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Pachomius: The Founder of Systematic Cenobitic Life And The Christian Monastic Tradition

Year 2023, Issue: 17, 51 - 84, 29.06.2023

Abstract

The subject of the article is Pachomius (c. 292-346), the founder of the systematic cenobitic life and the Christian monastic tradition. The monastic system established by Pachomius refers to cenobitic, that is, communal life monasticism. The following stages in Pachomius' previous life were instrumental in developing this system: being born into a farming Coptic family, serving in the Roman army, living in the Pagan temple of Serapis for one year, and experiencing the apostolic tradition for three years after baptism. This experience led him to the life of monk. The most important experience in wanting the communal life is the period when they formed a small community with St. Palamon. Then he started to establish his own monastic system with the first monastery in Tabennesi and created a systematic cenobitic life model while he was still alive. The subject of the study is limited to Pachomius, the Pachomian monastic system and monastic rules. These three points are enough to understand the subject. The main purpose of the study is to reveal that the monasteries established by Pachomius were systematized by rules and that this monastic system was the first model and basis in the history of Christianity. Pachomius's transformation of individual monkhood into communal monastic life and his development of a balanced cenobitic life by bringing monk life and earthly life closer together are among the aims of the article. Pachomius' previous life and the process of founding monasteries show that his ideas developed. It was seen that the most important stage in the formation process of his ideas is his small communal life with Palamon. Because he has experienced that monks can live together in line with their spiritual goals. The most important step in the process of establishing monasteries is to expel some monks. Pachomius made it his motto to serve kindly at first, but when this attitude was abused by some novice monks, he expelled them. It was seen that this event was the first clear step of order and rule development. It has been understood that Pachomius had no problems with the Church hierarchy and the cononic doctrine, but did not stay too close to the Church administration, thus creating a balance. The communal monastic administration showed him to be intelligent, sincere, determined and faithful, and this led to his fame. His first monastic rules and data on his life led to the establishment of new monasteries in both the West and the East, and the development of new rules such as Basil and Benedict rules. While the monastic system of Pachomius spread in Syria, Anatolia and Mesopotamia, it gained acceptance among communities such as Greeks, Assyrians and Armenians. The Pachomian monastic system and rules became the basis of all Christian monasteries.

