Woody Landscape Plants Used in The Design Of Hospital Gardens and Their Sensory Effects On Users

Year 2020, , 47 - 62, 15.04.2020

Nilüfer Seyidoğlu Akdeniz

https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.619469

Cited By: 3

Abstract

Hospital gardens are one of the most important connection points between health and nature. The creation of visually effective plant compositions in hospital gardens is also important in terms of relaxing users and providing socialization. In this study, observation, data collection and evaluation methods were followed. In the scope of the study, a total of 26 hospital gardens Bursa (Osmangazi, Yıldırım, and Nilüfer) including state and private hospitals in the central districts of Bursa were evaluated. The plant diversity in hospital gardens were examined and form, texture, color and odor characteristics, autumn color effects, sensory effects of the identified taxa, and how they were used in hospital gardens were evaluated. It has been determined that the hospital gardens had a rich plant diversity with 95 woody plant taxa, and 47.37% of the identified plants were natural and 52.63% were exotic species and the gardens were insufficient in terms of planting design. In the hospital gardens, green colors, which gave a sense of tranquility and confidence, were determined to be dominant (81.05%). State hospitals were found to be more successful in terms of plant diversity than private hospitals. In the design of hospital gardens, blue, pink and yellow plant species that make people feel a sense of eternity, desire of living, vitality and love should be included.

Keywords

Hospital garden, plant usage sensory effects of plants, landscape plants

Hastane Bahçeleri Tasarımında Kullanılan Odunsu Peyzaj Bitkileri ve İnsanlar Üzerindeki Duyusal Etkilerinin Araştırılması: Bursa Kenti Örneği

Abstract

Hastane bahçeleri, sağlık ve doğa arasındaki en önemli bağlantı noktalarından birisidir. Doğanın iyileştirici gücü bitkiler ile oluşturduğu doğal manzaralardan gelmekte olup, bitkiler ise renkleri, kokuları, yaprak ve çiçekleri gibi birçok özellikleri ile duyusal uyarım kapasiteleri yüksek peyzaj öğelerdir. Hastane bahçelerinde görsel anlamda etkili bitki kompozisyonlarının oluşturulması, kullanıcıların rahatlaması ve sosyalleşmelerinin sağlanması açısından da önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, Bursa Merkez ilçelerinde (Osmangazi, Yıldırım ve Nilüfer) yer alan toplam 26 adet devlet ve özel hastane bahçelerindeki bitkisel çeşitlilik irdelenmiş olup, kullanılan bitkilerin form, renk, koku, sonbahar renk etkisi ve duyusal etkileri ve bahçelerde nasıl kullanıldıkları değerlendirilmiştir. Hastane bahçelerinin toplam 95 adet odunsu bitki taksonu ile zengin bir bitkisel çeşitliliğe sahip olduğu, tespit edilen bitkilerin % 47,37’sinin doğal, % 52,63’ünün egzotik türlerden meydana geldiği saptanmış olup, bahçelerin bitkisel tasarım açısından yetersiz olduğu belirlenmiştir. Devlet hastanelerinin özel hastanelerden bitkisel çeşitlilik açısından nispeten daha başarılı olduğu saptanmıştır. Dinginlik ve güven duygusu veren yeşil renk tonlarının hâkim olduğu (%81,05) hastane bahçelerinde, beyaz ve krem renkli bitkilerin kullanımı yaygın iken mavi, pembe ve sarı tonlardaki bitkilerin kullanımının ise daha az oranda olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Hastane bahçelerinin tasarımında, insanlarda sonsuzluk, yaşama arzusu, zindelik ve sevgi hislerini uyandıran mavi, pembe ve sarı bitki türlerinin dahil edilmesine ihtiyaç vardır.  

Keywords

Hastane bahçeleri, bitkilendirme tasarımı, bitkilerin duyusal etkileri, peyzaj bitkileri

