SEKÜLERLEŞEN TOPLUMSAL ZEMİNDE MACARİSTAN’DA DEVLET İLE KİLİSELERİN UZLAŞISI

Year 2017, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 261 - 288, 29.12.2018

Önder Canveren

Abstract

Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde siyasi liberalleşme sürecine giren Macaristan’da siyasetin her alanında olduğu gibi din ve devlet ilişkileri alanında da yeniden yapılanma süreci başlamıştır. Bu yeni süreçte tartışma, Kiliselerin özerkliği ve devletin tarafsızlığı ilkeleri üzerinden etki, kazanımlar ve sınırlar üzerinden devam etmiştir. Saha çalışmasının yapıldığı ve süreç analizine dayanan bu makalede, din-devlet ilişkileri açısından ülkedeki değişim ve dönüşüm, tarihsel sosyolojik yaklaşımla irdelenmiştir. İlişkilerin tarihsel, hukuki, toplumsal ve ekonomik boyutlarının ele alındığı araştırmada, Kiliselerin kamusal alanda güçlendiği ve özellikle sağ siyasetin iktidar olmasıyla özerkliğini ve faaliyet alanlarını arttırdığı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Buna rağmen Macar toplumundaki sekülerleşme, ülkede Kiliseler ve muhafazakâr siyaset için yeni ve zorlu bir düzlemin sinyallerini vermektedir.

Keywords

Macaristan, din-devlet ilişkileri, laiklik, sekülerleşme

THE CONSENSUS OF THE STATE AND CHURCHES IN HUNGARY ON SECULARISING SOCIAL GROUND

Abstract

As in other areas of politics, distinctive processes of re-structuring have begun in the field of religion and state relations in Hungary, where political liberalization has entered in the post-Cold War era. Discussions surrounding these changes have primarily detailed their impacts, gains and boundaries associated with the principles of autonomy for churches and state neutrality. This article examines the changes and transformations Hungary is currently undergoing in terms of religion-state relations from a historical sociological approach, based on field studies and process analysis. Analyses, with regard to the historical, legal, social and economic dimensions of this relationship reveal the churches influences are dramatically strengthened in the public arena; in addition, their autonomy and activities have increased, primarily due to the rise of conservative governments. Nevertheless, the secularization of Hungarian society signals a new and challenging path for both the church and conservative politics in the country.