References

  • Alpaslan, Levent. Anadolu’da Din: Roma Dönemi. Ankara: İksad Yayınevi, 2020.
  • Bacchus, Francis Joseph. “Eastern Monasticism Before Chalcedon”. The Catholic Encyclopedia. ed. Charles G. Herbermann. 10/464-467. New York: The Encyclopedia Press, 1913.
  • Besse, J. M. “Hermits”. Catholic Encyclopedia. ed. Charles G. Herbermann. 7/280-281. New York: The Encyclopedia Press, 1913.
  • Boon, Amand (ed.). Pachomiana Latina: Regle et Épître de S. Théodore et “Liber” de S. Orsiesius; Texte Latin de S. Jerôme. Louvain: Revue d’Histoire Ecclésiastique, 1932.
  • Bush, R. Wheler. The Life and Times of Chrysostom. London: The Religious Tract Society, 1885.
  • Butler, Cuthbert. The Lausiac History of Palladius a Critical Discussion Together with Notes on Early Egyptian Monasticism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1898.
  • Cabrol, Fernand. “Vespers”. The Catholic Encyclopedia. ed. Charles G. Herbermann. 15/381-382. New York: The Encyclopedia Press, 1913.
  • Clarke, W. K. Lowther. St. Basil the Great a Study in Monasticism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1913.
  • Donahue, A. “Anchorites”. New Catholic Encyclopedia. 1/397. Washington D.C: Thomson and Gale, 2003.
  • Donahue, A. “Cenobites”. New Catholic Encyclopedia (Second Edition). ed. Berard L. Marthaler. 3/334. Washington: Catholic University of America, 2003.
  • Donahue, A. “Hermits”. New Catholic Encyclopedia (Second Edition). ed. Berard L. Marthaler. 6/799-800. Washington: Catholic University of America, 2003.
  • Drayton, James M. Pachomius as Discovered in the Worlds of Fourth Century Christian Egypt, Pachomian Literature and Pachomian Monasticism: A Figure of History or Hagiography? Sydney: University of Sydney Australia, Degree Of Master, 2002.
  • Erekinci, Lale Saygı. Anadoluda Serapis Kült. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2000.
  • Fanning, William H. W. “Tonsure”. Catholic Encyclopedia. ed. Charles G. Herbermann. 14/779. New York: The Encyclopedia Press, 1913.
  • Goswami, Anita. “Hermit to Cenobitic: A Study in Early Christian Monasticism”. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 66 (2005), 1329-1335.
  • Gribomont, J. “Cenobitism”. New Catholic Encyclopedia (Second Edition). ed. Berard L. Marthaler. 3/334-335. Washington: Catholic University of America, 2003.
  • Grützmacher, Georg. Pachomius und das Alteste Klosterleben: Ein Beitrag zur Mönchsgeschichte. Freiburg and Leipzig: Akademiche Verlagsbuchhandlung von J.C. Mohr, 1896.
  • Hannay, James O. The Spirit and Origin of Christian Monasticisim. London: Methuen and Co., 1903.
  • Harmless, William. Desert Christians: An Introduction to the Literature of Early Monasticism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  • Hedstrom, Darlene Brooks. The Monastic Landscape of Late Antique Egypt: An Archaeological Reconstruction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • Juan Manuel Lozano. “Eremitism”. The Encyclopedia of Religion. 2/137. New York, 1987.
  • Kızıl, Hayreddin. “Hıristiyan Monastisizminin Kuruluşu (İlk Altı Asır)”. Dicle Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 12/2 (2010), 33-67.
  • M. C. Mccarthy. “Laura”. New Catholic Encyclopedia. ed. Gregory F. LaNave. thk. Berard L. Marthaler. 8/381. Thomson and Gale, 2003.
  • McCarthy, M. C. “Pachomius”. New Catholic Encyclopedia. 10/742-743. Washington: Catholic University of America, 2003.
  • Meyer, R. T. “Lausiac History (Palladius)”. New Catholic Encyclopedia. 8/381-382. Washington: Catholic University of America, 2003.
  • Palladius. The Lausiac History of Palladius. çev. W.K. Lowther Clark. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1918.
  • Riley, T. J. “Tonsure”. New Catholic Encyclopedia (Second Edition). ed. Berard L. Marthaler. 14/110. Washington: Catholic University of America, 2003.
  • Schildel, G. E. “Vespers”. New Catholic Encyclopedia (Second Edition). ed. Berard L. Marthaler. 14/462-463. Washington: Catholic University of America, 2003.
  • Smith, Isaac Gregory. Christian Monasticism from the Fourth to the Ninth Centuries of the Christian Era. London: A. D. Innes And Co., 1892.
  • Sozomen. Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen, Comprising a History of The Church, From A. D. 324 to A. D. 440. çev. Edward Walford. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1855.
  • T., J. - K., A. “Pachomios”. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. ed. Alexander P. Kazhdan. 3/1549-1550. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
  • Tiryaki, Ayça. “Erken Hıristiyanlık Dönemi̇nde Manastır Si̇stemi̇ni̇n Doğuşu”. Sanat Tarihi Dergisi XVI/2 (Ekim 2007), 49-65.
  • Pachomian Koinonia: Instructions, Letters and Other Writings of Saint Pachomius and His Disciples. çev. Armand Veilleux. 3 Cilt. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian Publications Inc., 1982.
  • Pachomian Koinonia: Pachomian Chronicles and Rules. çev. Armand Veilleux. 3 Cilt. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian Publications Inc., 1981.
  • Pachomian Koinonia: The Life of Saint Pachomius. çev. Armand Veilleux. 3 Cilt. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian Publications Inc., 1980.
  • Veilleux, Armand. “Pachomius, Saint”. The Coptic Encyclopedia. ed. Aziz S. Atiya. VI/1859-1864. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1991.
  • Veilleux, Armand. “Palamon, Saint”. The Coptic Encyclopedia. ed. Aziz S. Atiya. VI/1876. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1991.
  • “The Bohairic Life of Pachomius (SB0)”. çev. Armand Veilleux. Pachomian Koinonia. 1/23-295. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian Publications Inc., 1980.
  • “The First Greek Life of Pachomius (G1)”. çev. Armand Veilleux. Pachomian Koinonia. 1/297-423. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian Publications Inc., 1980.
  • “The First Sahidic Life of Pachomius (S1)”. çev. Armand Veilleux. Pachomian Koinonia. 1/425-443. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian Publications Inc., 1980.
  • “The Rules of Saint Pachomius”. çev. Armand Veilleux. Pachomian Koinonia. 2/141-195. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian Publications Inc., 1981.
  • Veilleux, Armand. “Theodorus of Tabennese, Saint”. The Coptic Encyclopedia. ed. Aziz S. Atiya. VII/2239-2240. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1991.
  • Wace, Henry - Piercy, William C. A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1999.
  • Watterson, B. Coptic Egypt. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1988.
  • Workman, Herbert B. The Evolution of The Monastic Ideal. Westminster, 1913.
  • Ագաթանգեղոս. “Պատմութիւն Հայոց”. Մատենագիրք Հայոց. thk. Zaven Yegavian. Բ/1302-1735. Անթիլիաս: Մեծի Տանն Կիլիկիոյ Կաթողիկոսութիւն, 2003.
  • Խորենացի. “Հայոց Պատմութիւն”. Մատենագիրք Հայոց. thk. Zaven Yegavian. Բ/2136-2192. Անթիլիաս: Մեծի Տանն Կիլիկիոյ Կաթողիկոսութիւն, 2003.
  • Փաւստոս Բուզանդ. “Բուզանդարան Պատմութիւնք”. Մատենագիրք Հայոց. thk. Zaven Yegavian. Ա/277-428. Անթիլիաս: Մեծի Տանն Կիլիկիոյ Կաթողիկոսութիւն, 2003.

