Investigation of the Psychometric Properties of the Mentalization Scale in Adolescents Between the Ages of 14-18

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 619 - 645, 30.09.2024

Pelin Deniz , Sait Uluç

https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1399049

Abstract

Mentalization refers to an individual's effort and capacity to understand and interpret their own and others' mental states. This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Mentalization Scale (MentS) in adolescents, designed initially to evaluate mentalization skills in adults and has been adapted into Turkish for adults. 1399 adolescents aged 14-18 completed the demographic information form, MentS, and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. Following the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), one item in the others sub-dimension was moved to the self sub-dimension. According to CFA findings, χ2/df, GFI, AGFI, and RMSEA values confirmed the construct validity of the scale for adolescents, while CFI and TLI values did not meet the accepted criteria. Internal consistency coefficients were .70 for the whole scale, .57 for motivation, and .72 for others and self. Examining the relationship between the dimensions of mentalization and aggression, it is noteworthy that the self and others dimensions have an opposite relationship with aggression. Physical and verbal aggression, anger, and hostility tendencies decrease in young people with strong mentalizing skills towards the self. Conversely, the other-oriented mentalizing ability of adolescents has been found to increase verbal aggression, anger, and hostility. Finally, the study identified a relationship between sub-dimensions of MentS and gender. While this research offers tentative support for the construct validity of MentS in adolescents, future studies must provide further data on factor structure and reliability levels of MentS in this age group.

Keywords

mentalization, adolescence, aggression, validity, reliability

Zihinselleştirme Ölçeği’nin Psikometrik Özelliklerinin 14-18 Yaşları Arasındaki Ergenlerde İncelenmesi

Abstract

Zihinselleştirme kavramı bireyin kendisinin ve diğerlerinin zihinsel durumlarını anlama ve yorumlamaya yönelik çabasını ve becerisini ifade eder. Bu çalışmada daha önce erişkinlerdeki zihinselleştirme becerilerini değerlendirmek üzere geliştirilmiş ve ülkemizde de erişkinler için uyarlama çalışması yapılmış olan Zihinselleştirme Ölçeği’nin ergenlerdeki psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. 14-18 yaş aralığındaki 1399 ergen demografik bilgi formu, Zihinselleştirme Ölçeği ve Buss-Perry Saldırganlık Ölçeği’nden oluşan ölçek bataryasını doldurmuştur. Yapılan doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) sonucunda orijinal ve uyarlama çalışmasında ötekiler boyutunda yer alan bir madde kendilik boyutuna alınmıştır. Yinelenen DFA bulgularına göre χ2/df, GFI, AGFI ve RMSEA değerleri ölçeğin ergenler için yapı geçerliğini doğrularken CFI ve TLI değerleri sınır kabul edilen ölçütlerin altında kalmıştır. Cronbach alfa iç tutarlılık katsayısı ölçeğin tamamı için. 70 iken alt boyutlardan güdülenme için .57, ötekiler ve kendilik için .72 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Zihinselleştirmenin ve saldırganlığın boyutları arasındaki ilişki incelendiğinde kendilik ve ötekiler boyutlarının saldırganlıkla zıt yönde bir ilişki kurduğu dikkat çekmektedir. Kendiliğe yönelik zihinselleştirme becerisi kuvvetli olan gençlerde fiziksel ve sözel saldırganlık, öfke ve düşmanlık eğilimi azalma göstermektedir. Ötekine yönelik zihinselleştirme ve saldırganlık arasındaki ilişkide ise ergenlerin ötekine yönelik zihinselleştirme becerisi sözel saldırganlık, öfke ve düşmanlığı artırmaktadır. Son olarak alt boyutlar ile cinsiyet arasındaki ilişkide kızlar ve erkekler arasında birtakım farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma bulguları Zihinselleştirme Ölçeği’nin ergenlerdeki yapı geçerliğini kısmen de olsa doğrulamakla birlikte gelecekteki çalışmalarda ölçeğin ergen örneklemdeki faktör yapısı ve güvenirlik düzeyi konusunda daha fazla veriyle desteklenmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Zihinselleştirme, ergenlik, saldırganlık, geçerlik, güvenirlik

