Doğadan Gelen Şifa: Adaptojenlere Genel Bir Bakış

Year 2024, , 164 - 171, 29.02.2024

Deren Tahmas Kahyaoğlu , Mürüvvet Begüm Özen , Hilal Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.1382820

Abstract

Zengin geleneksel mirası ve çok yönlü uygulamaları nedeniyle bitkiler ve bitki kaynaklı bileşenler antik çağlardan günümüze kadar büyük ilgi görmüştür. Bu bitki kaynaklı bileşenler; geleneksel tıp sistemlerindeki ilaçların, modern ilaçların, nutrasötiklerin, gıda takviyelerinin, farmasötik ara maddelerin önemli kaynaklarıdırlar. Bitki kaynaklı ajanlar olarak bilinen adaptojenler; stresin zararlı etkilerinden koruyan, çevresel faktörlere uyum sağlama yeteneğimizi artıran ve hasarı azaltan doğal biyo düzenleyicilerdir. Adaptojenler hücresel adaptif sinyal yollarını aktive eden ve böylece dayanıklılığı, zorlu koşullara adaptasyonu ve hayatta kalma şansını spesifik olmayan şekilde artıran şifalı bitkiler, gıdalar ve fitokimyasallardır. Adaptojenler; strese karşı koymak, fiziksel direnci artırmak, formda kalmak veya yaşa bağlı gelişen hafıza ve dikkat kaybı, yorgunluk, uykusuzluk, kaygı, genel halsizlik, duygusal dengesizlik gibi bazı bozuklukları hafifletmek amacıyla kullanılır. Kısa ve uzun vadede zorlu durumlara karşı vücudun fizyolojik ve zihinsel stres tepkisini düzenlemeye ve azaltmaya yardımcı olurlar. Adaptojenler, adrenal bezlerden salgılanan hormonların salınımını kontrol ederek, fizyolojik ve zihinsel bir tepki olan stres tepkisini düzenlediklerinden sadece bir işlevi yerine getirmekle kalmazlar, aynı zamanda vücudun o an ne ile baş etmeye çalıştığına bağlı olarak salgılanan hormonları düzenleyerek semptomların hafifletilmesine ve azaltılmasına da yardımcı olurlar. Adaptojenlerin kortikosteroidler, katekolaminler ve nitrik oksit gibi stres aracılarına tepki olarak hareket ettiği ve diğer etkilerin yanı sıra spesifik olmayan bir şekilde antioksidan, immünomodülatör, hipoglisemik, hipokolesterolemik olarak da hareket edebildiği düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Bitki, Nutrasötik, Fitokimyasal, Stres

Healing from Nature: An Overview of Adaptogens

Abstract

Plant-derived substances have been valued since ancient times due to their rich cultural heritage and diverse applications. These plant-derived substances are important sources of drugs in traditional medicine systems, modern drugs, nutraceuticals, food supplements, and pharmaceutical intermediates. Adaptogens, known as plant-derived agents, are natural bioregulators that protect against the harmful effects of stress, increase our ability to adapt to environmental factors, and reduce damage. Adaptogens are herbs, foods, and phytochemicals that activate cellular adaptive signaling pathways, increasing resilience and the chances of survival. Adaptogens are used to increase physical resistance and alleviate some disorders such as memory and attention loss, fatigue, insomnia, anxiety, and emotional instability caused by aging. They help regulate and reduce the body's physiological and mental stress responses to challenging situations in the short and long term. Adaptogens serve more than just one function, as they regulate the stress response, which is a physiological and mental response, by controlling the release of hormones secreted from the adrenal glands. Besides, they regulate hormone secretion to relieve symptoms, depending on what the body is trying to cope with at that moment. Adaptogens are thought to act in response to mediators of stress, such as corticosteroids, catecholamines, and nitric oxide, and may also act nonspecifically as antioxidants, immunomodulators, hypoglycemics, and hypocholesterolemics, among other effects.