Pachomius: Sistemli Kenobitik Yaşamın ve Hıristiyan Manastır Geleneğinin Kurucusu

Year 2023, Issue: 17, 51 - 84, 29.06.2023

Abstract

Makalenin konusu sistemli kenobitik yaşamın ve Hıristiyan manastır geleneğinin kurucusu Pachomius (yak. 292-346)’tur. Pachomius’un kurduğu manastır sistemi kenobitik, yani toplu yaşam keşişliğini ifade eder. Pachomius’un önceki yaşamındaki şu aşamalar bu sistemi geliştirmesinde etkili olmuştur: çiftçi bir Kıpti ailede doğması, Roma ordusunda askerlik yapması, Pagan Serapis tapınağında bir yıl yaşaması ve vaftiz olduktan sonra üç yıl apostolik geleneği tecrübe etmesi. Bu tecrübe onu keşiş yaşamına itmiştir. Komünal yaşamı istemesindeki en önemli tecrübe ise Aziz Palamon’la küçük bir topluluk oluşturdukları dönemdir. Ardından Tabennesi’deki ilk manastırla kendi manastır sistemini kurmaya başlamış ve henüz hayattayken sistemli bir kenobitik yaşam modeli oluşturmuuştur. Çalışmanın konusu Pachomius, Pachomian manastır sistemi ve manastır kurallarıyla sınırlandırılmıştır. Bu hususlar konunun anlaşılması bakımından yeterlidir. Çalışmanın temel amacı Pachomius tarafından kurulan manastırların kurallar vasıtasıyla sistemleştirildiğini ve bu manastır sisteminin Hıristiyanlık tarihinde ilk model ve temel olduğunu ortaya koymaktır. Pachomius’un bireysel keşişliği komünal manastır yaşamına dönüştürmesi ve keşiş yaşamıyla dünyevi yaşamı birbirine yaklaştırarak dengeli bir kenobitik yaşam geliştirmesi de makalenin hedeflerindendir. Pachomius’un önceki yaşamı ve manastırları kurma süreci fikirlerinin geliştiğini göstermektedir. Fikirlerinin oluşum sürecindeki en önemli aşamanın Palamon’la birlikteki küçük komünal yaşamı olduğu görülmüştür. Çünkü keşişlerin ruhsal hedefleri doğrultusunda beraber yaşayabileceklerini tecrübe etmiştir. Manastırlar kurma sürecindeki en önemli aşama ise bazı keşişleri kovmasıdır. Pachomius, ilk dönemde nazikçe hizmet etmeyi düstur edinmiş, fakat bu tavrı bazı acemi keşişler tarafından suistumal edilince onları kovmuştur. Bu olayın düzen ve kural geliştirmenin ilk açık adımı olduğu görülmüştür. Pachomius’un Kilise hiyerarşisi ve kononik öğretiyle sorunu olmadığı, ancak Kilise idaresine çok yakın da durmadığı, böylece bir denge oluşturduğu anlaşılmıştır. Çoklu manastır idaresi onun zeki, içten, kararlı ve inançlı olduğunu gösterirken bu ünlenmesine de yol açmıştır. Onun ilk manastır kuralları ve yaşamına dair veriler hem Batıda hem Doğuda yeni manastırlar kurulmasına, Basil ve Benedict kuralları gibi yeni kurallar geliştirilmesine ön ayak olmuştur. Pachomius’un manastır sistemi Suriye, Anadolu, Mezopotamya’da yayılırken Yunanlılar, Süryaniler, Ermeniler gibi topluluklar arasında zamanla kabul görmüştür. Pachomian manastır sistemi ve kuralları bütün Hıristiyan manastırlarının temeli olmuştur.