References

• Adler, A., Gervinskaitė-Paulaitienė, L., Čekuolienė, D. ve Barkauskienė, R. (2021). Childhood maltreatment and adolescents’ externalizing problems: Mentalization and aggression justification as mediators. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 30(1), 54–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2020.1783733
• Allen, J. G., Fonagy, P. ve Bateman, A.W. (2008). Mentalizing in clinical practice (1. Basım). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
• Andrews, K., Lariccia, L., Talwar, V. ve Bosacki, S. (2021). Empathetic concern in emerging adolescents: The role of theory of mind and gender roles. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 41(9), 1394–1424. https://doi.org/10.1177/02724316211002258
• Ballespí, S., Pérez-Domingo, A., Vives, J., Sharp, C. ve Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2018). Childhood behavioral inhibition is associated with impaired mentalizing in adolescence. PloS One, 13(3), e0195303. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195303
• Bateman, A. W., Bolton, R. ve Fonagy, P. (2013). Antisocial personality disorder: A mentalizing framework. The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry, XI(2), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.11.2.178
• Bateman, A., Fonagy, P., Campbell, C., Luyten, P. ve Debbané, M. (2023). Cambridge Guide to Mentalization-Based Treatment (MBT). (ss. 203-229). Cambridge University Press.
• Benbassat, N. ve Priel, B. (2012). Parenting and adolescent adjustment: The role of parental reflective function. Journal of Adolescence, 35(1), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.03.004
• Benbassat, N. ve Shulman, S. (2016). The significance of parental reflective function in the adjustment of young adults. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(9), 2843–2852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0450-5
• Bentler, P. M. ve Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606.
• Benzi, I. M. A., Fontana, A., Barone, L., Preti, E., Parolin, L. ve Ensink, K. (2022). Emerging personality in adolescence: Developmental trajectories, internalizing and externalizing problems, and the role of mentalizing abilities. Journal of Adolescence, 95(3), 537–552. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12134
• Berthelot, N., Ensink, K., Bernazzani, O., Normandin, L., Luyten, P. ve Fonagy, P. (2015). Intergenerational transmission of attachment in abused and neglected mothers: The role of trauma-specific reflective functioning. Infant Mental Health Journal, 36(2), 200–212. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21499
• Borelli, J. L., Compare, A., Snavely, J. E. ve Decio, V. (2015). Reflective functioning moderates the association between perceptions of parental neglect and attachment in adolescence. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 32(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037858
• Buss, A. H. ve Perry, M. (1992). The Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(3), 452–459. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.452
• Chevalier, V., Simard, V. ve Achim, J. (2023). Meta-analyses of the associations of mentalization and proxy variables with anxiety and internalizing problems. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 95, 102694, 1 – 20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102694
• Chevalier, V., Simard, V., Achim, J., Burmester, P. ve Beaulieu-Tremblay, T. (2021). Reflective functioning in children and adolescents with and without an anxiety disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.698654
• Choi-Kain, L. W., Simonsen, S. ve Euler, S. (2022). A mentalizing approach for narcissistic personality disorder: Moving from "me-mode" to "we-mode". American Journal of Psychotherapy, 75(1), 38–43. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20210017
• Chow, C.-C., Nolte, T., Cohen, D., Fearon, R. M. P. ve Shmueli-Goetz, Y. (2017). Reflective functioning and adolescent psychological adaptation: The validity of the Reflective Functioning Scale–Adolescent Version. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 34(4), 404–413. https://doi.org/10.1037/pap0000148
• Cohen, P., Crawford, T. N., Johnson, J. G. ve Kasen, S. (2005). The children in the community study of developmental course of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19(5), 466–486. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2005.19.5.466
• Crocetti, E., Moscatelli, S., Van der Graaff, J., Rubini, M., Meeus, W. ve Branje, S. (2016). The interplay of self–certainty and prosocial development in the transition from late adolescence to emerging adulthood. European Journal of Personality, 30(6), 594-607. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2084
• Cropp, C., Alexandrowicz, R. W. ve Taubner, S. (2019). Reflective functioning in an adolescent community sample. Mental Health and Prevention, 14, Article 200156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mph.2019.200156
