Reduction of Lime-Based Iron Chlorosis in Apple Trees

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 127 - 134, 11.07.2023

Ayşegül Korkmaz , Fatma Gökmen Yılmaz , Mustafa Harmankaya , Sait Gezgin

https://doi.org/10.29278/azd.1263559

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Objective: This study was conductud with the aim of determining the effects of different applications (Fe fertilizers, K-Humate, and sulfur) on shoot length, active and total Fe, chlorophyll a, b, and a+b, fruit Fe concentration, yield efficiency, and yield of apple.
Materials and Methods: In the study, which was conducted in 4 replications according to trial pattern of chance blocks in an apple orchard with a lot of lime and alkaline reactions,13 applications (Control, FeSO4.7H2O (19% Fe), Elemental S, FeSO4.7H2O + Elemental S, K-Humate, FeSO4.7H2O + K-Humate, Fe-EDTA (%13 Fe), Fe-DTPA (%6 Fe), Fe-HBED (%6 Fe), Fe-EDDHA (o-o:2.2) (%6 Fe), Fe-EDDHA (o-o:3.5) (%6 Fe), Fe-EDDHA (o-o:4.8) (%6 Fe), and Fe-EDDHA (o-o:5.25) (%6 Fe)].
Results: As a result of the study, the effects of the applications on the investigated parameters were found to be statistically significant, and the maximum effect was determined by FeSO4.7H2O+K-Humate and Fe-EDDHA (o-o: 5.25) applications. Since there is no difference between these applications, Fe-EDDHA (o-o: 5.25) or Fe-chelate fertilizers can be used instead of FeSO4.7H2O+K-Humat.
Conclusion: In addition, it has been determined that iron intake by plants increased as ortho-ortho isomer ratios increase in Fe-chelate fertilizers. It has been determined that applying Fe-EDDHA (o-o: 5.25), one of the Fe-chelate fertilizers, is more effective than other applications in reducing and eliminating chlorosis in calcareous soils.

Keywords

Apple, Fe chelate fertilizers, Chlorosis, Yield

Supporting Institution

Selçuk Üniversitesi

Project Number

17201016

Thanks

It was supported by Selcuk University-Scientific Research Projects Coordinatorship (Project No: 17201016) and thank you for their support. Authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Elma Ağaçlarında Kireç Kaynaklı Demir Klorozunun Azaltılması

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışma, farklı uygulamalarının (Fe’li gübreler, K-Humat ve kükürt) elmanın sürgün uzunluğu, aktif ve toplam Fe, klorofil a, b ve a+b, meyve Fe konsantrasyonu, verim etkinliği ve verimine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür.
Materyal ve Yöntem: Çalışmada çok fazla kireçli, alkalin reaksiyonlu bir elma bahçesinde tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 4 tekrarlamalı olarak yürütülen çalışmada 13 adet uygulama (Kontrol, FeSO4.7H2O (%19 Fe), Elementel S, FeSO4.7H2O + Elementel S, K-Humat, FeSO4.7H2O + K-Humat, Fe-EDTA (%13 Fe), Fe-DTPA (%6 Fe), Fe-HBED (%6 Fe), Fe-EDDHA (o-o:2.2) (%6 Fe), Fe-EDDHA (o-o:3.5) (%6 Fe), Fe-EDDHA (o-o:4.8) (%6 Fe), ve Fe-EDDHA (o-o:5.25) (%6 Fe)] yapılmıştır.
Araştırma Bulguları: Çalışma sonucunda, uygulamaların incelenen parametreler üzerine etkileri istatistiki bakımdan önemli bulunmuş olup en fazla etki FeSO4.7H2O+K-Humat ve Fe-EDDHA (o-o: 5.25) uygulamaları ile belirlenmiştir. Bu uygulamalar arasında fark olmaması nedeniyle bitkinin gerek demir beslenmesinde gerekse verim ve verim etkinliğinin artırılmasında FeSO4.7H2O+K-Humat yerine Fe-EDDHA (o-o: 5.25) veya Fe-kleytli gübreler kullanılabilir.
Sonuç: Fe-kleytli gübrelerde orto-orto izomer oranları arttıkça bitkilerce demir alımının arttığı belirlenmiştir. Kireçli topraklarda demir klorozunun azaltılması ve giderilmesinde Fe-kleytli gübrelerden Fe-EDDHA (o-o: 5.25) uygulamasının diğer uygulamalara göre daha etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

