Samsun İli Terme ve Kocaman Irmağı’ndan alınan çevresel su örneklerinde su kökenli parazitlerin tespit edilmesi
Year 2017,
, 177 - 182, 30.12.2017
Zeynep Kolören
,
Ülkü Karaman
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Samsun’un Terme ilçesinde bulunan Terme ve Kocaman Irmağı’ndan belirlenen altı istasyondan alınan çevre suyu örneklerinde Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. ve Toxoplasma gondii’nin varlığının Nested Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (N-PZR) ve İmmünfloresan yöntemi (IFA) ile saptanmasıdır. Çalışmada toplanan su örnekleri Alüminyum sülfat ile çöktürülerek Sukroz gradiyent yöntemiyle saflaştırılmıştır. Bunu takiben, su örneklerine ait pelletler hem IFA hemde DNA izolasyonunda kullanılmıştır. Alınan 72 çevresel su örneğinin 60’ında (%83.3) 1-19 ookist/L Cryptosporidium spp. ookistlerinin; 48’inde (%66.6) 1-13 kist/L Giardia spp. kistlerinin varlığı IFA ile tespit edilmiştir. IFA yöntemi ile pozitif bulunan su örneklerinin hepsi N-PZR tekniği ile de doğrulanmıştır. Ayrıca çalışmada alınan su örneklerinde T. gondii’nin varlığı yine N-PZR tekniğiyle araştırılmış ve Kocaman Irmağı’ndaki üç istasyonun da bu parazitle kontamine olduğu görülmüştür. Su kaynaklı parazitlere ait kist ve ookistlerin hayvan dışkısı ve kanalizasyon yolu ile yüzeysel sulara taşındığı bilinmektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlar bölgenin bu parazitlerle kontamine olduğunu göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak su kaynaklı paraziter enfeksiyonlar yönünden, kontamine suların bir risk faktörü olduğu dikkate alınarak, su kaynaklarının düzenli bir şekilde kontrol edilmesinin uygun olacağı kanaatine varılmıştır.
References
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- Koloren, Z., Ayaz, E. 2016. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. in environmental water in Turkey. Acta Parasitologica, 61(4), 671–679.
- Koloren, Z., Demirel, E. 2013a. Investigation on Toxoplasma gondii in surface and drinking water samples from Amasya by nested polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 7(2): 10-3.
- Koloren, Z., Demirel, E. 2013b. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Turkish river and drinking water samples by different PCR and LAMP Methods. Clean Soil Air Water, 41(10): 963-8.
- Koloren, Z., Seferoğlu, O., Karanis,P. 2016. Occurency of Giardia duodenalis assemblages in river water
sources of Black Sea, Turkey. Acta Tropica, 164:337-344.
- Kourenti, C., Karanis, P. 2004. Development of a Sensitive Polymerase Chain Reaction Method for the Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Water. Water Science and Technology, 50, 287–291.
- Kourenti, C., Karanis, P. 2006. Evaluation and Applicability of a Purification Method Coupled with Nested PCR for the Detection of Toxoplasma Oocysts in Water, Letters in Applied Microbiology, 43: 475–481.
- MacKenzie, W.R., Kazmierczak, J.J., Davis, J.P. 1995. An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a resort swimming pool. Epidemiology and Infection, 115: 545-553.
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- Özbilgin, A. 2006. Barsak Protozoonları. Ankem Dergisi, 20(2): 166-169.
- Plutzer, J., Karanis, P., Domokos, K., Torokne, A., Marialigeti, K. 2008. Detection and characterization of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Hungarian raw, surface and sewage water samples by IFT, PCR and sequence analysis of the SSUrRNA and GDH genes. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 211, 524–533.
- Schares, G., Herrmann, D. C., Beckert, A., Schares, S., Hosseininejad, M., Pantchev, N., Vrhovec, M. G., Conraths, F. J. 2008. Characterization of a Repetitive DNA Fragment Hammondia hammondi and Its Utility for the Specific Differentiation of H. hammondi from Toxoplasma gondii by PCR. Molecular and Cellular Probes, 22: 244–251.
- Taş, B., Candan, A.Y., Can, Ö., Topkara, S. 2010. Ulugöl (Ordu)’ün bazı fiziko-kimyasal özellikleri. Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 4 (3): 254-263.
