Determination of the Relationship between the Fear of COVID-19 that Pregnants Experience and the Status of Experiencing Depressive Syndrome and Anxiety Levels

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 402 - 409, 23.06.2023

Fatma Nur Duman , Zehra Gölbaşı , Ayten Şentürk Erenel

https://doi.org/10.53424/balikesirsbd.1110114

Abstract

Aim: This research aims to determine the relationship between the fear of COVID-19 experienced by pregnant women and their depressive syndrome and anxiety levels. Material and Methods:The research is of descriptive type. The population of the study consisted of all pregnant women who applied to the hospital between July and November 2021, the sample consisted of 156 pregnant women. Data were collected using Personal Information Form, the COVID-19 Fear Scale(CFS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI), Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale(EPDS). Results:The total mean score of CFS of the pregnant women was 16,38±6,32. The mean EPDS total score of the pregnant women was 6,89±5,22, considering the cut-off point of the scale(13 and above), it was determined that 16,7% of the pregnant women were at risk of depression. The mean STAI total score of the pregnant women is 54,87±5,38, considering the theoretical scoring system of the STAI, 70,5% of the pregnant women experience high levels of anxiety. While a significant, positive correlation was found between the CFS total score and the EPDS total score of the pregnant women, no significant correlation was found between the CFS and the STAI total score. Conclusion:As the fear of COVID-19 increases in pregnant women, the state of experiencing depressive syndrome and anxiety levels also increase.

Keywords

Pregnancy, fear of Covid-19, anxiety, depression.

Gebelerin Yaşadığı COVID-19 Korkusu ile Depresif Sendrom Yaşama Durumları ve Anksiyete Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin Belirlenmesi

Abstract

Amaç: Gebelerin yaşadığı COVID-19 korkusu ile depresif sendrom yaşama durumları ve anksiyete düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma tanımlayıcı tiptedir. Ankara’da bulunan özel bir hastanede gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın evrenini hastaneye Temmuz-Kasım 2021 tarihleri arasında başvuran tüm gebe kadınlar, örneklemini araştırmaya katılmaya gönüllü ve veri toplama formların tamamını dolduran 156 gebe oluşturmuştur. Veriler, “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “Koronavirüs(COVID-19) Korkusu Ölçeği(KVKÖ)”, “Durumluluk Anksiyete Ölçeği(DAÖ)”, “Edinburgh Postpartum Depresyon Ölçeği(EPDÖ)” aracılığıyla toplanmış, SPSS 27.0 paket programında değerlendirilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann Whitney-U testleri, Spearman Korelasyon Analizi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Gebelerin KVKÖ toplam puan ortalaması 16,38±6,32 olup, planlı gebelik yaşayan kadınların puan ortalamasının gebeliği plansız olanlardan yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur(p<0,05). Gebelerin EPDÖ toplam puan ortalaması 6,89±5,22’dir, ölçeğin kesme noktası dikkate alındığında(13 ve üzeri), gebelerin %16,7’sinin depresyon riskinde olduğu saptanmıştır. Gebelerin DAÖ toplam puan ortalaması ise 54,87±5,38’tir, DAÖ’nin kuramsal puanlama sistemine göre %70,5’si yüksek düzeyde anksiyete yaşamaktadır. Gebelerin KVKÖ toplam puanı ile EPDÖ toplam puanı arasında düşük güçte anlamlı, pozitif yönlü ilişki saptanırken, KVKÖ ile DAÖ toplam puanı arasında anlamlı ilişki bulunmamıştır. Sonuç: COVID-19 salgını döneminde gebelerin neredeyse tamamının orta düzeyin altında koranavirüs korkusu yaşadıkları ve bu korku arttıkça gebelerin depresif sendrom yaşama durumlarının ve anksiyete düzeylerinin de arttığı saptanmıştır.