Elma, Fe kleytli gübreler, kloroz, verim

Project Number

17201016

References

• Abadía, J., Vázquez, S., Rellán-Álvarez, R., El-Jendoubi, H., Abadía, A., Álvarez-Fernández, A., & López-Millán, A. F. (2011). Towards a knowledge-based correction of iron chlorosis. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 49(5), 471-482.
• Abay, S., & Pirlak, L. (2017). Effects of iron sulfate, zinc sulfate, iron chelate, powder sulphur and humic acid applications on vegetative growth of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). Erwerbs-Obstbau, 59(1), 71-75.
• Aboutalebi, A., & Hassanzadeh, H. (2013). Effects of iron and zinc on Sweet lime (Citrus limmetta) fruit quantity and quality in calcareous soils. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences, 2(18), 675-7.
• Akgül, H., Uçgun, K., & Altýndal, M. (2013). Effects of some chelated iron fertilizers on iron deficiency chlorosis in peach. Fruit Science,1, 12-17.
• Álvarez-Fernández, A., Garcıa-Marco, S., & Lucena, J. J. (2005). Evaluation of synthetic iron (III)-chelates (EDDHA/Fe3+, EDDHMA/Fe3+ and the novel EDDHSA/Fe3+) to correct iron chlorosis. European Journal of Agronomy, 22(2), 119-130.
• Àlvarez-Fernàndez, A., Abadía, J., & Abadía, A. (2006). Iron deficiency, fruit yield and fruit quality. Iron Nutrition in Plants and Rhizospheric Microorganisms, 4, 85-101.
• Atılgan, H. (2009) The effects of leaf fertilizers with boron and zinc content on some fruit quality properties and plant food element levels in 0900 Ziraat cherry variety, Master's thesis, Ege University, İzmir Turkey. Bayraklı, F. (1987). Soil and plant analysis. Ondokuz Mayıs University Publications (17).
• Bouyoucos, G. J. (1951). A recalibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analysis of soils 1. Agronomy journal, 43(9), 434-438.
• Bozkurt, M. A., Çimrin, K. M, & Karaca, S. (2000). Evaluation of nutrition status of three apple cultivars grown under same conditions, Journal of Agriculture Science, 6, 101-105.
• Cartwright, B., Tiller, K. G., Zarcinas, B. A., & Spouncer, L. R. (1983). The chemical assessment of the boron status of soils. Soil Research, 21(3), 321-332.
• Çelik, H., & Katkat, A. V. (2007). Some parameters in relation to iron nutrition status of peach orchards. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 1(3), 111-115.
• Çulha, A.E. (2010) Determination of phenological and pomological characteristic of some apple grafted on m9 rootstock in Çorum ecological conditions, Master's thesis Selçuk University, Konya Turkey.
• Gezgin, S., & Er, F. (2001). Relationship between total and active iron contents of leaves and observed chlorosis in vineyards in Konya-Hadmalada region of Turkey. Communications in soil science and plant analysis, 32(9-10), 1513-1521.
• Frossard, E., Bucher, M., Mächler, F., Mozafar, A., & Hurrell, R. (2000). Potential for increasing the content and bioavailability of Fe, Zn and Ca in plants for human nutrition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 80(7), 861-879.
• Hansen, N. C., Hopkins, B. G., Ellsworth, J. W., & Jolley, V. D. (2006). Iron Nutrition in Field Crops. In: Barton, L.L., Abadia, J. (eds) Iron Nutrition in Plants and Rhizospheric Microorganisms. Springer, Dordrecht.
• Horuz, A., Korkmaz, A., Akınoğlu, G., & Boz, E. (2016). The reasons of iron chlorosis in plants and removing methods. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi, 4(1), 32-42.
• Horwitz, W. (1955). Official methods of analysis of the Association of. (No. 630.24 A88 1955). Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
• Jackson, M.L. (1962) Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
• Jones Jr, J. B., Wolf, B., & Mills, H. A. (1991). Plant analysis handbook. A practical sampling, preparation, analysis, and interpretation guide. Micro-Macro Publishing, Inc.
• Kacar, B. (1994). Chemical analyses of plants and soil. Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture Education, Research and Development Foundation.
• Kacar, B. (2014). Easy applicable plant analysis. Ankara, Türkiye: Nobel Academic Publishing Education and Consulting Trade. Ltd. Sti.
• Kaith, N. S., Sharma, U., Sharma, D. D., & Mehta, D. K. (2011). Effect of different pruning intensities on growth, yield and leaf nutrients status of starking delicious apple in hilly region of Himachal Pradesh. International Journal of Farm Sciences, 1(1), 37-42.
• Karaman, M. R. (2003). Efficiency of iron and humat applications on the decreasing of iron chlorosis in peach trees grown in Tokat region. Journal of Agricultural Sciences (Turkey), 9(1), 29-34.
• Küçüker, E., Özkan, Y., & Yıldız, K. (2011). The effects of different training systems on tree growth, yield and fruit quality in Granny Smith apple cultivar on M9 rootstock. Journal of the Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpaşa University, 28(1), 13-19.