- USEPA, 2005. USEPA Method 1623: Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Water by Filtration/IMF/FA. Office of Water, Washington, D. C. EPA 815-R-05.Uslu, O., Türkman A. 1987. Su Kirliliği ve Kontrolü, T.C.Başbakanlık Çevre Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları Eğitim Dizisi 1, İzmir, 364.
- Uslu O., Türkman, A.1987. Su kirliiği ve kontrolü, TC Başbakanlık Çevre Genel Müdürlüğü yayınları eğitim dizisi, 365
Usluer. G. 2004. Su ile bulaşan enfeksiyonlar. Ankem Derg, 18: 17-20.
- Xiao L. 2010. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: an update. Experimental Parasitology, 124: 80–89.
Year 2017,
, 177 - 182, 30.12.2017
Zeynep Kolören
,
Ülkü Karaman
References
- Alkan, U., Çalışkan, S., Mescioğlu, Ü. 1999. Ulubat Gölü’ nün Mikrobiyolojik Kirlilik Seviyesinin Belirlenmesi. Çevkor, 9 (33): 3-5.
- Appelbee, A.J., Frederick, L.M., Heitman, T.L., Olson, M.E., 2003. Prevalence and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis from beefcalves in Alberta, Canada. Veterinary Parasitology. 112: 289–294.
- Bakir, B., Tanyuksel M., Saylam F., Tanriverdi S., Araz E.R, Hacim A.K., Hasde M. 2003. Investigation of Waterborne Parasites in Drinking Water Sources of Ankara, Turkey. The Journal of Microbiology, 148-151.
- Baque, R.H., Gilliam, A.O., Robles, L.D., Jakubowski, W., Slifko, T.R. 2011. Areal-time RT-PCR method to detect viable Giardia lamblia cysts inenvironmental waters. Water Research, 45: 3175–3184.
- Cama, V.A., Bern, C., Sulaıman, I. M., Gılman, R. H., Tıcona, E., Vıvar, A., Kawaı, V., Vargas, D., Zhou, L., Xıao, L. 2003. Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in HIV-positive patients in Lima, Peru. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 13: 531–533.
- Çeber, K., Aslan, G., Otağ, F., Deli-alioğlu, N., Öztürk, C., Babür, C., Emekdaş, G. 2005. Mersin ilinde içme suyu, kullanma suyu, atık su ve deniz sularında Cryptosporidium spp. ookistlerinin araştırılması. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 29: 224-8.
- Demirel, E., Kolören, Z., Karaman, Ü., Ayaz E. 2014. Investigation on Toxoplasma gondii by Polymerase Chain Reaction and Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplifi cation in Water Samples from Giresun, Turkey. Bulletin of Microbiology, 48(4): 661-668.
- Demirel, E., Kolören, Z. 2012. Ordu İli Melet Irmağı’ndan alınan su örneklerinde Toxoplasma gondii yaygınlığının nested PCR ile tespiti. 21. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 3-7 Eylül 2012, İzmir. Kongre Kitabı, s: 1353.
- Dumetre, A., Darde, M. L. 2007. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Water by an Immunomagnetic Separation Method Targeting the Sporocysts. Parasitology Research, 101: 989–996.
- Fayer, R. 2004. Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite. Veterinary Parasitology, 126: 37–56.
- Fayer, R., Santin, M., Trout, J.M. 2008. Cryptosporidium ryanaen spp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in cattle (Bos taurus). Veterinary Parasitology, 156: 191-198.
- Hallier-Soulier, S., Guillot, E. 2000. Detection of cryptosporidia and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in environmental water samples by immunomagnetic separation-polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 89: 5–10.
- Jones, J. L., Dubey, J. P. 2010. Waterborne Toxoplasmosis–Recent Developments. Experimental Parasitology. 124: 10–25.
- Karanis, P., Kimura, A. 2002. Evaluation of three flocculation methods for the purification of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from water samples. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 34:444–449.
- Karanis, P., Oriel, T., Klytaimnistra, K., Jerry, O., Ikuo, I., Noborou, I. 2007. Development and preliminary evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification procedure for sensitive detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal and water samples. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 73: 5660–5662.