Keywords

Plant, Nutraceutical, Phytochemical, Stress

References

• Arouca, A., & Grassi-Kassisse, D.M. (2013). Eleutherococcus senticosus: Studies and effects. Health, 5(9), 1509-1515.
• Banerjee, S., Anand, U., Ghosh, S., Ray, D., Ray, P., Nandy, S., Deshmukh, G.D., Tripathi, V., & Dey, A. (2021). Bacosides fromBacopa monnieriextract: An overview of the effects on neurological disorders. Phytotherapy Research, 35, 5668–5679.
• Başaran, A.A. (2008). Nutrasötikler. Türk Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 28, 146-149.
• Bhatt, S., Kumari, R., & Gupta, M. (2023). Development of soluble dietary fiber incorporated black pea protein slice: Physicochemical, textural, and rheological properties. Measurement: Food, 12, 100112.
• Bhattacharya, S.K., & Ghosal, S. (1998). Anxiolytic activity of a standardized extract of Bacopa monniera: an experimental study. Phytomedicine, 5, 77-82.
• Brown, R.P., Gerbarg, P.L., & Ramazanov, Z. (2002). Rhodiola rosea: A phytomedicinal overview. Journal of the American Botanical Council, 56, 40-52.
• Ciniviz, M. (2018). Çubuk Turşularının Antioksidan Aktivitesi ve Fenolik Asit Profilinin Tespiti. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi, Nevşehir, 136 s.
• Çakmakçı, S., & Tahmas-Kahyaoğlu, D. (2012). Yağ asitlerinin sağlık ve beslenme üzerine etkilerine genel bir bakış. Akademik Gıda, 10(1), 103-113.
• Das, S., Chaudhari, A.K., Singh, V.P., Kumar Dwivedy, A.K., & Dubey, N.K. (2023). Chitosan based encapsulation of Valeriana officinalis essential oil as edible coating for inhibition of fungi and aflatoxin B1 contamination, nutritional quality improvement, and shelf life extension of Citrus sinensis fruits. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 233, 123565.
• Devi R., Sharma, E., Thakur, R., Lal, P., Kumar, A., Altaf, M.A., Singh, B., Tiwari, R.K., Lal, M.K., & Kumar, R. (2023). Non-dairy prebiotics: Conceptual relevance with nutrigenomics and mechanistic understanding of the effects on human health. Food Research International, 170, 112980.
• Elbarbary, N.S., Ismail , E.A.R., & Mohamed, S.A. (2023). Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation improves early-stage diabetic nephropathy and subclinical atherosclerosis in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition, 42(12), 2372-2380.
• Esmaealzadeh, N., Iranpanah, A., Sarris, J., & Rahimi, R. (2022). A literature review of the studies concerning selected plant-derived adaptogens and their general function in body with a focus on animal studies. Phytomedicine, 105, 154354.
• Ferah Okkay, I., Okkay, U., & Karatas, O. (2021). Effects of Rhodiola rosea on indomethacin-induced gastric injury. Dicle Medical Journal, 48(4), 732-739.
• Gunawan, M., & Boonkanokwong, V. (2023). Current applications of solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers as vehicles in oral delivery systems for antioxidant nutraceuticals: A review. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 233, 113608.
• Helal N.A., Eassa, H.A., Amer, A.M., Eltokhy, M.A., Edafiogho, I., & Nounou, M.I. (2019). Nutraceuticals' novel formulations: the good, the bad, the unknown and patents involved. Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation, 13(2), 105-156.
• Jamshidi, N., & Cohen, M.M. (2017). The clinical efficacy and safety of tulsi in humans: a systematic review of the literature. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017, 9217567.
• Kaur, S., Sabharwal, S., Anand, N., Singh, S., Baghel, D.S., & Mittal, A. (2020). An overview of Tulsi (Holy basil). European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(7), 2833-2839.
• Kim, J.H. (2018). Pharmacological and medical applications of Panax ginseng and ginsenosides: a review for use in cardiovascular diseases. Journal of Ginseng Research, 42(3), 264–269.
• Kimura, Y., & Sumiyoshi, M. (2004). Effects of various Eleutherococcus senticosus cortex on swimming time, natural killer activity and corticosterone level in forced swimming stressed mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 95(2-3), 447-453.