• Lindsay, W. L., & Norvell, W. A. (1978). Development of DTPA soils test for Zinc Cu, Fe and Mn. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42, 421-428.
• Marschner, H. (1995). Functions of mineral nutrients: Micronutrients, Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants,324–338. Academic Press, New York.
• Mengel, K. (2001, September). Alternative or complementary role of foliar supply in mineral nutrition. In International Symposium on Foliar Nutrition of Perennial Fruit Plants, 594, 33-47.
• Michel, L., Peña, Á., Pastenes, C., Berríos, P., Rombolà, A.D., & Covarrubias, J.I. (2019). Sustainable strategies to prevent iron deficiency, improve yield and berry composition in blueberry (Vaccinium spp.). Fronti in Plant Sci 10, 255.
• Molassiotis, A., Therios, I., Dimassi, K., Diamantidis, G., & Chatzissavvidis, C. (2005). Induction of Fe (III)-chelate reductase activity by ethylene and salicylic acid in iron-deficient peach rootstock explants. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 28(4), 669-682.
• Mordoğan, N., & Ergun, S. (2002) Relationship of golden and starking apple varieties with sugar content and plant nutrient elements. Journal Ege University Faculty Agricutire 39(1), 103-110.
• Özcan, M. M., Harmankaya, M., & Gezgin, S. (2012). Mineral and heavy metal contents of the outer and inner tissues of commonly used fruits. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 184, 313-320.
• Ozden, A., & Ayanoglu, H. (2000, July). Nutritional status of strawberry plantings near Silifke in Turkey. In IV International Strawberry Symposium 567 (pp. 443-446).
• Özgümüş, A. (1999). Analytical chemistry-1 application guide. Uludag University Faculty of Agriculture Application Guides (6).
• Pestana, M., de Varennes, A., & Faria, E. A. (2003). Diagnosis and correction of iron chlorosis in fruit trees: a review. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 1, 46-51.
• Pestana, M., Correia, P. J., Saavedra, T., Gama, F., Abadía, A., & de Varennes, A. (2012). Development and recovery of iron deficiency by iron resupply to roots or leaves of strawberry plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 53, 1-5.
• Rodríguez‐Lucena, P., Ropero, E., Hernández‐Apaolaza, L., & Lucena, J. J. (2010). Iron supply to soybean plants through the foliar application of IDHA/Fe3+: effect of plant nutritional status and adjuvants. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90(15), 2633-2640.
• Rombolà, A. D., & Tagliavini, M. (2006). Iron Nutrition of Fruit Tree Crops. In: Barton, L.L. and Abadía, J., Eds., Nutrition in Plants and Rhizospheric Microorganisms, Springer, Berlin, 61-83.
• Soylu, A., Erturk, U., Mert, C., & Ozturk, O. (2003). Investigations on yield and quality of apple cultivars budded on MM 106 rootstock under Gorukle condition-II. Journal of Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag University, 17(2), 57-65.
• Sönmez, S., & Kaplan, M. (2005). Comparison of various analysis methods for determination of iron chlorosis in apple trees. Journal of plant nutrition, 27(11), 2007-2018.
• Takkar, P. N., & Kaur, N. P. (1984). HCl method for Fe2+ estimation to resolve iron chlorosis in plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 7(1-5), 81-90.
• Sahin, O., Gunes, A., Taskin, M. B., & Inal, A. (2017). Investigation of responses of some apple (Mallus x domestica Borkh.) cultivars grafted on MM106 and M9 rootstocks to lime-induced chlorosis and oxidative stress. Scientia Horticulturae, 219, 79-89.
• Schulte, E. E., & Kelling, K. A. (2004). Understanding plant nutrients, soil and applied Zn. Available at http://learningstore.uwex.edu/Assets/pdfs/A2528.pdf. Ext. publ. A2528. Univ. of Wisconsin Madison Coop. Ext., Wisconsin County, WI. Accessed March 2023.
• Vigani, G., Zocchi, G., Bashir, K., Philippar, K., & Briat, J. F. (2013). Cellular iron homeostasis and metabolism in plant. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4, 490.
• Westwood, M. N. (1993). Temperate zone pomology, physiology and crop culture.
• William, S. (1984) Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemist, published by the association of official analytical chemist, 22 209 (Inc. Wircinia. USA. 140), 59-60.
• Yılmaz, F., Harmankaya, M., & Gezgin, S. (2012). The effects of different iron compounds and TKI-Humas treatments on iron uptake and growth of spinach. Sakarya University Journal of Arts and Science, 1, 217-31.
• Zengin, M., & Gezgin, S. (2013) Problems and solutions of agricultural soils in the KOP Region, National KOP Regional Development Symposium 14-16.
• Zhao, B., Hu, Y., Qi, L., Gao, J., Zhao, G., Ray, M. B., & Xu, C. C. (2021). Promotion effects of metallic iron on hydrothermal liquefaction of cornstalk in ethanol-water mixed solvents for the production of biocrude oil. Fuel, 285, 119150.