: Between hegemony and domestic politics. West European Politics, 37(6), 1244-1263.
• Bulmer, S. & Paterson, W. E. (2013). Germany as the EU’s reluctant hegemon? Of economic strength and political constraints. Journal of European Public Policy, 20(10), 1387-1405.
• Bulmer, S. and Paterson, W. E. (2010). Germany and the European Union: From tamed power to normalized power?. International Affairs, 86(5), 1051-1073.
• Chandler, W. M. (2010). European leadership in transition: Angela Merkel and Nicolas Sarkozy. In S.Bulmer, C. Jeffery & S. Padgett (Eds.), Rethinking Germany and Europe: Democracy and Diplomacy in a Semi-Sovereign State (pp. 154-170), Palgrave Macmillan.
• Crawford, A. & Tony C. (2013). Angela Merkel: A chancellorship forged in crisis. Chichester: Bloomberg Press.
• Davidson-Schmich, Louise K. (2011). Gender, Intersectionality, and the Executive Branch: The Case of Angela Merkel. German Politics, 20(3), 325-336.
• Demesmay, C. & Puglierin, J. (2017). Foreign policy and next German government. DGAPkompakt, no. 7.
• Dempsey ,J. & Bennhold, K. (2007). Merkel defends German foreign policy focused on human rights. 8 January 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/28/world/europe/28iht-germany.4.8517757.html
• Deutsche Welle. (2020). The Swabian housewife: Myth or reality?. 7 September 2021, https://www.dw.com/en/the-swabian-housewife-myth-or-reality/av-16150533
• Deutsche Welle. (2010). Merkel stands firm, but German parliament split over euro crisis. 11 August 2022, https://www.dw.com/en/merkel-stands-firm-but-german-parliament-split-over-euro-crisis/a-6337545
• Esch, F.A.W. J. Van. (2017). The Paradoxes of legitimate EU leadership. An analysis of the multi-level ledarhsip of Angela Merkel and Alexis Tsipras during the Euro crisis. Journal of European Integration, 39(2), 223-237.
• European Council. (2011). Statement by the Euro Area heads of state or government, Brussels, 3 August 2022, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/126658.pdf
• European Council. (2016). EU-Turkey statement. 3 August 2022, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/18/eu-turkey-statement/
• European Parliament. (2021). A Decade on from the Crisis Main Responses and Remaining Challenges, 3 July 2022, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2019/642253/EPRS_BRI(2019)642253_EN.pdf
• Forbes. (2021). The World's 100 most powerful women. 22 August 2022, https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/
• Foreign Policy. (2021). Global thinkers. 2 May 2022, https://foreignpolicy.com/2019-global-thinkers/
• France 24. (2018). Five key moments in Merkel's career. 17 August 2022, https://www.france24.com/en/20181029-five-key-moments-merkels-career
• Gathmann, F., Hornig, F., Kurbjuweit, D., Müller, P., Puhl, J. & Sandberg, B. (2020). The two women who could transform Europe. 14 August 2022, https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/merkel-and-von-der-leyen-the-two-women-who-could-transform-europe-a-df757ca6-89b8-4a85-b603-5764c111e766
• Helms, L., Esch, F. V., & Crawford, B. (2019). Merkel III: From committed pragmatist to ‘conviction leader’?. German Politics, 28(3), 350-370.
• Kollewe, J. (2020). Angela Merkel’s austerity postergilr, the thrifty Swabian housewife, The Guardian. 17 June 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/17/angela-merkel-austerity-swabian-housewives
• Koszel, B. (2017). The results of German European policy under Angela Merkel (2005–2017). Rocznik Integracji Europejskıej, 11, 157-177.
• Krotz, U., & Schild, J. (2013). Shaping Europe: France, Germany and embedded bilateralism from the Elysee treaty to twenty-first century politics. Oxford University Press.
• Kurbjuweit, D. (2014). The Merkel Effect what today's Germany owes to its once-communist East, 17 June 2022, https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/how-east-germany-influences-modern-day-german-politics-a-994410.html
• Latdict. (2020). cunctatrix, cunctatricis, 7 August 2022, http://latin-dictionary.net/definition/15165/cunctatrix-cunctatricis
• Masch, L. & Gabriel, O. W. (2020). How emotional displays of political leaders shape citizen attitudes: the case of German Chancellor Angela Merkel. German Politics, 29(2), 158-179.
• Meiritz, A. (2015). How Germany became Europe's moral leader on the refugee crisis. 12 June 2022, https://www.vox.com/2015/9/11/9307209/q-a-germanys-leadership-role-in-the-european-migrant-crisis
• Mills, C. W. (2008). Angela Merkel. Chelsea House Publishers.
• Müller, H. & Esch, F.A.W.J.V. (2020). The contested nature of political leadership in the European Union: conceptual and methodological cross-fertilisation. West European Politics, 43(5), 1051-1071.
• Mushaben, J. (2009). Madam Chancellor: Angela Merkel and the triangulation of German Foreign Policy. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 10(1), 27-35.
• Mushaben, J. M. (2016). The Best of times, the worst of times: Angela Merkel, the Grand Coalition, and ‘Majority Rule’ in Germany. German Politics and Society, 34(1), 1-25.