• Kumar, M.R., Devi, H., Prakash, S., Rathore, S., Thakur, M., Puri, S., Pundir, A.,Bangar, S.P., & Changan, S. (2021). Ethnomedicinal plants used in the health care system: survey of the mid hills of solan district, Himachal Pradesh, India. Plants, 10, 1842.
• Liao, L., He, Y., Li, L., Meng, H., Dong, Y., Yi, F., & Xiao, P. (2018). A preliminary review of studies on adaptogens: comparison of their bioactivity in TCM with that of ginseng-like herbs used worldwide. Chinese Medicine, 13, 57.
• Martellet, M.C., Majolo, F., Ducati, R.G., de Souza, C.F.V., & Goettert, M.I. (2022). Probiotic applications associated with Psyllium fiber as prebiotics geared to a healthy intestinal microbiota: A review. Nutrition, 103-104, 111772.
• Mesa, N.C., Alves, I.A., Vilela, F.M.P., Silva, D.M., Forero, L.A.P., Novoa, D.M.A., & da Costa, J.C. (2023). Fruits as nutraceuticals: A review of the main fruits included in nutraceutical patents. Food Research International, 170, 113013.
• Michael, H.S.R., Mohammed, N.B., Ponnusamy, S., & Edward Gnanaraj, W. (2022). A folk medicine: Passiflora incarnata L. phytochemical profile with antioxidant potency. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19(3), 287-292.
• Miroddi, M., Calapai, G., Navarra, M., Minciullo, P.L., & Gangemi, S. (2013). Passiflora incarnata L.: Ethnopharmacology, clinical application, safety and evaluation of clinical trials. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 150, 791–804.
• Mishra, J.N., & Verma, N.K. (2017). An Overview on Panax ginseng. International Journal of Pharma and Chemical Research, 3(3), 516-522.
• Panossian, A.G., Efferth, T., Shikov, A.N., Pozharitskaya, O.N., Kuchta, K., Mukherjee, P.K., Banerje, S., Heinrich, M., Wu, W., Guo, D., & Wagner, H. (2021). Evolution of the adaptogenic concept from traditional use to medical systems: Pharmacology of stress- and aging-related diseases. Medicinal Research Reviews, 41(1), 630-703.
• Shahidi F., & Ambigaipalan, P. (2018). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their health benefits. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 9, 345-381.
• Shi, D.Q., Liu, J.J., Feng, Y.M., Zhou, Y., Liao, C.C., Liu, D., Li, R.T., & Li, H.M. (2023). Iridoids and sesquiterpenoids from Valeriana officinalis and their bioactivities. Phytochemistry, 205, 113478.
• Shikha, D., & Kashyap, P. (2023). Ocimum Species. Harvesting Food from Weeds, pp. 83-215
• Shoukat, S., Zia, M.A., Uzair, M., Attia, K.A., Abushady, A.M., Fiaz, S., Ali, S., Seung Hwan Yang, G., & Ghulam, M.A. (2023). Bacopa monnieri: A promising Herbal approach for neurodegenerative disease treatment supported by in silico and in vitro research. Heliyon, 9(11), e21161.
• Stojcheva, E.I., & Quintela, J.C. (2022). The Effectiveness of Rhodiola rosea L. Preparations in Alleviating Various Aspects of Life-Stress Symptoms and Stress-Induced Conditions-Encouraging Clinical Evidence. Molecules, 27(12), 3902.
• Tariq, A., Sahar, A., Usman, M., Sameen, A., Azhar, M., Tahir, R., Younas, R., & Khan, M.I. (2023). Extraction of dietary fiber and polyphenols from mango peel and its therapeutic potential to improve gut health. Food Bioscience, 53, 102669.
• Vishvakarma, P., Mandal, S., & Verma, A. (2023). A review on current aspects of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements. International Journal of Pharma Professional’s Research, 14(1), 78-91.
• Wohlmuth, H., Penman, K.G., Pearson, T., & Lehmann, R.P. (2010). Pharmacognosy and chemotypes of passionflower (Passiflora incarnata L.). Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 33(6), 1015-1018.
• Yaghmur, A., Ghayas, S., Jan, H., Kalaycioglu, G.D., & Moghimi, S.M. (2023). Omega-3 fatty acid nanocarriers: Characterization and potential applications. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 67, 101728.
• Yaman, A.M., & Taşdemir, A. (2017). The properties of ginseng and its effects on health. Health Academy Kastamonu, 2(3), 211-222.
• Yan-Lin, S., Lin-De, L., & Soon Kwan, H. (2011). Eleutherococcus senticosus as a crude medicine: Review of biological and pharmacological effects. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(25), 5946-5952.
• Yance DR, & Tabachnik B. (2007). Breakthrough solutions in herbal medicine adaptogenic formulas: the way to vitality. Townsend Letter, 282, 86-90.