References

  • Alpaslan, Levent. Anadolu’da Din: Roma Dönemi. Ankara: İksad Yayınevi, 2020.
  • Bacchus, Francis Joseph. “Eastern Monasticism Before Chalcedon”. The Catholic Encyclopedia. ed. Charles G. Herbermann. 10/464-467. New York: The Encyclopedia Press, 1913.
  • Besse, J. M. “Hermits”. Catholic Encyclopedia. ed. Charles G. Herbermann. 7/280-281. New York: The Encyclopedia Press, 1913.
  • Boon, Amand (ed.). Pachomiana Latina: Regle et Épître de S. Théodore et “Liber” de S. Orsiesius; Texte Latin de S. Jerôme. Louvain: Revue d’Histoire Ecclésiastique, 1932.
  • Bush, R. Wheler. The Life and Times of Chrysostom. London: The Religious Tract Society, 1885.
  • Butler, Cuthbert. The Lausiac History of Palladius a Critical Discussion Together with Notes on Early Egyptian Monasticism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1898.
  • Cabrol, Fernand. “Vespers”. The Catholic Encyclopedia. ed. Charles G. Herbermann. 15/381-382. New York: The Encyclopedia Press, 1913.
  • Clarke, W. K. Lowther. St. Basil the Great a Study in Monasticism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1913.
  • Donahue, A. “Anchorites”. New Catholic Encyclopedia. 1/397. Washington D.C: Thomson and Gale, 2003.
  • Donahue, A. “Cenobites”. New Catholic Encyclopedia (Second Edition). ed. Berard L. Marthaler. 3/334. Washington: Catholic University of America, 2003.
  • Donahue, A. “Hermits”. New Catholic Encyclopedia (Second Edition). ed. Berard L. Marthaler. 6/799-800. Washington: Catholic University of America, 2003.
  • Drayton, James M. Pachomius as Discovered in the Worlds of Fourth Century Christian Egypt, Pachomian Literature and Pachomian Monasticism: A Figure of History or Hagiography? Sydney: University of Sydney Australia, Degree Of Master, 2002.
  • Erekinci, Lale Saygı. Anadoluda Serapis Kült. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2000.
  • Fanning, William H. W. “Tonsure”. Catholic Encyclopedia. ed. Charles G. Herbermann. 14/779. New York: The Encyclopedia Press, 1913.
  • Goswami, Anita. “Hermit to Cenobitic: A Study in Early Christian Monasticism”. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 66 (2005), 1329-1335.
  • Gribomont, J. “Cenobitism”. New Catholic Encyclopedia (Second Edition). ed. Berard L. Marthaler. 3/334-335. Washington: Catholic University of America, 2003.
  • Grützmacher, Georg. Pachomius und das Alteste Klosterleben: Ein Beitrag zur Mönchsgeschichte. Freiburg and Leipzig: Akademiche Verlagsbuchhandlung von J.C. Mohr, 1896.
  • Hannay, James O. The Spirit and Origin of Christian Monasticisim. London: Methuen and Co., 1903.
  • Harmless, William. Desert Christians: An Introduction to the Literature of Early Monasticism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  • Hedstrom, Darlene Brooks. The Monastic Landscape of Late Antique Egypt: An Archaeological Reconstruction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • Juan Manuel Lozano. “Eremitism”. The Encyclopedia of Religion. 2/137. New York, 1987.
  • Kızıl, Hayreddin. “Hıristiyan Monastisizminin Kuruluşu (İlk Altı Asır)”. Dicle Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 12/2 (2010), 33-67.
  • M. C. Mccarthy. “Laura”. New Catholic Encyclopedia. ed. Gregory F. LaNave. thk. Berard L. Marthaler. 8/381. Thomson and Gale, 2003.
  • McCarthy, M. C. “Pachomius”. New Catholic Encyclopedia. 10/742-743. Washington: Catholic University of America, 2003.
  • Meyer, R. T. “Lausiac History (Palladius)”. New Catholic Encyclopedia. 8/381-382. Washington: Catholic University of America, 2003.
  • Palladius. The Lausiac History of Palladius. çev. W.K. Lowther Clark. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1918.
  • Riley, T. J. “Tonsure”. New Catholic Encyclopedia (Second Edition). ed. Berard L. Marthaler. 14/110. Washington: Catholic University of America, 2003.