• Cüre Acer, S. (2020). Ebeveynlik tutumunun psikolojik belirtilere etkisinde zihinselleştirmenin, dayanıklılığın ve çocukluk çağı deneyimlerinin rolü: Nesiller arası bir çalışma [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• De Clercq, B., van Leeuwen, K., van den Noortgate, W., de Bolle, M. ve De Fruyt, F. (2009). Childhood personality pathology: Dimensional stability and change. Development and Psychopathology, 21(3), 853–869. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579409000467
• De Meulemeester, C., Lowyck, B., Vermote, R., Verhaest, Y. ve Luyten, P. (2017). Mentalizing and interpersonal problems in borderline personality disorder: The mediating role of identity diffusion. Psychiatry Research, 258, 141–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.061
• Dedeoğlu, C. (2022). Examining different aspects of mentalization capacity among adolescents [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi.
• Demirtaş Madran, H. A. (2013). Buss-Perry Saldırganlık Ölçeği’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 24(2), 124–129. https://doi.org/10.5080/u6859
• Dimitrijević, A., Hanak, N., Altaras Dimitrijević, A. ve Jolić Marjanović, Z. (2018). The mentalization scale (MentS): A self-report measure for the assessment of mentalizing capacity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 100(3), 268–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2017.1310730
• Duval, J., Ensink, K., Normandin, L., Sharp, C. ve Fonagy, P. (2018). Measuring reflective functioning in adolescents: Relations to personality disorders and psychological difficulties. Adolescent Psychiatry, 8(1), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.2174/2210676608666180208161619
• Ensink, K., Normandin, L., Plamondon, A., Berthelot, N. ve Fonagy, P. (2016). Intergenerational pathways from reflective functioning to infant attachment through parenting. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 48(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000030
• Fischer-Kern, M., Fonagy, P., Kapusta, N. D., Luyten, P., Boss, S., Naderer, A., Blüml, V. ve Leithner, K. (2013). Mentalizing in female inpatients with major depressive disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(3), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182845c0a
• Fonagy, P. ve Bateman, A. (2019). Introduction. İçinde A. Bateman ve P. Fonagy (Edl.), Handbook of Mentalizing in Mental Health Practice (ss. 3–20). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
• Fonagy, P. ve Luyten, P. (2009). A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 21(4), 1355–1381. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579409990198
• Fonagy, P. ve Luyten, P. (2016). A multilevel perspective on the development of borderline personality disorder. İçinde D. Cicchetti (Ed.) Developmental Psychopathology, Vol. 3: Maladaptation and Psychopathology (ss. 726–92). John Wiley & Sons.
• Fonagy, P. ve Luyten, P. (2018). Conduct problems in youth and the RDoC approach: A developmental, evolutionary-based view. Clinical Psychology Review, 64, 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.010
• Fonagy, P., Luyten, P., Moulton-Perkins, A., Lee, Y. W., Warren, F., Howard, S., Ghinai, R., Fearon, P. ve Lowyck, B. (2016). Development and validation of a self-report measure of mentalizing: The reflective functioning questionnaire. PloS One, 11(7), e0158678. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158678
• Fonagy, P., Target, M., Steele, H. ve Steele, M. (1998). Reflective-functioning manual, version 5.0, for application to adult attachment interviews [Yayımlanmamış el kitabı]. University College London.
• Gagliardini, G., Gullo, S., Tinozzi, V., Baiano, M., Balestrieri, M., Todisco, P., Schirone, T. ve Colli, A. (2020). Mentalizing subtypes in eating disorders: A latent profile analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 564291, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.564291
• Gao, S., Assink, M., Liu, T., Chan, K. L. ve Ip, P. (2021). Associations between rejection sensitivity, aggression, and victimization: A meta-analytic review. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 22(1), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019833005
• George, C., Kaplan, N., ve Main, M. (1985). Adult attachment interview [Yayımlanmamış metin]. University of California.
• Ha, C., Sharp, C., Ensink, K., Fonagy, P. ve Cirino, P. (2013). The measurement of reflective function in adolescents with and without borderline traits. Journal of Adolescence, 36(6), 1215–1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.09.008
• Halfon, S. ve Coşkun, A. (2021). Zihinselleştirmenin kültürel özellikleri ve psikolojik belirtiler ile ilişkisi üzerine bir derleme. Nesne, 9(22), 904–924. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-09-22-09
