BİR ANTİOKSİDAN OLARAK E VİTAMİNİ

Year 2017, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 149 - 157, 31.12.2017

Ayşen Altıner Hasan Atalay , Tanay Bilal

Abstract

Lipit peroksidasyonu bağışıklığı, büyümeyi ve üremeyi de içeren fizyolojik fonksiyonların bozulmasına yol açar. Bazı antioksidan enzimler, E ve C vitamini gibi eksojen vitaminler ile bazı mineraller, hücreleri lipit peroksidasyonuna karşı korurlar. E vitamininin moleküler ve hücresel etkileri, antioksidan olarak reaktif oksijen türlerini ve nitrik oksiti temizlemek yanında spesifik enzimler ve transkripsiyon faktörleriyle de etkileşerek zarlar ve lipit alanları gibi hücresel yapıları korumaktır. E vitamini, hücre zarlarında bulunan uzun zincirli çoklu doymamış yağ asitlerinin bütünlüğünü korur ve biyoaktivitelerini devam ettirir. E vitamini aynı zamanda, steroid hormon üreten dokularda yoğun olarak bulunur ve bu dokularda sitokrom p-450’nin oldukça duyarlı steroidojenik aktivitelerini lipit peroksidasyonuna karşı korur. Stres, hastalıklar ve immun yanıtın teşviki, vitamin ve esansiyel elementler gibi besin maddelerine olan gereksinimleri arttırabilir. Besinsel dengesizlikler, sıcak, soğuk, kalabalık, gürültü ve taşınma gibi stres unsurları, vücudun savunma mekanizmalarını zayıflatarak enfeksiyöz hastalıklara yatkınlığa neden olabilirler. Stres durumlarında vitamin ve minerallere olan gereksinim artar. Hücre zarına bağlı olan E vitamini, immun yanıtları tetikleyen ve düzenleyen kompleks hücre-hücre etkileşimlerinde önemli bir rol oynar. Karaciğer ve serumdaki E vitamini düzeyleri, E vitamini alımı veya vücuttaki durumunun güvenilir göstergeleridir. Bu derlemenin amacı, E vitamininin antioksidan özellikleri ile ilgili bilgileri ve çalışmaları bir araya getirmektir.

Keywords

Lipit peroksidasyonu, antioksidan, E vitamini, stres.

VITAMIN E AS AN ANTIOXIDANT

Abstract

Lipid peroxidation leads to deterioration of physiological functions including growth and reproduction as well as the immunity. Some antioxidant enzymes and the exogenous vitamins such as vitamin C and E, and some minerals protect cells against lipid peroxidation. Molecular and cellular effects of vitamin E as an antioxidant are to clean the reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide synthase and to influence cellular structures such as membranes and lipid domains by interacting with specific enzymes and transcription factors. Vitamin E maintains integrity of the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are present in the cell membranes, and retains their bioactivity. Vitamin E is also intensely present in tissues producing the steroid hormone, and protects the very sensitive steroidogenic activities of cytochrome P-450 against lipid peroxidation in these tissues. Stress, disease and the promotion of the immune response may increase the need for nutrients such as vitamins and essential elements. Stress factors such as nutritional imbalances, hot and cold, crowds, noise and transport cause a susceptibility to infectious diseases by weakening the body's defense mechanisms. The need for these vitamins and minerals increases in stress situations. Vitamin E depending on the cell membrane plays an important role in complex cell-cell interactions triggering and regulating the immune responses. Liver and serum are reliable indicators of the vitamin E intake or status. The purpose of this review was to bring together the information and works about the antioxidant properties of vitamin E.