- Koloren Z., Avşar C., Kaya D., 2012. Monitoring of Cryptosporidium Species in Water Supplies of Sinop, Black Sea, Turkey by Acid-Fast Staining Method. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 6 (3): 41-43.
- Koloren Z., Delioglu B.K. 2011. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in water supplies of Amasya, Middle Black Sea, by Acid-Fast staining methods. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 5, 81–84.
- Koloren Z., Karanis P., Sotiriadou I. 2011. Investigations and Comparative Detection of Cryptosporidium Species by Microscopy, Nested PCR and LAMP in Water Supplies of Ordu, Middle Black Sea, Turkey. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 105, 607–615.
- Koloren, Z., Ayaz, E. 2016. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. in environmental water in Turkey. Acta Parasitologica, 61(4), 671–679.
- Koloren, Z., Demirel, E. 2013a. Investigation on Toxoplasma gondii in surface and drinking water samples from Amasya by nested polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 7(2): 10-3.
- Koloren, Z., Demirel, E. 2013b. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Turkish river and drinking water samples by different PCR and LAMP Methods. Clean Soil Air Water, 41(10): 963-8.
- Koloren, Z., Seferoğlu, O., Karanis,P. 2016. Occurency of Giardia duodenalis assemblages in river water
sources of Black Sea, Turkey. Acta Tropica, 164:337-344.
- Kourenti, C., Karanis, P. 2004. Development of a Sensitive Polymerase Chain Reaction Method for the Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Water. Water Science and Technology, 50, 287–291.
- Kourenti, C., Karanis, P. 2006. Evaluation and Applicability of a Purification Method Coupled with Nested PCR for the Detection of Toxoplasma Oocysts in Water, Letters in Applied Microbiology, 43: 475–481.
- MacKenzie, W.R., Kazmierczak, J.J., Davis, J.P. 1995. An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a resort swimming pool. Epidemiology and Infection, 115: 545-553.
- Minarovicˇova´, J., Kaclı´kova´, E., Krascsenicsova´, K., Siekel P., Kuchta T. 2009. A single-tube nested real-time polymerase chain reaction for sensitive contained detection of Cryptosporidium parvum. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 49: 568–572.
- Nichols R.A.B., Campbell B.M., Smith H.V. 2003. Identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts in United Kingdom noncarbonated natural mineral waters and drinking waters by using a modified nested PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69: 4183–4189.
- Ok, Ü.Z., Balcioğlu, İ.C. 2007.Cyrptosporidiosis. Tıbbi Parazit Hastalıkları. Ed.: M.A. Özcel. İzmir: Türkiye Parazitoloji Derneği Yayın No:22., s.: 363-377.
- Özbilgin, A. 2006. Barsak Protozoonları. Ankem Dergisi, 20(2): 166-169.
- Plutzer, J., Karanis, P., Domokos, K., Torokne, A., Marialigeti, K. 2008. Detection and characterization of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Hungarian raw, surface and sewage water samples by IFT, PCR and sequence analysis of the SSUrRNA and GDH genes. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 211, 524–533.
- Schares, G., Herrmann, D. C., Beckert, A., Schares, S., Hosseininejad, M., Pantchev, N., Vrhovec, M. G., Conraths, F. J. 2008. Characterization of a Repetitive DNA Fragment Hammondia hammondi and Its Utility for the Specific Differentiation of H. hammondi from Toxoplasma gondii by PCR. Molecular and Cellular Probes, 22: 244–251.
- Taş, B., Candan, A.Y., Can, Ö., Topkara, S. 2010. Ulugöl (Ordu)’ün bazı fiziko-kimyasal özellikleri. Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 4 (3): 254-263.
- USEPA, 2005. USEPA Method 1623: Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Water by Filtration/IMF/FA. Office of Water, Washington, D. C. EPA 815-R-05.Uslu, O., Türkman A. 1987. Su Kirliliği ve Kontrolü, T.C.Başbakanlık Çevre Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları Eğitim Dizisi 1, İzmir, 364.
- Uslu O., Türkman, A.1987. Su kirliiği ve kontrolü, TC Başbakanlık Çevre Genel Müdürlüğü yayınları eğitim dizisi, 365
Usluer. G. 2004. Su ile bulaşan enfeksiyonlar. Ankem Derg, 18: 17-20.
- Xiao L. 2010. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: an update. Experimental Parasitology, 124: 80–89.