Research Article
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Change in water activity of some Turkish hazelnut cultivars at different moistures and temperatures

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 67 - 76, 31.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.29278/azd.990026

Abstract

Objective: Observation of the changes in water activity values of some Turkish hazelnut cultivars at different moisture levels (ML) at varying ambient temperatures. Thus, especially in hazelnut storage and transfer processes, regulations regarding the protection of the quality of the product under changing humidity and temperature conditions are foreseen. Materials and Methods: In this study, water activity (aw) of Tombul, Palaz, Çakıldak and Kalınkara hazelnuts were determined at different ML (2, 4, 6, 8, 9 and 12%) and different temperatures (20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30°C). Regression equations were generated to estimate aw values of hazelnuts with a known moisture at different ambient temperatures.  Results: Considering the entire temperatures, it was observed that a unit (1%) increase in moisture yielded 0.055 - 0.062 unit increases in Çakıldak cultivar, 0.052 - 0.055 unit increases in Palaz cultivar, 0.047 - 0.050 unit increases in Tombul cultivar and 0.047 - 0.048 unit increases in Kalınkara cultivar. Different aw values were observed at the same ML of the cultivars and generally the aw values were tended to increase with increasing temperatures. Conclusion: It was concluded that water activity influenced several quality parameters (color, lipid oxidation and etc.). Present findings revealed that hazelnut cultivars with the same moisture levels might have different water activity values. The fact that the varieties at the same ML have different water activity values indicates that it will be more objective to use the water activity value in storage or shelf life studies. In the calculations made using the obtained formula, it was seen that Palaz and Kalınkara (at the same ML) cultivars had higher aw values than the other two cultivars. For this reason, it is thought that storing Palaz and Kalınkara separately from Tombul and Çakıldak cultivars may reduce the possible risks.

Supporting Institution

Scientific Research Projects Department of Ordu University

Project Number

AR-1652

Thanks

The author would like to thank Prof. Dr. Saim Zeki BOSTAN for academic support and Agriculture Engineer Saliç SOLMAZ for laboratory analysis.

References

  • Akçin, Y., Bostan, & S.Z. (2019). Farklı sulama programlarının ‘Tombul’ fındık çeşidinde depolama süresince su aktivitesine etkisi. International Journal of Agriculture and Wildlife Science, 5(2), 308-313 (in Turkish).
  • Arrus, K., Blank, G., Abramson, D., Clear, R., & Holley, R.A. (2005). Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in Brazil nuts. J. Stored Prod. Res., 41,513–527. doi:10.1016/j.jspr.2004.07.005.
  • Beuchat, L.R. 1983. Influence of water activity on growth, metabolic activities and survival of yeasts and molds. J. Food Prot., 46(2),135–141. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X-46.2.135.
  • Bhatnagar, D., Cary, J.W., Ehrlich, K., Yu, J., & Cleveland, T.E. 2006. Understanding the genetics of regulation of aflatoxin production and Aspergillus flavus development. Mycopathologica, 162, 155-166. doi: 10.1007/s11046-006-0050-9.
  • Cavaletto, C.G., Dela, Cruz, A., Ross, E., & Yamamoto, H.Y. 1966. Factors affecting macadamia nut stability. Chicago.
  • FAO, 2019. FAOSTAT (online). Website http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC (Accesed 28/01/2021).
  • Gabriel, A.A. 2008. Estimation of water activity from pH and °Brix values of some food products. Food Chem., 108, 1106–1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007. 11.077.
  • Gallo, A., Solfrizzo, M., Epifani, F., Panzari, G., & Perrone, G. 2016. Effect of temperature and water activity on gene expression and aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus on almon medium. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 217,162-169.
  • Gross, K.C., Wang, C., & Saltveit, M. 2014. Hazelnut. The commercial storage of fruits, vegetables, and florist and nursery stocks (HB-66) USDA ARS.
  • Koç Güler, S., Bostan, S.Z., & Çon, A.H. 2017. Effects of gamma irradiation on chemical and sensory characteristics of natural hazelnut kernels. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 123,12-21. doi: 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2016.08.007.
  • Koç Güler, S., Şen, F., & Aksoy, U. 2012. Farklı işlem görmüş kuru meyvelerde su aktivitesinin değişimi üzerine araştırmalar. V. Bahçe Ürünlerinde Muhafaza ve Pazarlama Sempozyumu; İzmir, Türkiye. pp. 381-385 (in Turkish).
  • Labuza, T.P., & Dugan, L.R. 1971. Kinetics of lipid oxidation in foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr., 2(3),355–405. doi:10.1080/10408397109527127.
  • Lee, Y., Lee, J., & Choe, E. 2006. Effects of flour storage conditions on the lipid oxidation of fried products during storage in the dark. Food Sci. Biotechnol., 15(3),399–403.
  • Lopez, A., Pique, M.T., & Clop, M. 1995. The hygroscopic behaviour of the hazelnut. J. Food Eng., 25,197-208. doi:10.1016/0260-8774(94)00021-Z.
  • Marzocchi, S., Pasini, F., Verardo, V., Ciemniewska-Zytkiewicz, H., Caboni, M.F., & Romani, S. 2017. Effects of different roasting conditions on physical-chemical properties of Polish hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L. var. Katalonski). LWT-Food Sci Technol., 77,440-448. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2016.11.068.
  • Olagunjua, O., Mchunua, N., Durandb, N., Alterb, P., Montetb, D., & Ijabadeniyi, O. 2018. Effect of milling, fermentation or roasting on water activity, fungal growth, and aflatoxin contamination of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc). LWT-Food Sci Technol., 98, 533-539. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2018.09.001
  • Schmidt-Heydt, M., Abdel-Hadi, A., Magan, N., & Geisen, R. 2009. Complex regulation of the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster of Aspergillus flavus in relation to various combinations of water activity and temperature. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 135, 231-237. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.07.026.
  • Staudt, P.B., Tessaro, I.C., Marczak, L.D.F., Soares, R.D.P., & Cardozo, N.S.M. 2013. A new method for predicting sorption isotherms at different temperatures: extension to the GAB model. J. Food Eng., 118,247–255. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013. 04.013.
  • TS 3074, Kabuklu Fındık, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara (in Turkish).
  • TS 3075, İç Fındık, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara (in Turkish).
  • Turner, P., Sylla, A.V., Gong, Y.Y., Diallo, M.S., Sutcliffe, A.E., Hall, A.J., & Wild, C.P. 2005. Reduction in exposure to carcinogenic aflatoxins by the postharvest invention measures in West Africa a community-based intervention study. Lancet, 365, 1950-1956.
  • Venkatachalam, M., & Sathe, S.K. 2006. Chemical composition of selected edible nut seeds. J. Agric. Food Chem., 54,4705–4714. doi:10.1021/jf0606959.