• Hausberg, M. C., Schulz, H., Piegler, T., Happach, C. G., Klöpper, M., Brütt, A. L., Sammet, I. ve Andreas, S. (2012). Is a self-rated instrument appropriate to assess mentalization in patients with mental disorders? Development and first validation of the mentalization questionnaire (MZQ). Psychotherapy research: Journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, 22(6), 699–709. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2012.709325
• Heatherton, T. F. (2011). Neuroscience of self and self-regulation. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 363–390. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131616
• Hu, L.-t. ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
• Hughes, C. ve Dunn, J. (1998). Understanding mind and emotion: Longitudinal associations with mental-state talk between young friends. Developmental Psychology, 34(5), 1026–1037. https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.34.5.1026
• Katzman, W. ve Papouchis, N. (2023). Effects of Childhood Trauma on Mentalization Capacities and Dissociative Experiences. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation: The Official Journal of The International Society for The Study of Dissociation (ISSD), 24(2), 284–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2023.2168829
• Köksal, G. (2017). The moderator effect of mentalization on the link between attachment and somatization [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi.
• Leary, M. R., Twenge, J. M. ve Quinlivan, E. (2006). Interpersonal rejection as a determinant of anger and aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(2), 111–132. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1002_2
• Lind, M., Vanwoerden, S., Penner, F. ve Sharp, C. (2020). Narrative coherence in adolescence: Relations with attachment, mentalization, and psychopathology. Journal of Personality Assessment, 102(3), 380–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2019.1574805
• Locati, F., Benzi, I. M. A., Milesi, A., Campbell, C., Midgley, N., Fonagy, P. ve Parolin, L. (2023a). Associations of mentalization and epistemic trust with internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence: A gender-sensitive structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Adolescence, 95(8), 1564–1577. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12226
• Locati, F., Milesi, A., Conte, F., Campbell, C., Fonagy, P., Ensink, K. ve Parolin, L. (2023b). Adolescence in lockdown: The protective role of mentalizing and epistemic trust. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 79(4), 969–984. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23453
• Luyten, P., Campbell, C., Allison, E. ve Fonagy, P. (2020). The mentalizing approach to psychopathology: State of the art and future directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 16(1), 297–325. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-071919-015355
• Luyten, P. ve Fonagy, P. (2015). The neurobiology of mentalizing. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 6(4), 366–379, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/per0000117
• Luyten, P., Fonagy, P., Lowyck, B. ve Vermote, R. (2012). Assessment of mentalization. İçinde A. Bateman ve P. Fonagy (Edl.), Handbook of Mentalizing in Mental Health Practice (ss. 43–65). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
• Luyten, P., Malcorps, S., Fonagy, P. ve Ensink, K. (2019). Assessment of mentalization. İçinde A. Bateman ve P. Fonagy (Edl.), Handbook of Mentalizing in Mental Health Practice (ss. 37–62). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
• Luyten, P., Nijssens, L., Fonagy, P. ve Mayes, L. C. (2017) Parental reflective functioning: Theory, research, and clinical applications. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 70(1), 174–199, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00797308.2016.1277901
• Malamut, S. T., Garandeau, C. F., Badaly, D., Duong, M. ve Schwartz, D. (2022). Is aggression associated with biased perceptions of one's acceptance and rejection in adolescence? Developmental Psychology, 58(5), 963–976. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001333
• Morosan, L., Fonseca-Pedrero, E. ve Debbané, M. (2020). Network analysis of reflective functioning and conduct problems during adolescence. Psychology of Violence, 10(3), 300–311. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000258
• Murphy, K.R. ve Davidshofer, C.O. (2004). Psychological testing principles and applications (6. Baskı). Pearson Education.
• Önen, E. (2009). Saldırganlık Ölçeği’nin psikometrik niteliklerinin Türk ergenleri için incelenmesi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(32), 74–85.
• Quek, J., Melvin, G. A., Bennett, C., Gordon, M. S., Saeedi, N. ve Newman, L. K. (2018). Mentalization in adolescents with borderline personality disorder: A comparison with healthy controls. Journal of Personality Disorders, 33(2), 145–163. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2018_32_336
• Petersen, R., Brakoulias, V. ve Langdon, R. (2016). An experimental investigation of mentalization ability in borderline personality disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 64, 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.10.004