  • Schildel, G. E. “Vespers”. New Catholic Encyclopedia (Second Edition). ed. Berard L. Marthaler. 14/462-463. Washington: Catholic University of America, 2003.
  • Smith, Isaac Gregory. Christian Monasticism from the Fourth to the Ninth Centuries of the Christian Era. London: A. D. Innes And Co., 1892.
  • Sozomen. Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen, Comprising a History of The Church, From A. D. 324 to A. D. 440. çev. Edward Walford. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1855.
  • T., J. - K., A. “Pachomios”. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. ed. Alexander P. Kazhdan. 3/1549-1550. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
  • Tiryaki, Ayça. “Erken Hıristiyanlık Dönemi̇nde Manastır Si̇stemi̇ni̇n Doğuşu”. Sanat Tarihi Dergisi XVI/2 (Ekim 2007), 49-65.
  • Pachomian Koinonia: Instructions, Letters and Other Writings of Saint Pachomius and His Disciples. çev. Armand Veilleux. 3 Cilt. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian Publications Inc., 1982.
  • Pachomian Koinonia: Pachomian Chronicles and Rules. çev. Armand Veilleux. 3 Cilt. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian Publications Inc., 1981.
  • Pachomian Koinonia: The Life of Saint Pachomius. çev. Armand Veilleux. 3 Cilt. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian Publications Inc., 1980.
  • Veilleux, Armand. “Pachomius, Saint”. The Coptic Encyclopedia. ed. Aziz S. Atiya. VI/1859-1864. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1991.
  • Veilleux, Armand. “Palamon, Saint”. The Coptic Encyclopedia. ed. Aziz S. Atiya. VI/1876. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1991.
  • “The Bohairic Life of Pachomius (SB0)”. çev. Armand Veilleux. Pachomian Koinonia. 1/23-295. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian Publications Inc., 1980.
  • “The First Greek Life of Pachomius (G1)”. çev. Armand Veilleux. Pachomian Koinonia. 1/297-423. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian Publications Inc., 1980.
  • “The First Sahidic Life of Pachomius (S1)”. çev. Armand Veilleux. Pachomian Koinonia. 1/425-443. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian Publications Inc., 1980.
  • “The Rules of Saint Pachomius”. çev. Armand Veilleux. Pachomian Koinonia. 2/141-195. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian Publications Inc., 1981.
  • Veilleux, Armand. “Theodorus of Tabennese, Saint”. The Coptic Encyclopedia. ed. Aziz S. Atiya. VII/2239-2240. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1991.
  • Wace, Henry - Piercy, William C. A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1999.
  • Watterson, B. Coptic Egypt. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1988.
  • Workman, Herbert B. The Evolution of The Monastic Ideal. Westminster, 1913.
  • Ագաթանգեղոս. “Պատմութիւն Հայոց”. Մատենագիրք Հայոց. thk. Zaven Yegavian. Բ/1302-1735. Անթիլիաս: Մեծի Տանն Կիլիկիոյ Կաթողիկոսութիւն, 2003.
  • Խորենացի. “Հայոց Պատմութիւն”. Մատենագիրք Հայոց. thk. Zaven Yegavian. Բ/2136-2192. Անթիլիաս: Մեծի Տանն Կիլիկիոյ Կաթողիկոսութիւն, 2003.
  • Փաւստոս Բուզանդ. “Բուզանդարան Պատմութիւնք”. Մատենագիրք Հայոց. thk. Zaven Yegavian. Ա/277-428. Անթիլիաս: Մեծի Տանն Կիլիկիոյ Կաթողիկոսութիւն, 2003.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Cüneyt Yeşil 0000-0002-3312-8321

Canan Seyfeli 0000-0002-3379-2812

Publication Date June 29, 2023
Submission Date October 5, 2022
Acceptance Date February 1, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 17

Cite

ISNAD Yeşil, Cüneyt - Seyfeli, Canan. “Pachomius: Sistemli Kenobitik Yaşamın Ve Hıristiyan Manastır Geleneğinin Kurucusu”. Balıkesir İlahiyat Dergisi 17 (June 2023), 51-84.