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TRACES OF NORBERT ELIAS IN THE SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA: A FIGURATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE COLLAPSE OF YUGOSLAV IDENTITY

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 207 - 233, 01.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.30903/Balkan.1505871

Abstract

In this study, the process from the foundation of Yugoslavia to its collapse was examined by considering Norbert Elias’s figurations. Yugoslavia serves as evidence of how accurate Elias’s figurations are in the context of states. It also signifies the delicate balances inherent in these figurations. Yugoslavia stands as proof of how the disruption of balance in figurations can lead to undesirable outcomes. In this context, Elias’ definition of four figurations was applied to the case of Yugoslavia, and a figurative answer was sought for the reason for the collapse of Yugoslav identity. The way different nations came together and the factors influencing this union were examined within the framework of Elias’s “survival unit”. Yugoslavia’s disintegration was exemplified by the figuration of the survival unit. As known, in Yugoslavia, an effort was made to establish a “we” among different nations coming together, but since every nation couldn’t abandon the “I” mentality, this endeavour proved unsuccessful. The cooperation of different nations for survival, how this cooperation process functioned, and the fact that nations continued to compete despite all cooperation were evaluated within the framework of the “cooperation and competition balance” figuration. The “involvement and detachment figuration”, exemplified by a football match in Yugoslavia, serves as a compelling example of this balance.

References

  • A. Books and articles
  • BRAMHAM, Peter, “Explanations of the Organisation of Sport in British Society”, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, Vol. 26, 1991, pp. 139-153.
  • DJORDJEVIC, Ivan, “Twenty Years Later: The War Did (Not) Begin at Maksimir an Anthropological Analysis of the Media Narratives about a Never Ended Football Game”, Bulletin de l’Institut Etnographique, Vol. 60, No. 2, 2012, pp. 201-216.
  • DOLAN, Paddy, “Figurations”, Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, (ed.) Alex C. Michalos, Springer, New York 2014, pp. 2273-2277.
  • ELIAS, Norbert, “Problems of Involvement and Detachment”, The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1956, pp. 226-252.
  • ________, Society of Individuals, Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1991.
  • ________, The Civilizing Process, Wiley-Blackwell 2000.
  • ________, The Loneliness of the Dying, The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc, New York 2001.
  • ELIAS, Norbert and DUNNING, Eric, “Dynamics of Group Sport with Special Referance to Football”, The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 17, No. 4, 1966, pp. 388-402.
  • ________, Quest for Excitement: Sport and Leisure in the Civilizing Process, Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1986.
  • EROL, Mehmet Seyfettin and AYDIN, Abdurrahim F., “İki Savaş Arası Dönemde Balkanlar (1919-1939)”, Balkanlar El Kitabı, 1. Cilt, (eds.) Bilgehan A. Gökdağ and Osman Karatay, Akçağ Yayınları, Ankara 2013, pp. 623-637.
  • FOER, Franklin, Futbol Dünyayı Nasıl Açıklar, (trans.) Hakkı İsmail Çarak, İthaki Yayınları, İstanbul 2012.
  • HEGEL, George, The Phenomology of Spiriy, (trans.) P. Fuss and J. Dobbins, 2019, University of Notre Dame Press, Indiana 1807.
  • JELAVICH, Barbara, Balkan Tarihi, 2. Cilt, (trans.) Hatice Uğur, Küre Yayınları, İstanbul 2009.
  • KASPERSEN, Lars Bo, Norman GABRIEL, “The Importance of Survival Units for Norbert Elias’s Figurational Perspective”, The Sociological Review, Vol. 56, No. 3, 2008, pp. 370-387.
  • KENAR, Nesrin, Bir Dönemin Perde Arkası Yugoslavya, Palme Yayınları, Ankara 2005.
  • KILMINSTER, Richard, “From Distance to Detachment: Knowledge and Self-knowledge in Elias’s Theory of Involvement and Detachment”, Norbert Elias: An Introduction, (eds.) Steven Loyal and Stephen Quilley, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2004 pp. 25-41.
  • KOKA, Şecaettin, “Sosyalist Yugoslavya Dönemi,”, Balkanlar El Kitabı, Cilt 2, (eds.) Bilgehan A. Gökdağ, Osman Karatay, Akçağ Yayınları, Ankara 2013, pp. 168-175.
  • KRIEKEN, Robert Van, Norbert Elias (Key Sociologist), Routledge, Oxfordshire, 1998.
  • LEONARDI, Laura, “Changes in the We-I Balance and the Formation of a European Identity in the Light of Norbert Elias’s Theories”, Cambio Rivista Sulle Trasformazioni Sociali, Vol.1, No. 2, 2011, pp. 168-175.
  • MAZOWER, Mark, Bizans’ın Çöküşünden Günümüze Balkanlar, (trans.) Ayşe Ozil, Alfa Basım Yayınları, İstanbul 2014.
  • ÖZGÖREN KINLI, İrem, “Figurational Analysis of Michael Haneke’s Time of the Wolf”, Norbert Elias and Violence, (eds.) T. S. Landini and F. Dépelteau, Palgrave Macmillan, London 2017, pp. 33-52.
  • ________, “Norbert Elias ve Figürasyonel Sosyoloji’ye Giriş”, Turkish Studies-Social Sciences, Vol. 15, No. 3, 2020, pp. 1377-1394.
  • PROSLAV Ralić, Minority Rights in Serbia, Ministry of Information of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade 1993.
  • SANCAKTAR, Caner, Yugoslavya’da Sosyalist Özyönetim Deneyimi, Doruk Yayınları, İstanbul 2018.
  • ________, Yugoslavya’da Sosyalizmden Kapitalizme Geçiş, Doruk Yayınları, İstanbul 2021.
  • TAMLINSON, Alan and Markovits, Andrei and Young, Christopher, “Mapping Sports Space,” Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 46, No. 11, 2003, pp. 1463.
  • The Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 1963.
  • The Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 1974.
  • TODOROVA, Maria, Balkanları Tahayyül Etmek, (trans.) Dilek Şendil, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 2003.
  • ÜLGER, İrfan Kaya, Yugoslavya Neden Parçalandı, Umuttepe Yayınları, Kocaeli 2016.
  • WOUTERS, Cas, “Universally Applicable Criteria for Doing Figurational Process Sociology: Seven Balances, One Triad”, Human Figurations: Long-Term Perspectives on the Human Condition, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2014.
  • B. Internet Sources
  • “The Population of Yugoslavia, Demographic Research Center”, Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrad 1974, http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/pdf/c-c55.pdf, (25.11.2023).
  • MACDONALD, Hugh, “National Separatisms and the Disintegration of Yugoslavia”, Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies, Oslo 1996, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20304, (25.11.2023).