• Porter-Vignola, E., Booij, L., Dansereau-Laberge, È. M., Garel, P., Bossé Chartier, G., Seni, A. G., Beauchamp, M. H. ve Herba, C. M. (2022). Social cognition and depression in adolescent girls. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 76, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101750
• Poznyak, E., Morosan, L., Perroud, N., Speranza, M., Badoud, D. ve Debbané, M. (2019). Roles of age, gender and psychological difficulties in adolescent mentalizing. Journal of Adolescence, 74, 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.06.007
• Rosso, A. M. ve Airaldi, C. (2016). Intergenerational transmission of reflective functioning. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01903
• Rosso, A. M., Viterbori, P. ve Scopesi, A. M. (2015). Are maternal reflective functioning and attachment security associated with preadolescent mentalization? Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01134
• Schumacker, R. E. ve Lomax, R. G. (2010). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling (3. Basım). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
• Sharp, C. ve Vanwoerden, S. (2015). Hypermentalizing in borderline personality disorder: A model and data. Journal of Infant, Child & Adolescent Psychotherapy, 14(1), 33–45. https://doi.org/110.1080/15289168.2015.1004890
• Sharp, C., Venta, A., Vanwoerden, S., Schramm, A., Ha, C., Newlin, E., Reddy, R. ve Fonagy, P. (2016). First empirical evaluation of the link between attachment, social cognition and borderline features in adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 64, 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.07.008
• Sharp, C. ve Wall, K. (2018). Personality pathology grows up: Adolescence as a sensitive period. Current opinion in psychology, 21, 111–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.11.010
• Sharp, C., Williams, L. L., Ha, C., Baumgardner, J., Michonski, J., Seals, R., Patel, A. B., Bleiberg, E. ve Fonagy, P. (2009). The development of a mentalization-based outcomes and research protocol for an adolescent inpatient unit. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 73(4), 311–338. https://doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2009.73.4.311
• Simonsen, C. B., Jakobsen, A. G., Grøntved, S. ve Kjaersdam Telléus, G. (2020). The mentalization profile in patients with eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 74(5), 311–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2019.1707869
• Slade, A. (2005). Parental reflective functioning: An introduction. Attachment & Human Development, 7(3), 269 – 281. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730500245906
• Slade, A., Aber, J. L., Bresgi, I., Berger, B. ve Kaplan, M. (2004). The Parent Development Interview – Revised [Yayımlanmamış metin]. The City University of New York.
• Slade, A., Grienenberger, J., Bernbach, E., Levy, D. ve Locker, A. (2005). Maternal reflective functioning, attachment, and the transmission gap: A preliminary study. Attachment & Human Development, 7(3), 283–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730500245880
• Sloover, M., van Est, L. A. C., Janssen, P. G. J., Hilbink, M. ve van Ee, E. (2022). A meta-analysis of mentalizing in anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and trauma and stressor related disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 92, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102641
• Taubner, S. ve Curth, C. (2013). Mentalization mediates the relation between early traumatic experiences and aggressive behavior in adolescence. Psihologija, 46(2), 177–192. https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI1302177T
• Taubner, S., Kessler, H., Buchheim, A., Kächele, H. ve Staun, L. (2011). The role of mentalization in the psychoanalytic treatment of chronic depression. Psychiatry, 74(1), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2011.74.1.49
• Taubner, S., White, L. O., Zimmermann, J., Fonagy, P. ve Nolte, T. (2013). Attachment-related mentalization moderates the relationship between psychopathic traits and proactive aggression in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(6), 929–938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9736-x
• Taubner, S., Zimmermann, L., Ramberg, A. ve Schröder, P. (2016). Mentalization mediates the relationship between early maltreatment and potential for violence in adolescence. Psychopathology, 49(4), 236–246. https://doi.org/10.1159/000448053
• Törenli Kaya, Z., Alpay, E. H., Türkkal Yenigüç, Ş. ve Özçürümez Bilgili, G. (2023). Zihinselleştirme Ölçeği’nin Türkçe çevirisinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 34(2), 118−124. https://doi.org/10.5080/u25692
• Zayde, A., Derella, O. J. ve Kilbride, A. (2023). Safe haven in adolescence: Improving parental reflective functioning and youth attachment and mental health with the Connecting and Reflecting Experience. Infant Mental Health Journal, 44(2), 268–283. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.22042