Keywords

Hungary, state-religion relations, laicism, secularisation

References

• BLUM, Paul Richard, “The Catholic Church in Hungary: A Case of Remodernisation?”, Religion, State and Society, Cilt 27, Sayı 3-4, 1999, s. 315-326.
• BOZÓKİ, András, “Consolidation or Second Revolution? The Emergence of the New Right in Hungary”, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Cilt 24, Sayı 2, 2008, s. 191-231.
• BRAHAM, Randolph L., “The Christian Churches of Hungary and the Holocaust”, Yad Vashem Studies, Cilt 29, 2001, s. 241-280.
• ECKHART, Ferenc, Macaristan Tarihi, (çev.) İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 2010.
• EGEDY, Gergely, “Political Conservatism in Post-Communist Hungary”, Problems of Post-Communism, Cilt 56, Sayı 3, 2009, s. 42-53.
• ENYEDİ, Zsolt ve Joan O’Mahony, “Churches and the Consolidation of Democratic Culture: Difference and Convergence in the Czech Republic and Hungary”, Democratization, Cilt 11, Sayı 4, 2004, s. 171-191.
• ENYEDİ, Zsolt, “The Contested Politics of Positive Neutrality in Hungary”, West European Politics, Cilt 26, Sayı 1, 2003, s. 157-176.
• EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, “Case of Magyar Keresztény Mennonita Egyház and Others v. Hungary”, (Application nos. 70945/11, 23611/12, 26998/12, 41150/12, 41155/12, 41463/12, 41553/12, 54977/12 and 56581/12), 2014, http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-142196#{“itemid”:["001-142196"]}(Erişim: 12.03.2015).
• EUROPEAN VALUES SURVEY, “Hungary, Religion and Morale”, GESIS, 2008, http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?object=http://zacat.gesis.org/obj/fStudy/ZA4772, (Erişim: 17.04.2015).
• EUROSTAT, “Marriage and Divorce Statistics”, 2017, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Marriage_and_divorce_statistics, (Erişim: 20.07.2017).
• EVANGELIKUS.HU, “Prayer for Ukraine”, 13 Mart 2014, http://www.evangelikus.hu/english/prayer-ukraine?language=en, (Erişim: 12.04.2015).
• FAITH CHURCH HUNGARY, “Official Webpage”, 2015, http://www.faithchurchhungary.com/, (Erişim: 01.04.2015).
• FAZEKAS, Csaba, “The Dawn of Political Catholicism in Hungary, 1844-1848”, Hungarian Studies, Cilt 1, 1998/99, s. 13-26.
• GAUTIER, Mary L., “Church Elites and the Restoration of Civil Society in the Communist Societies of Central Europe”, Journal of Church and State, Cilt 40, Sayı 2, 1998, s. 289-317.
• HÁMORİ, Ádám ve Gergely Rosta, “Youth, Religion, Socialization. Changes in Youth Religiosity and its Relationship to Denominational Education in Hungary”, Hungarian Educational Research Journal, Cilt 4, Sayı 3, 2013, ss. 1-16.
• HERBERT, David ve Max Fras, “European Enlargement, Secularisation and Religious Re-publicisation in Central and Eastern Europe”, Religion, State and Society, Cilt 37, Sayı 1-2, 2009, s. 81-97.
• HOLY FAMILY TRADITIONAL ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, “Fifth Sunday after Eastern”, 2013, http://www.chapeloftheholyfamily.org/uploads/7/6/7/1/7671717/5-5-13.pdf, (Erişim: 18.03.2015).
• http://net.jogtar.hu/jr/gen/hjegy_doc.cgi?docid=A1100206.TV, (Erişim: 15.05.2017).
• http://www.jobbik.com/policies, (Erişim: 20.05.2017).
• HUNGARIAN CENTRAL STATISTICAL OFFICE, “Population, Vital Events (1949-)”, 2013, http://www.ksh.hu/docs/eng/xstadat/xstadat_annual/xls/1_1ie.xls, (Erişim: 12.03.2015).
• JANOS, Andrew C., The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary 1825-1945, Princeton University Press, New Jersey 1982.
• KARÁCSONY, Gergely ve Dániel Róna, “The Secret of Jobbik: Reasons behind the Rise of the Hungarian Radical Right”, Journal of East European and Asian Studies, Cilt 2, Sayı 1, 2011, s. 61-92.