Bazı Türk fındık çeşitlerinin farklı nem ve sıcaklıklardaki su aktivitesi değişimi

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 67 - 76, 31.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.29278/azd.990026

Abstract

Amaç: Farklı nem değerlerindeki bazı Türk fındık çeşitlerinin değişen ortam sıcaklıklarındaki su aktivitesi değerlerinin değişiminin gözlenmesi. Böylece özellikle fındık depolama ve transfer süreçlerinde değişen nem ve sıcaklık koşullarında ürünün kalitesinin korunması ile ilgili düzenlemelerin ön görülmesi. Materyal ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada farklı nem değerlerindeki (%2, %4, %6, %8, %9, %12) Tombul, Palaz, Çakıldak ve Kalınkara çeşitlerinin farklı sıcaklıklardaki (20°C, 21°C, 22°C, 23°C, 24°C, 25°C, 26°C, 27°C, 28°C, 29°C, 30°C) su aktivitesi (aw) ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Farklı ortam sıcaklıklarında nem değerleri bilinen fındıkların aw değerlerini tahmin etmek için regresyon denklemleri oluşturulmuştur. Araştırma Bulguları: İncelenen tüm sıcaklıklar dikkate alındığında nemdeki birim (%1) artışın, aw değerini Çakıldak çeşidinde 0.055-0.062, Palaz çeşidinde 0.052-0.055, Tombul’da 0.047-0.050 ve Kalınkara’da 0.047-0.048 birim arttırdığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca, aynı nem değerine sahip çeşitlerin farklı aw değeri aldığı gözlenmiştir ve genel olarak ortam sıcaklığı arttıkça, aw değeri artış eğiliminde olmuştur. Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, su aktivitesi ürünlerin pek çok kalite parametresini (mikotoksin oluşumu, renk, yağ oksidasyonu vb) etkilemektedir. Bu çalışma ile aynı nem değerindeki fındık çeşitlerinin farklı su aktivitesi değerlerine sahip olabileceği görülmüştür. Aynı nemdeki çeşitlerin farklı su aktivitesi değerlerine sahip olması, depolama ya da raf ömrü çalışmalarında su aktivitesi değerinin kullanılmasının daha objektif olacağını göstermektedir. Elde edilen formül kullanılarak yapılan hesaplarda Palaz ve Kalınkara’nın (aynı nemde) diğer iki çeşide göre daha yüksek aw değeri oluşturduğu görülmüştür. Bu nedenle Palaz ve Kalınkara’nın, Tombul ve Çakıldak çeşidinden ayrı depolanmasının olası riskleri azaltabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Project Number