YUGOSLAVYA SOSYALİST FEDERAL CUMHURİYETİ’NDE NORBERT ELIAS’IN İZLERİ: YUGOSLAV KİMLİĞİNİN ÇÖKÜŞÜNE İLİŞKİN FİGÜRATİF BİR ANALİZ

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 207 - 233, 01.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.30903/Balkan.1505871

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Norbert Elias’ın figürasyonları göz önünde bulundurularak Yugoslavya’nın kuruluşundan çöküşüne kadar olan süreç incelenmiştir. Yugoslavya, devletler örnekleminde Elias figürasyonlarının ne kadar doğru olduğunun, aynı zamanda bu figürasyonların ne kadar hassas dengelemeler içerdiğinin bir göstergesidir. Yugoslavya, figürasyonlardaki dengenin bozulması halinde, istenmeyen sonuçlara nasıl yol açabileceğinin bir kanıtıdır. Bu bağlamda Elias’ın dört figürasyon tanımı, Yugoslavya örneğinde uygulanmış ve Yugoslav kimliğinin çöküş nedenine dair figüratif bir cevap aranmıştır. Farklı milletlerin nasıl bir araya geldiği ve bu bir araya gelmede etkili olan faktörler, Elias’ın “hayatta kalma birimi” çerçevesinde incelenmiş, Yugoslavya’nın parçalanması, hayatta kalma biriminin figürasyonuyla örneklendirilmiştir. Bilindiği gibi, farklı milletlerin bir araya gelmesiyle kurulan Yugoslavya’da bir “biz” olma çabası gösterilmiş; ancak her millet “ben” fikrinden vazgeçemediği için bu çaba başarılı olamamıştır. Farklı milletlerin hayatta kalmak için işbirliği yapması, bu işbirliği sürecinin nasıl işlediği ve tüm işbirliğine rağmen milletlerin rekabet etmeye devam etmesi, “işbirliği ve rekabet dengesi” figürasyonu çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. “Dahili ve harici olma figürasyonu”, Yugoslavya’da bir futbol maçı örneği ile bu dengelemeyi iyi bir şekilde açıklayan örneklerden biridir.