• KELLER, Tamás, “Hungary on the World Values Map”, Review of Sociology, Cilt 20, Sayı 1, 2010, s. 27-51.
• KISS, Csilla, “The Misuses of Manipulation: The Failure of Transitional Justice in post-Communist Hungary”, Europe-Asia Studies, Cilt 58, Sayı 6, 2006, s. 925-940.
• KNUTSEN, Oddbjøm, “Social Structure, Social Coalitions and Party Choice in Hungary”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Cilt 46, 2013, s. 25-38.
• KORKUT, Umut, Liberalization Challenges in Hungary: Elitism, Progressivism and Populism, Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2012.
• LÁSZLÓ, Péter, Hungary’s Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions in a European Perspective, Leiden & Boston, Brill 2012.
• LEGISLATIONONLINE.ORG, “Act C of 2011”, 2011, http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/3610/file/Hungarian_Act_C_on_Freedom_of_Religion_adopted_12.07.2011_en.pdf, (Erişim: 07.04.2015).
• LİPPÉNYİ, Zoltán, ve diğerleri, “Economic Voting in Hungary, 1998-2008”, Electoral Studies, Cilt 32, Sayı 4, 2013, s. 838-851.
• MARTONYI, János, “Europe, Central Europe and Hungary: 2014, a Year of Anniversaries”, Europe-Asia Studies, Cilt 66, Sayı 3, 2014, s. 359-363.
• MOLNÁR, László, “Anti-Semitism in Hungary”, Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs, 2010, http://jcpa.org/article/anti-semitism-in-hungary/, (Erişim: 01.05.2015).
• OECD, “Health at Glance: Europe 2014, Suicide”, 2014, http://ec.europa.eu/health/reports/docs/health_glance_2014_en.pdf, (Erişim: 05.03.2015).
• OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC, “The Fundamental Law of Hungary”, National Symbols, 2015, http://www.keh.hu/the_fundamental_law/1536The_fundamental_law_of_Hungary*&pnr=5, (Erişim: 17.03.2015).
• POLITICS.HU, “Quotable: Viktor Orbán on European Secularism”, 2013, http://www.politics.hu/20130428/quotable-viktor-orban-on-european-secularism/, (Erişim: 17.03. 2015).
• RAMET, Sabrina P., “Religion and Politics in Post-Socialist Central and Southeastern Europe: An Introduction”, Religion and Politics in Post-Socialist Central and Southeastern Europe: Challanges since 1989, (ed.) Sabrina P. Ramet, Palgrave Macmillan, London 2014, s. 1-24.
• REFORMED CHURCH IN HUNGARY, “Closing Statement of the Second European Synod Meeting”, 4 Şubat 2015, http://reformatus.hu/mutat/closing-statement-of-the-second-european-synod-meeting/, (Erişim: 13.04.2015).
• ______, “Annual Report 2013”, 2013, http://www.youblisher.com/p/970141-Annual-Report-2013/, (Erişim: 12.04.2015).
• ______, “Closing Statement of the Second European Synod Meeting”, 2015, http://reformatus.hu/mutat/closing-statement-of-the-second-european-synod-meeting/, (Erişim: 13.04.2015).
• ______, “Roma Strategy”, 2013/14, http://reformatus.hu/letoltesek/545/, (Erişim: 13.04.2015).
• REUTERS, “Sunday Closure could Deal New Blow to Hungary’s Foreign Retailers”, 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/10/hungary-retailidUSL6N0TH1SM20141210, (Erişim: 02.04.2015).
• RICHARDSON, James T. ve Marat S. Shterin, “Constitutional Courts in Postcommunist Russia and Hungary: How do They Treat Religion?”, Religion, State and Society, Cilt 36, Sayı 3, 2008, ss. 251-267.
• ROSTA, Gergely, “Religiosity and Political Values in Central and Eastern Europe”, Transformations of Religiosity: Religion and Religiosity in Eastern Europe 1989-2010, (eds). Gert Pickel ve Kornelia Sammet, Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2012, s. 95-110.
• SCHANDA, Balázs, “Freedom of Religion and Minority Religions in Hungary”, Social Justice Research, Cilt 12, Sayı 4, 1999, ss. 297-313.