AR-1652

References

  • Akçin, Y., Bostan, & S.Z. (2019). Farklı sulama programlarının ‘Tombul’ fındık çeşidinde depolama süresince su aktivitesine etkisi. International Journal of Agriculture and Wildlife Science, 5(2), 308-313 (in Turkish).
  • Arrus, K., Blank, G., Abramson, D., Clear, R., & Holley, R.A. (2005). Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in Brazil nuts. J. Stored Prod. Res., 41,513–527. doi:10.1016/j.jspr.2004.07.005.
  • Beuchat, L.R. 1983. Influence of water activity on growth, metabolic activities and survival of yeasts and molds. J. Food Prot., 46(2),135–141. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X-46.2.135.
  • Bhatnagar, D., Cary, J.W., Ehrlich, K., Yu, J., & Cleveland, T.E. 2006. Understanding the genetics of regulation of aflatoxin production and Aspergillus flavus development. Mycopathologica, 162, 155-166. doi: 10.1007/s11046-006-0050-9.
  • Cavaletto, C.G., Dela, Cruz, A., Ross, E., & Yamamoto, H.Y. 1966. Factors affecting macadamia nut stability. Chicago.
  • FAO, 2019. FAOSTAT (online). Website http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC (Accesed 28/01/2021).
  • Gabriel, A.A. 2008. Estimation of water activity from pH and °Brix values of some food products. Food Chem., 108, 1106–1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007. 11.077.
  • Gallo, A., Solfrizzo, M., Epifani, F., Panzari, G., & Perrone, G. 2016. Effect of temperature and water activity on gene expression and aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus on almon medium. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 217,162-169.
  • Gross, K.C., Wang, C., & Saltveit, M. 2014. Hazelnut. The commercial storage of fruits, vegetables, and florist and nursery stocks (HB-66) USDA ARS.
  • Koç Güler, S., Bostan, S.Z., & Çon, A.H. 2017. Effects of gamma irradiation on chemical and sensory characteristics of natural hazelnut kernels. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 123,12-21. doi: 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2016.08.007.
  • Koç Güler, S., Şen, F., & Aksoy, U. 2012. Farklı işlem görmüş kuru meyvelerde su aktivitesinin değişimi üzerine araştırmalar. V. Bahçe Ürünlerinde Muhafaza ve Pazarlama Sempozyumu; İzmir, Türkiye. pp. 381-385 (in Turkish).
  • Labuza, T.P., & Dugan, L.R. 1971. Kinetics of lipid oxidation in foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr., 2(3),355–405. doi:10.1080/10408397109527127.
  • Lee, Y., Lee, J., & Choe, E. 2006. Effects of flour storage conditions on the lipid oxidation of fried products during storage in the dark. Food Sci. Biotechnol., 15(3),399–403.
  • Lopez, A., Pique, M.T., & Clop, M. 1995. The hygroscopic behaviour of the hazelnut. J. Food Eng., 25,197-208. doi:10.1016/0260-8774(94)00021-Z.
  • Marzocchi, S., Pasini, F., Verardo, V., Ciemniewska-Zytkiewicz, H., Caboni, M.F., & Romani, S. 2017. Effects of different roasting conditions on physical-chemical properties of Polish hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L. var. Katalonski). LWT-Food Sci Technol., 77,440-448. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2016.11.068.
  • Olagunjua, O., Mchunua, N., Durandb, N., Alterb, P., Montetb, D., & Ijabadeniyi, O. 2018. Effect of milling, fermentation or roasting on water activity, fungal growth, and aflatoxin contamination of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc). LWT-Food Sci Technol., 98, 533-539. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2018.09.001
  • Schmidt-Heydt, M., Abdel-Hadi, A., Magan, N., & Geisen, R. 2009. Complex regulation of the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster of Aspergillus flavus in relation to various combinations of water activity and temperature. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 135, 231-237. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.07.026.
  • Staudt, P.B., Tessaro, I.C., Marczak, L.D.F., Soares, R.D.P., & Cardozo, N.S.M. 2013. A new method for predicting sorption isotherms at different temperatures: extension to the GAB model. J. Food Eng., 118,247–255. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013. 04.013.
  • TS 3074, Kabuklu Fındık, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara (in Turkish).
  • TS 3075, İç Fındık, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara (in Turkish).
  • Turner, P., Sylla, A.V., Gong, Y.Y., Diallo, M.S., Sutcliffe, A.E., Hall, A.J., & Wild, C.P. 2005. Reduction in exposure to carcinogenic aflatoxins by the postharvest invention measures in West Africa a community-based intervention study. Lancet, 365, 1950-1956.
  • Venkatachalam, M., & Sathe, S.K. 2006. Chemical composition of selected edible nut seeds. J. Agric. Food Chem., 54,4705–4714. doi:10.1021/jf0606959.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Horticultural Production
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Saadet Koç Güler 0000-0001-5015-7610

Project Number AR-1652
Publication Date July 31, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Koç Güler, S. (2022). Change in water activity of some Turkish hazelnut cultivars at different moistures and temperatures. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi, 11(1), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.29278/azd.990026