• Otero-Iglesias, M. (2014). Germany and political union in Europe: Nothing moves without France. Elcano Royal Institute Working Paper, 8.
• Piketty, T., Sachs, J. D., Flassbeck, H., Rodrik, D., & Wren-Lewis, S. (2015). Austerity Has Failed: An Open Letter From Thomas Piketty yo Angela Merkel. 23 September 2022, https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/austerity-has-failed-an-open-letter-from-thomas-piketty-to-angela-merkel/
• Pühringer, S. (2015). Markets as ultimate judges of economic policies: Angela Merkel’s discourse profile during the economic crisis and the European Crisis Policies. ICAE Working Paper Series, 31.
• Rachman, G. (2016). Angela Merkel is indispensable but insufficient. 28 June 2022, https://www.ft.com/content/2d39d648-6b8b-11e6-ae5b-a7cc5dd5a28c
• Reutter, W. (2006). Who’s afraid of Angela Merkel?: The life, political career, and future of the new German Chancellor. International Journal, 61(1), 214-226.
• Riegert, B. (2013). How Merkel changed Europe. 3 July 2022, https://www.dw.com/en/how-merkel-changed-europe/a-17100353
• Schild, J. (2013). Leadership in hard times: Germany, France, and the management of the Eurozone Crisis. German Politics and Society, 31(1), 24-47.
• Schild, J. (2020). The Myth of German hegemony in the Euro area revisited. West European Politics, 43(5), 1072-1094.
• Schoeller, M. G. (2018). The rise and fall of Merkozy: Franco-German bilateralism as a negotiation strategy in Eurozone Crisis Management. Journal of Common Market Studies, 56(5), 1019-1035.
• Schultheis, E. (2017). The Merkel effect neither Germany’s refugee crisis nor the rise of populism seem capable of dislodging the chancellor. 11 June 2022, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/09/angela-merkel-germany-schulz-populism-trump-afd/538485/
• Sheeler, K. H. & Anderson, K. V. (2014). Gender, rhetoric, and international political systems: Angela Merkel's rhetorical negotiation of proportional representation and party politics. Communication Quarterly, 62(4), 474-495.
• Spiegel International. (2020). Merkel says EU must be bound closer together. 1 June 2022, https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/if-the-euro-fails-europe-fails-merkel-says-eu-must-be-bound-closer-together-a-784953.html
• Strategic Comments. (2019). German foreign and security policy after Merkel. 25(9): iv-vi.
• Taylor, P. (2020). Merkel’s milestone moment. Politico, 9 August 2022, from https://www.politico.eu/article/angela-merkel-milestone-moment-europe-coronavirus-response/amp/
• The Federal Minister of the Interior. (2020). Asylum and refugee policy. 13 August 2022, https://www.bmi.bund.de/EN/topics/migration/asylum-refugee-protection/asylum-refugee-policy-germany/asylum-refugee-policy.html;jsessionid=9FD7459641BEB55DC1F6AF26DC65BB10.1_cid295.
• The Guardian. (2011). European debt crisis is worst time since second world war, says Angela Merkel. 9 July 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/nov/14/eurozone-debt-crisis-angela-merkel
• The Royal Society. (2010). German Chancellor honoured by the Royal Society. 1 September 2022, https://royalsociety.org/news/2010/german-chancellor/
• Thompson, H. (2015). Germany and the Euro-Zone Crisis: The European reformation of the German banking crisis and the future of the Euro. New Political Economy, 20(6), 851-870.
• Thompson, M. R. & Lennartz, L. (2006). The Making of Chancellor Merkel. German Politics, 15(1), 99-110.
• Toygür, İ. & Benvenuti, B. (2016). The European response to the refugee crisis: Angela Merkel on the move, Istanbul Policy Center-Mercator Policy Brief. 2 September 2022. https://ipc.sabanciuniv.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/IlkeToygur_BiancaBenvenuti_FINAL.pdf
• Traynor, I. (2016). Angela Merkel visits Turkey in bid to galvanise refugee crisis response. 13 September 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/08/germany-and-turkey-agree-deal-to-help-ease-refugee-crisis
• Vick, K. (2015). Person of the year: Chancellor of the free world. 4 July 2022, https://time.com/time-person-of-the-year-2015-angela-merkel/
• Wells, P. (2007). Nobody’s girl, Maclean’s. 1 September 2022, https://archive.macleans.ca/article/2007/12/3/nobodys-girl
• Wiliarty, S. E. (2008). Chancellor Angela Merkel—a sign of hope or the exception that proves the rule?. Politics & Gender, 4(3), 485-496.
• Yoder, J. A. (2011). An intersectional approach to Angela Merkel's foreign policy. German Politics, 20(3), 360-375.
• Zakaria, F. (2007). The future of freedom: illiberal democracy at home and abroad. WW Norton & company.
• Zimmermann, H. (2014). A grand coalition for the Euro: The second Merkel cabinet, The Euro Crisis and the elections of 2013. German Politics, 23(4), 322-336.
• Zuvela, M. & Impey, J. (2012). Merkel: Brexit deal better for everyone, 6 September 2022. https://www.dw.com/en/merkel-stands-firm-but-german-parliament-split-over-euro-crisis/a-6337545