• ______, “Religion and State in the Candidate Countries to the European Union: Issues concerning Religion and State in Hungary”, Sociology of Religion, Cilt 4, Sayı 3, 2003, s. 333-348.
• ______, “The Freedom of Religious Association in Hungary: Recent Developments”, Religion and Human Rights, Cilt 8, Sayı 1, 2013, ss. 65-75.
• SCHWEITZER, Gábor, “Responses in Hungarian Constitutional Theory and the so-called anti-Jewish Laws (1938-1943)”, Journal on European History of Law, Cilt 2, 2014, s. 67-72.
• THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF HUNGARY, “Decision 4/1993 on the Restitution of Church Property”, 12 Şubat 1994, http://www.mkab.hu/letoltesek/en_0004_1993.pdf, (Erişim: 01.03. 2015).
• ______, “Decision 6/2013 on the Constitutionality of the Act on Churches”, 1 Mart 2013, http://www.codices.coe.int/NXT/gateway.dll/CODICES/precis/eng/eur/hun/hun-2013-1-004?fn=document-frameset.htm&f=templates$q=$uq=$x=$up=1$force=5381, (Erişim: 17.03.2015).
• TÓTH, Gábor Attila, “Unequal Protection: Historical Churches and Roma People in the Hungarian Constitutional Jurisprudence”, Acta Juridica Hungarica, Cilt 51, Sayı 2, 2010, s. 122-135.
• TÖRÖK, Péter, Hungarian Church-State Relations: A Socio-Historical Analysis, Hungarian Institute for Sociologie of Religion, Budapest 2003.
• UITZ, Renáta, “Freedom of Religion and Churches: Archaeology in a Constitutionmaking Assembly”, Constitution for a Disunited Nation, (ed.) Gábor Attila Tóth, CEU Press, Budapest 2012, s. 197-236.
• UNGVÁRY, Krisztián, “The Kádár Regime and the Subduing of the Roman Catholic Hierarchy”, Religion and Politics in Post-Socialist Central and Southeastern Europe: Challenges since 1989, (ed.) Sabrina P. Ramet, Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2014, s. 86-114.
• VENICE COMMISSION, “Opinion on Act CCVI of 2011 on the Right to Freedom of Conscience and Religion and the Legal Status of Churches, Denominations and Religious Communities of Hungary”, Opinion 664/2012, 19 Mart 2012, http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2012)004-e, (Erişim: 02.05.2015).
• VOICU, Mălina, “Religiosity and Nationalism in Post-Communist Societies: A Longitudinal Approach”, Studia Sociologia, Cilt 2, Sayı 2, 2012, s. 123-138.
• www.bbj.hu, “KDNP does not Support ‘Death Penalty”, 30 Nisan 2015, http://www.bbj.hu/politics/kdnp-not-supports-death-penalty_96794, (Erişim: 05.05.2015).
• www.catholicculture.org, “Cardinal Peter Erdo on the Church in Hungary”, 2005, http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=6651, (Erişim: 12.04.2015).
• www.helsinki.hu, “Disrespect for European Values in Hungary 2010-2014”, 2014, http://helsinki.hu/wp-content/uploads/Disrespect_for_values-Nov2014.pdf, (Erişim: 24.03.2015).
• www.hvg.hu, “Házasság, hittan: Erdő Péter nem értett egyet Semjénnel”, 13 Eylül 2013, http://hvg.hu/itthon/20130913_Hazassag_hittan_Erdo_Peter_nem_ertett_egy, (Erişim: 05.05.2015).
• ZUCKERMAN, Phil, “Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns”, The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, (ed.) Michael Martin, Cambridge Universiy Press, Cambridge 2007, s. 47-68.
• Mülakatlar:
• András Bíró-Nagy (Dr.) ile Budapeşte’de yapılan görüşme, 28 Nisan 2015.
• András Máté-Tóth (Prof. Dr.) ile Budapeşte’de yapılan görüşme, 30 Mart 2015.
• Dániel Róna (Dr.) ile Budapeşte’de yapılan görüşme, 27 Nisan 2015.
• Gábor Schweitzer (Doç. Dr.) ile Budapeşte’de yapılan görüşme, 26 Mart 2015.
• Rita Hegedűs (Doç. Dr.) ile Budapeşte’de yapılan görüşme, 20 Nisan 2015.
• Tibor Klestenitz (Prof. Dr.) ile Budapeşte’de yapılan görüşme, 5 Mayıs 2015.
• Zoltán Balázs (Prof. Dr.) ile Budapeşte’de yapılan görüşme, 29 Nisan 2015.
• Zoltán Kmetty (Dr.) ile Budapeşte’de yapılan görüşme, 5 Mayıs 2015.