Keywords

Lipid peroxidation, antioxidant, vitamin E

References

• 1. Traber MG, Arai H: Molecular mechanism of vitamin E transport. Annual Review of Nutrition. 1999;19:343-355.
• 2. Zingg JM: Vitamin E: An overview of major research directions. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 2007;28:400-422.
• 3. Singh U, Devaraj S, Jialal I: Vitamin E, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Annual Review of Nutrition. 2005;25:151-174.
• 4. Negis Y, Zingg JM, Ogru E, Gianello R, Libinaki R, Azzi A: On the existence of cellular tocopheryl phosphate, its synthesis, degradation and cellular roles: a hypothesis. IUBMB Life. 2005;57:23-25
• 5. Sen CK, Khanna S, Roy S: Tocotrienols in health and disease: the other half of the natural vitamin E family. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 2007;28:692-728.
• 6. Ortuno J, Esteban MA, Cuesta A, Meseguer J: Effect of oral administration of high vitamin C and E dosages on the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) innate immune system. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2001;79:167-180.
• 7. Traber MG, Atkinson J: Vitamin E, antioxidant and nothing more. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2007;43:4-15.
• 8. Zingg JM, Azzi A: Non-antioxidant activities of vitamin E. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2004;11:1113-1133.
• 9. Tengerdy RP: Vitamin E, immune response, and disease resistance. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1990;587:24-33.
• 10. Numakawa Y, Numakawa T, Matsumoto T, et al.: Vitamin E protected cultured cortical neurons from oxidative stress-induced cell death through the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Journal of Neurochemistry. 2006;97:1191-1202.
• 11. Porta EA: Dietary factors in lipofuscinogenesis and ceroidogenesis. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2002;34:319-327.
• 12. Baldi A: Vitamin E in dairy cows. Livestock Production Science. 2005;98:117-122.
• 13. Azzi A: Molecular mechanism of α-tocopherol action. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2007;43:16-21.
• 14. McDowell LR, Williams SN, Hidiroglou N, et al.: Vitamin E supplementation for the ruminant. Animal Feed Science Technology. 1996;60:273-296.
• 15. Fukui K, Omoi NO, Hayasaka T, et al.: Cognitive impairment of rats caused by oxidative stress and aging, and its prevention by vitamin E. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002;959:275-284.
• 16. Niu ZY, Liu FZ, Yan L, Li WC: Effects of different levels of vitamin E on growth performance and immune responses of broilers under heat stress. Poultry Science. 2009;88:2101-2107.
• 17. Azzi A, Ricciarelli R, Zingg JM: Non-antioxidant molecular functions of α-tocopherol (vitamin E). FEBS Letters. 2002;519:8-10.
• 18. Montero D, Tort L, Robaina L,Vergara JM, Izquierdo MS: Low vitamin E in diet reduces stress resistance of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 2001;11:473-490.
• 19. Infante JP: A function for the vitamin E metabolite α-tocopherol quinone as an essential enzyme cofactor for the mitochondrial fatty acid desaturases. FEBS Letters. 1999;446:1-5.
• 20. Chew BP: Importance of antioxidant vitamins in immunity and health in animals. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 1996;59:103-114.
• 21. Sen CK, Khanna S, Roy S: Tocotrienols: Vitamin E beyond tocopherols. Life Sciences. 2006;78:2088-2098.
• 22. Schwenke DC, Rudel LL, Sorci-Thomas MG, Thomas MJ: Alpha-tocopherol protects against diet-induced atherosclerosis in New Zealand white rabbits. Journal of Lipid Research. 2002;43:1927-1938.
• 23. Thomas SR, Stocker R: Molecular action of vitamin E in lipoprotein oxidation: implications for atherosclerosis. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2000;28:1795-1805.
• 24. Baldi A, Losio MN, Cheli F, et al.: Evaluation of the protective effects of α-tocopherol and retinal against ochratoxin A cytotoxicity. British Journal of Nutrition. 2004;91:507-512.
• 25. Dimri U, Sharma MC, Yamdagni A, Ranjan R, Zama MMS: Ranjan psoroptic mange infestation increases oxidative stress and decreases antioxidant status in sheep. Veterinary Parasitology. 2010; 168:318-322.
• 26. Fang YZ, Yang S, Wu G: Free radicals, antioxidants and nutrition. Nutrition. 2002;18:872-879.
• 27. Gladine C, Rock E, Morand C, Bauchart D, Durand D: Bioavailability and antioxidant capacity of plant extracts rich in polyphenols, given as a single acute dose, in sheep made highly susceptible to lipoperoxidation. British Journal of Nutrition. 2007;98:691-701.
• 28. Nimalaratne C, Wu J: Hen Egg as an Antioxidant Food Commodity: A Review. Nutrients. 2015;7(10):8274-8293.
• 29. Niki E: Evidence for beneficial effects of vitamin E. The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine. 2015;30(5):571-579.
• 30. Avcı G, Küçükkurt İ, Fidan F, Eryavuz A, Aslan R, Dündar Y: Nakil işlemine tabi tutulan koyunlarda vitamin C ve ksilazin uygulamasının kortizol ve lipid peroksidasyon ile bazı biyokimyasal parametrelere etkisi. Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2008;22:147-152.
• 31. Cheng K, Song ZH, Zheng XC, et al.: Effects of dietary vitamin E type on the growth performance and antioxidant capacity in cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed broilers. Poultry Science. 2016;Sep.24:1-8.
• 32. Piga R, Saito Y, Yoshida Y, Niki E: Cytotoxic effects of various stressors on PC12 cells: Involvement of oxidative stress and effect of antioxidants. Neurotoxicology. 2007;28:67-75.
• 33. Colitti M, Stradaioli G, Stefanon B: Effect of α-tocopherol deprivation on the involution of mammary gland in sheep. Journal of Dairy Science. 2000;83:345-350.
• 34. Çetin E, Çetin N, Küçük O: Toklularda Karayolu ile Taşımanın Oksidan-Antioksidan Sistem Üzerine Etkisi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. 2011;6:103-109.
• 35. Morita N, Shimoda K, Traber MK, et al.: Vitamin E attenuates acute lug injury in sheep with burn and smoke inhalation injury. Redox Report: Communications in Free Radical Research. 2006;11: 61-70.
• 36. Bodas R, Prieto N, Lopez-Campos O, Giraldez FJ, Andres S: Naringin and vitamin E influence the oxidative stability and lipid profile of plasma in lambs fed fish oil. Research in Veterinary Science. 2011;91:98-102.
• 37. Zhang P, Omaye ST: β-carotene: interactions with α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid in microsomal lipid peroxidation. Journal of Nutrition and Biochemistry. 2001;12:38-45.
• 38. Carocho M, Ferreira IC. A review on antioxidants, prooxidants and related controversy: natural and synthetic compounds, screening and analysis methodologies and future perspectives. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2013;51:15-25.
• 39. Caroprese M, Albenzio M, Annicchiarico G, Sevi A: Changes occurring in immune responsiveness of single- and twin-bearing Comisana ewes during the transition period. Journal of Dairy Science. 2006;89:562-568.
• 40. Ortuno J, Esteban MA, Meseguer J: High dietary intake of α-tocopherol acetate enhances the non-specific immune response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 2000;10:293-307.
• 41. Young JF, Stagsted J, Jensen SK, Karlsson AH, Henckel P: Ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, and oregano supplements reduce stress-induced deterioration of chicken meat quality. Poultry Science. 2003;82:1343-1351.
• 42. Morán L, Andrés S, Bodas R et al.: Antioxidants included in the diet of fattening lambs: Effects on immune response, stress, welfare and distal gut microbiota. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 7(10):8274-8293.