References

  • A. Books and articles
  • BRAMHAM, Peter, “Explanations of the Organisation of Sport in British Society”, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, Vol. 26, 1991, pp. 139-153.
  • DJORDJEVIC, Ivan, “Twenty Years Later: The War Did (Not) Begin at Maksimir an Anthropological Analysis of the Media Narratives about a Never Ended Football Game”, Bulletin de l’Institut Etnographique, Vol. 60, No. 2, 2012, pp. 201-216.
  • DOLAN, Paddy, “Figurations”, Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, (ed.) Alex C. Michalos, Springer, New York 2014, pp. 2273-2277.
  • ELIAS, Norbert, “Problems of Involvement and Detachment”, The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1956, pp. 226-252.
  • ________, Society of Individuals, Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1991.
  • ________, The Civilizing Process, Wiley-Blackwell 2000.
  • ________, The Loneliness of the Dying, The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc, New York 2001.
  • ELIAS, Norbert and DUNNING, Eric, “Dynamics of Group Sport with Special Referance to Football”, The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 17, No. 4, 1966, pp. 388-402.
  • ________, Quest for Excitement: Sport and Leisure in the Civilizing Process, Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1986.
  • EROL, Mehmet Seyfettin and AYDIN, Abdurrahim F., “İki Savaş Arası Dönemde Balkanlar (1919-1939)”, Balkanlar El Kitabı, 1. Cilt, (eds.) Bilgehan A. Gökdağ and Osman Karatay, Akçağ Yayınları, Ankara 2013, pp. 623-637.
  • FOER, Franklin, Futbol Dünyayı Nasıl Açıklar, (trans.) Hakkı İsmail Çarak, İthaki Yayınları, İstanbul 2012.
  • HEGEL, George, The Phenomology of Spiriy, (trans.) P. Fuss and J. Dobbins, 2019, University of Notre Dame Press, Indiana 1807.
  • JELAVICH, Barbara, Balkan Tarihi, 2. Cilt, (trans.) Hatice Uğur, Küre Yayınları, İstanbul 2009.
  • KASPERSEN, Lars Bo, Norman GABRIEL, “The Importance of Survival Units for Norbert Elias’s Figurational Perspective”, The Sociological Review, Vol. 56, No. 3, 2008, pp. 370-387.
  • KENAR, Nesrin, Bir Dönemin Perde Arkası Yugoslavya, Palme Yayınları, Ankara 2005.
  • KILMINSTER, Richard, “From Distance to Detachment: Knowledge and Self-knowledge in Elias’s Theory of Involvement and Detachment”, Norbert Elias: An Introduction, (eds.) Steven Loyal and Stephen Quilley, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2004 pp. 25-41.
  • KOKA, Şecaettin, “Sosyalist Yugoslavya Dönemi,”, Balkanlar El Kitabı, Cilt 2, (eds.) Bilgehan A. Gökdağ, Osman Karatay, Akçağ Yayınları, Ankara 2013, pp. 168-175.
  • KRIEKEN, Robert Van, Norbert Elias (Key Sociologist), Routledge, Oxfordshire, 1998.
  • LEONARDI, Laura, “Changes in the We-I Balance and the Formation of a European Identity in the Light of Norbert Elias’s Theories”, Cambio Rivista Sulle Trasformazioni Sociali, Vol.1, No. 2, 2011, pp. 168-175.
  • MAZOWER, Mark, Bizans’ın Çöküşünden Günümüze Balkanlar, (trans.) Ayşe Ozil, Alfa Basım Yayınları, İstanbul 2014.
  • ÖZGÖREN KINLI, İrem, “Figurational Analysis of Michael Haneke’s Time of the Wolf”, Norbert Elias and Violence, (eds.) T. S. Landini and F. Dépelteau, Palgrave Macmillan, London 2017, pp. 33-52.
  • ________, “Norbert Elias ve Figürasyonel Sosyoloji’ye Giriş”, Turkish Studies-Social Sciences, Vol. 15, No. 3, 2020, pp. 1377-1394.
  • PROSLAV Ralić, Minority Rights in Serbia, Ministry of Information of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade 1993.
  • SANCAKTAR, Caner, Yugoslavya’da Sosyalist Özyönetim Deneyimi, Doruk Yayınları, İstanbul 2018.
  • ________, Yugoslavya’da Sosyalizmden Kapitalizme Geçiş, Doruk Yayınları, İstanbul 2021.
  • TAMLINSON, Alan and Markovits, Andrei and Young, Christopher, “Mapping Sports Space,” Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 46, No. 11, 2003, pp. 1463.
  • The Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 1963.
  • The Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 1974.
  • TODOROVA, Maria, Balkanları Tahayyül Etmek, (trans.) Dilek Şendil, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 2003.
  • ÜLGER, İrfan Kaya, Yugoslavya Neden Parçalandı, Umuttepe Yayınları, Kocaeli 2016.
  • WOUTERS, Cas, “Universally Applicable Criteria for Doing Figurational Process Sociology: Seven Balances, One Triad”, Human Figurations: Long-Term Perspectives on the Human Condition, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2014.
  • B. Internet Sources
  • “The Population of Yugoslavia, Demographic Research Center”, Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrad 1974, http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/pdf/c-c55.pdf, (25.11.2023).
  • MACDONALD, Hugh, “National Separatisms and the Disintegration of Yugoslavia”, Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies, Oslo 1996, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20304, (25.11.2023).
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sociology (Other), Regional Studies, International Relations (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Özge Kobak 0000-0001-7524-1069

Pınar Ebe Güzgü

Publication Date July 1, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 13 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kobak, Ö., & Ebe Güzgü, P. (2024). TRACES OF NORBERT ELIAS IN THE SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA: A FIGURATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE COLLAPSE OF YUGOSLAV IDENTITY. Balkan Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13(1), 207-233. https://doi.org/10.30903/Balkan.1505871

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