Keywords

Gebelik, Covid-19 korkusu, anksiyete, depresyon

References

• Alagaili, A. N., Briese, T., Mishra, N., Kapoor, V., Sameroff, S. C., de Wit, E., Munster, V. J., Hensley, L. E., Z almout, I. S., Kapoor, A., Epstein, J. H., Karesh, W. B., Daszak, P., Mohammed, O. B., & lan Lipkin, W. (2014). Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia. MBio, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00884-14
• Anjum, S., Ullah, R., Rana, M. S., Ali Khan, H., Memon, F. S., Ahmed, Y., & Faryal, R. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic: A serious threat for public mental health globally. Psychiatria Danubina, 32(2), 245-250.
• Ankara Aktaş, H., Aboalhasan, Y., Aygün, T., Başol, G., & Kale, A. (2020). Covid-19 ve gebelik. Southern Clinics of Istanbul Eurasia. https://doi.org/10.14744/scie.2020.00921
• Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: mediating role of ıntolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y
• Blakey, S. M., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2017). Psychological Predictors of Health Anxiety in Response to the Zika Virus. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 24(3–4), 270–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-017-9514-y
• Brooks, S. K., Weston, D., & Greenberg, N. (2020). Psychological impact of infectious disease outbreaks on pregnant women: Rapid evidence r eview. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.16.20068031
• Buekens, P., Alger, J., Bréart, G., Cafferata, M. L., Harville, E., & Tomasso, G. (2020). A call for action for COVID-19 surveillance and research during pregnancy. In The Lancet Global Health (Vol. 8, Issue 7). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30206-0
• Capanna, F., Haydar, A., McCarey, C., Bernini Carri, E., Bartha Rasero, J., Tsibizova, V., Helmer, H., Makatsarya, A., & di Renzo, G. C. (2020). Preparing an obstetric unit in the heart of the epidemic strike of COVID-19: quick reorganization tips. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2020.1749258
• Chan-Yeung, epidemiologyM, Xu, R., Chan-Yeung, M., & Chan-yeung, M. (2003). SARS: epidemiology. Article SARS, 8. http://www.who.int/csr/sars/
• Corbett, G. A., Milne, S. J., Hehir, M. P., Lindow, S. W., & O’connell, M. P. (2020). Health anxiety and behavioural changes of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. In European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology (Vol. 249). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.04.022
• Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of Postnatal Depression: Development of the 10- item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150(JUNE). https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.6.782
• Durankuş, F., & Aksu, E. (2020). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety and depressive symptoms in pregnant women: a preliminary study. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2020.1763946
• Engindeniz, A., Kuzey, L., & Kültür, S. (1997). Edinburgh Doğum Sonrası Depresyon Ölçeği Türkçe Formu Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Bahar Sempozyumları 1. Kitabı. Psikiyatri DerneğiYayınları.
• Eroğlu, M., Çitak Tunç, G., Elif, Kılınç, F. (2021). Gebelik stresi ile Covıd-19 korkusu arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 125–139. https://doi.org/10.33417/TSH.996747
• Guan, Y., Zheng, B., He, Y., Li, X., Zhuang, Z., Cheung, C., & Poon, L. (2003). Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China. Science, 302(5643), 276–278.
• Gürbüz, T., Gökmen, O., Kaptan, G., İnanlı, E., Karadeniz, S. B., Ersahin Söylemez, N., & Söylemez, İ. (2021). Investigating anxiety, depression and obsessive- compulsive disorders among the pregnant women during Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.769006
• Huang, J. wen, Zhou, X. yi, Lu, S. jia, Xu, Y., Hu, J. bo, Huang, M. li, Wang, H. fen, Hu, C. chan, Li, S. guang, Chen, J. kai, Wang, Z., Hu, S. hua, & Wei, N. (2020). Dialectical behavior therapy-based psychological intervention for woman in late pregnancy and early postpartum suffering from COVID-19: a case report. In Journal of Zhejiang University: Science B (Vol. 21, Issue 5). https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B2010012
• Karkın, P. Ö., Sezer, G., Şen, S., & Duran, M. (2021). The Comparison of Coronavirus-19 Phobia between Pregnant and Non-pregnant Women. Kocaeli Medical Journal, 10(60), 176–180. https://doi.org/10.5505/KTD.2021.81084
• Khan, S., Peng, L., Siddique, R., Nabi, G., Nawsherwan, Xue, M., Liu, J., & Han, G. (2020). Impact of COVID- 19 infection on pregnancy outcomes and the risk of maternal-to-neonatal intrapartum transmission of COVID-19 during natural birth. In Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology (Vol. 41, Issue 6). https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.84
• Lebel, C., MacKinnon, A., Bagshawe, M., Tomfohr-Madsen, L., & Giesbrecht, G. (2020). Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAD.2020.07.126
• Liu, D., Li, L., Wu, X., Zheng, D., Wang, J., Yang, L., & Zheng, C. (2020). Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of women with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Pneumonia: A preliminary analysis. American Journal of Roentgenology, 215(1). https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.20.23072
• Mirzadeh, M., & Khedmat, L. (2020). Pregnant women in the exposure to COVID-19 infection outbreak: the unseen risk factors and preventive healthcare patterns. In Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2020.1749257
• Öner, N., & Lecompte, A. (1982). Durumluk Sürekli Anksiyete Envanteri El Kitabı. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Spiniello, L., di Mascio, D., Bianco, C., Esposito, O., Giangiordano, I., Muzii, L., Giancotti, A., Brunelli, R., & Saccone, G. (2020). All we know about COVID-19 in pregnancy: from perinatal to ethical and psychological perspective. Perinatal Journal, 28(2). https://doi.org/10.2399/prn.20.0282008
• Vivilaki, V., & Asimaki, E. (2020). Respectful midwifery care during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Midwifery, April. https://doi.org/10.18332/ejm/120070
• Vivilaki, V. G., & Asimaki, E. (2020). Respectful midwifery care during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Midwifery, 4.
• Wong, S. F., Chow, K. M., Leung, T. N., Ng, W. F., Ng, T. K., Shek, C. C., Ng, P. C., Lam, P. W. Y., Ho, L. C., To, W. W. K., Lai, S. T., Yan, W. W., & Tan, P. Y. H. (2004). Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of women with severe acute respiratory syndrome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 191(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2003.11.019
• Zhou, P., Yang, X. lou, Wang, X. G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Si, H. R., Zhu, Y., Li, B., Huang, C. L., Chen, H. D., Chen, J., Luo, Y., Guo, H., Jiang, R. di, Liu, M. Q., Chen, Y., Shen, X. R., Wang, X., … Shi, Z. L. (2020). Erratum: Addendum: A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin (Nature (1988) 81 11 (18-19)). In Nature (Vol. 588, Issue 7836). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2951-z