References

• Adevi, A.A., Martesson, F. (2001). Stress Rehabilitation Through Garden Therapy: The Garden as a Place in the Recovery From Stress. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 12, 230-237.
• Akdeniz, N.S. Dalgıç, C., Deniz, D., Kara, Z., Özkan, P. (2017). Evaluation of hospital gardens from the point of landscape design: Bursa city sample. Eurasian Journal of Forest Science. 5 (2): 70-78.
• Aksu, O.V., Demirel, O. (2012). Landscape Designs in Hospital Gardens: The Example of Trabzon City. Kastamonu Univ. Journal of Forestry Faculty. 12(2):236-250.
• Altınçekiç, T. H. (2000). "Peyzaj Mimarlığında Renk Ve Önemi. İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, c50, 79-83.
• Babaç, M.T., Uslu, E., Bakış, Y. (2017). Turkish Plants Data Service. http://www.tubives.com. (1/11/2019)
• Bulut, Y., Göktuğ, T.H., (2006). Healing Gardens as an Environmental Factor to be Fit. GOÜ. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 23 (2), 9-15.
• Davis PH (1965-1988). Flora of Turkey and The East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh University Press. Volume 1-10. Edinburgh.
• Diette, G.B., N. Lechtzin, E. Haponik, A. Devrote, H.R. Rubin, (2003). Distraction therapy with nature sights and sounds reduces pain duringflexible broncoscopy: a complementary approach to routine analgesia, Chest, 123 (3): 941-948.
• Dirr, MA (1992) Manual of Woody Landscape Plants: Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture Propagation and Uses. Varsity Press. 1187 pages.
• Ender, E., Zencirkiran, M. (2017). Researches on Attractive Flowered Natural Woody Plants of Bursa Flora in Terms of Landscape Design. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering. 11 (7): 668-673.
• Ender, E., Akdeniz, N.S., Zencirkıran, M. (2016). Colors and Landscape. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Uludag University, 30, 669-676.
• Eroğlu, E., G.K. Akıncı, and H. Müderrisoğlu. (2005). Determination of plants in open and green areas in düzce and evaluation of these plants according to some planting design principles. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 11 (3): 270-277. Frumkin, H. (2001). Beyond toxicity: Human health and the natural environment, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 20(3):234-240. Gültekin, E. (1994). Plant composition. Ç.Ü. Faculty of Agriculture Textbook. Adana.70 pages.
• Kaplan, S., Kaplan, R., (1989). The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. Cambridge University Press, New York. http://willsull.net/resources/270-Readings/ExpNature1to5.pdf. (18.09.2019).
• Karakaya, B., Kiper, T. (2011). Investigation of Hospital Outer Space Design in Edirne City. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty. 8(2): 49-64.
• Kayacık, H., (1980). Orman ve Park Ağaçlarının Özel Sistematiği, I. Cilt, Gymnospermae (Açık Tohumlar), İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, İ.Ü. Yayın No: 2642, O.F. Yayın No: 281, İstanbul. 388 sayfa.
• Kayacık, H., (1981). Orman ve Park Ağaçlarının Özel Sistematiği, II. Cilt, Angiospermae (Kapalı Tohumlar), İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, İ.Ü. Yayın No: 2766, O.F. Yayın No: 287, İstanbul. 224 sayfa.
• Kayacık, H., (1982). Orman Park ve Ağaçlarının Özel Sistematiği, III. Cilt, Angiospermae (Kapalı Tohumlular), İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, İ.Ü. Yayın No: 3013, O.F. Yayın No: 321, İstanbul. 353 sayfa.
• Krussmann, G., (1984). Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs, Volume I, A- D, Timber Press, Oregon, ISBN: 0-917304-78-0. 624 pages.
• Krussmann, G., (1985 a). Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs, Volume II, E- PRO, Timber Press, Oregon, ISBN: 0-88192-005-3. 321 pages.
• Krussmann, G., (1985 b). Manual of Cultivated Conifers, Timber Press, Oregon, ISBN: 0-88192-007-X.
• Krussmann, G., (1986). Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs, Volume III, PRU- Z, Timber Press, Oregon, ISBN: 0-88192-006-1.
• Marcus, C.C., Barnes, M. (1999). Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 624 p.
• Mataracı, T. (2002). Ağaçlar. Marmara Bölgesi Doğal Egzotik Ağaç ve Çalıları. Tema yayınları. 371s.
• Pamay, B. (1992). Plant Material I: Trees and shrubs. Uycan Press. Istanbul. 80p.
• Pamay, B. (1993). Plant Material II: Woody Origins, Flowering Shrubs, Vines, Cacti and Succulent Plants, Reeds. Orhan Press. Istanbul.128 p.
• Redd, W.H., S.L. MAnne, B. Peters, P.B. Jacobsen and H. Schmidt, (1994). Fragrance Administration to Reduce Anxiety During Mr İmaging. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 4 (4): 623-626
• Sahin, C.K., Gül, A., Orucu, O.K., Eraslan, S., Akten, S. (2016). Investigation of Design Principles and Users Demand for Hospital Gardens: Case Study of Egirdir-Turkey. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 11(5): 1-9.
• Sakıcı, C., Celik, S., Kapucu, O. (2013). Evaluation of Landscape Designs of Hospital Gardens İn Kastamonu. SDU Faculty of Forestry Journal. 14 : 64-73.
• Sakıcı, C., Var, M. (2013). The Determination of Restorative Experiential Qualities and Design Attributes Because of Revealed to Recuperative Effects of Psychiatric Hospital Gardens. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University 63 (2): 21-32.
• Tse, M.M.Y., J.K.F. Ng, JWY. Chung, T.K.S. Wong, (2002 a). The Effect of Visual Stimulation Pain Threshold and Tolerance. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 11(4): 462-469.
• Tse, M.M.Y., J.K.F. Ng, JWY. Chung, T.K.S. Wong, (2002 b). The Effect of Visual Stimulation Via The Eyeglass Display and The Perception Of Pain, Cyper. Psychology&Behavior, 5(1): 65-75.
• Ulrich, R.S. (2002). Health Benefits Of Garden Hospitals. Plants for People. International Exhibiton Floriade. 10 p.
• URL-1 (1998). The Hillier Manual of Trees And Shrubs. Pocket edition. A David and Charles Book. 928 pages.
• URL-2 (2017a). Plants. NC State University Extension. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu. (01/10/2019)
• URL-3 (2017 b). Plant files https://davesgarden.com. (01/10/2019)
• URL-4 (2017 c). Landscape Plants. https://landscapeplants.oregonstate.edu. (10/10/2019)
• URL-5 (2017d). Bitki Veritabanı. http://www.agaclar.org. (10/10/2019)
• URL-6 (2017e). Plants. Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants. (10/10/2019)
• URL-7 (2004). Uconn Plant Database of trees, shrubs and vines. University of Conneticut. http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants. (01/10/2019).
• URL-8 (2013). Environmental Horticulturae. Plant Information Database. http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/database. (10/10/2019)
• Whitehouse, S., Varni, J.W., Seid, M., Marcus, C.C., Ensberg, M.J., Jacobs, J.R., Mehlenbeck, R.S. (2001). Evaluating A Children’s Hospital Garden Environment: Utilization and Consumer Satisfaction. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21: 301-314.
• Yaltırık F (1993). Dendrology Textbook II. Angiospermae (Angiosperms) Vol. I. Istanbul.
• Yaltırık, F. (1991). Bazı Yapraklı Ağaç ve Çalıların Kışın Tanınması (Uygulama Kılavuzu), Ormancılık Eğitim ve Kültür Vakfı, Yayın No: 5, İstanbul. 188 sayfa.
• Yener, D.Y. (2016) A Research on Use of Woody Plants of Istanbul Historical Peninsula Landscape Design Areas. Kastamonu Univ., Journal of Forestry Faculty. 16 (1): 1-13
• Yıldırım, T.B., A. Güney., H.S. Türel., and Ç. Kılıçaslan (2006). Planting design. . Üniversiteliler Press. ISBN: 9944-5419-0-7. İzmir.
• Yucel, G.F. (2013) Hospital Outdoor Landscape Design. Intech. Chapter 15. http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/45442.pdf. (01/10/2019)
• Zencirkıran M (2004). Plant Species to be Used İn The City of Bursa Landscape And İdentification of Domestic and Foreign Origin Plant can be Used for This Purpose. Uludag Univ Research Project Number: 2002/24.
• Zencirkıran M (2009). Determination of Native Woody Landscape Plants in Bursa and Uludağ. African J of Biotecn. 8: 5737-5746.
• Zencirkıran, M. (2013). Peyzaj Bitkileri I. (Açık tohumlu bitkiler – Gymnospermae) Nobel Yayınevi. 475 s.
• Zencirkiran, M. Akdeniz, N.S., (2017). Evaluation of Woody Plant Taxons in The Bursa Urban Parks in Terms of Ecological Tolerance Criteria. Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry. 19 (2):25-35.
• Zeybek, O. 2018. The Effects of Wireless Internet Connection as a New Design Element on the Park Design: Sample of İzmir Passport Internet Park. Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry. 20 (1): 1-13.