Türkiye'de Ücret Eşitsizliğinin Analizi

Year 2018, Volume: 3 Issue: 4, 237 - 260, 30.12.2018

Serdar Acun

https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.482918

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Ücret
kavramına ilişkin tartışmalar iktisat yazınında sürekli yer bulmuştur. Ücretin
nasıl ortaya çıktığı, nasıl belirlendiği ve denge noktasının ne olduğu tartışmaların
merkezini oluşturmuştur. Ücret ayrıca elde edilen toplam gelirler içinde önemli
yer tutmakta bu durum da önemini daha da artırmaktadır. 2015 yılı gelir ve yaşam
koşulu verilerine göre Türkiye’de ücret, maaş ve yevmiye gelirleri toplam
gelirler içinde %52,5’lik orana sahiptir. Bu durum ise ücrette yaşanan eşitsizliğin
gelir eşitsizliğine etkisini artırmaktadır. 2008 kriziyle beraber artan eşitsizlik
tartışmaları Türkiye’de ücretin belirleyenleri ve ücret eşitsizliği yeniden ele
alınmasını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Özellikle emeğin niteliğinin ücret üzerine
etkisini temel alan insan sermayesi modeli ücret eşitsizliğinin analizi açısından
önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK)’nun
hane halkı işgücü anketi mikro veri seti kullanılmıştır. Temel insan sermayesi
modeli olan eğitim ve deneyim değişkenlerinin yanı sıra çalışılan işteki
esneklik, çalışılan sektör ile çalışanın demografik bazı özellikleri eklenerek
model genişletilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda atipik çalışma ve cinsiyet gibi faktörlerin
ücret farklılığını artırdığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Keywords

Ücret, Gelir, Eşitsizlik, İnsan Sermayesi Modeli, Eğitim

Analysis of Wage Inequality in Turkey

Abstract

Discussion
of the notion of wages has consistently taken place in economic literature. The
way in which wages come to exist and are defined, and what the equilibrium
point have been the center of this discussion. The share of wages raise in
total income raise. According to Turkey income and living conditions data for
2015, wages, and salaries in Turkey have 52.5% of total revenues. This
increases the effect of the inequality in wages on income inequality. Growing
discussion of inequality since then the 2008 economic crisis makes it necessary
to readdress the determinants of wages and wage inequality. In particular, the
human capital model based on the effect of labor quality on wages plays an
important role in the analysis of wage inequality. In this study, the household
labor force survey micro data set held by Turkey Statistical Institute (Turkstat)
is used. In addition to education and experience variables, the basic human capital
model is extended to include flexibility in the workplace, job sector, and some
demographic characteristics of employee. This study concludes that factors such
as atypical work and gender increase wage differential.

Keywords

Wage, Income, Inequality, Human Capital Model, Education

References

• Acemoglu, D. (1999). “Changes in unemployment and wage inequality: an alternative theory and some evidence” ,The American Economic Review, Vol. 89, No. 5 pp. 1259-1278
• Ahmed, S., & McGillivray, M. (2015). “Human capital, discrimination, and the gender wage gap in Bangladesh.” World Development, 67, 506-524.
• Aigner, D. J., & Cain, G. G. (1977). “Statistical theories of discrimination in labor markets.” ILR Review, 30(2), 175-187.
• Autor, D. H., Katz, L. F., & Kearney, M. S. (2008). “Trends in US wage inequality: Revising the revisionists.” The Review of economics and statistics, 90(2), 300-323.
• Becker, G. S. (1962). “Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis.” Journal of political economy, 70(5, Part 2), 9-49.
• Becker, G. S. (1964). “Human capital,” NY.
• Belfield, C. R., & Wei, X. (2004). “Employer size–wage effects: evidence from matched employer–employee survey data in the UK.” Applied Economics, 36(3), 185-193.
• Blinder, A. S. (1973). “Wage discrimination: reduced form and structural estimates.” Journal of Human resources, 436-455.
• Bowles, S. (1972). “Schooling and inequality from generation to generation.” Journal of Political Economy, 80(3, Part 2), S219-S251.
• Bowles, S., & Gintis, H. (1975). “The problem with human capital theory--a Marxian critique.” The American Economic Review, 65(2), 74-82.
• Brown, C., & Medoff, J. (1989). “The employer size-wage effect.” Journal of political Economy, 97(5), 1027-1059.
• Çelik, O., & Selim, S. (2014). Türkiye’de kamu ve özel sektör ücret farklılıklarının kantil regresyon yaklaşımı ile analizi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 205-232.
• Cotton, J. (1988). “On the decomposition of wage differentials.” The review of economics and statistics, 236-243.
• David, H., Katz, L. F., & Krueger, A. B. (1998). “Computing inequality: have computers changed the labor market?” (No. w5956). National Bureau of Economic Research.
• DiNardo, J., Fortin, N. M., & Lemieux, T. (1995). “Labor market institutions and the distribution of wages, 1973-1992: A semiparametric approach” (No. w5093). National bureau of economic research.
• Dunne, T., & Schmitz Jr, J. A. (1995). “Wages, employment structure and employer size-wage premia: their relationship to advanced-technology usage at US manufacturing establishments”. Economica, 89-107.
• Duruoğlu, T. (2007). “Emek piyasasında cinsiyetçi ücret ayrımı: Bursa Organize Sanayi bölgesinde bir araştırma.” İletişim kuram ve araştırma dergisi, (24).
• Elveren, A. Y. (2010). “Wage inequality in Turkey: Decomposition by statistical regions, 1980–2001”. Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies, 22(1), 55-72.
• Elveren, A. Y., & Galbraith, J. K. (2009). “Pay inequality in Turkey in the neo-liberal era, 1980-2001.” The European Journal of Comparative Economics, 6(2), 177.
• Elveren, A. Y., Örnek, İ., & Akel, G. (2012). “Internationalisation, growth and pay inequality: a cointegration analysis for Turkey, 1970–2007.” International Review of Applied Economics, 26(5), 579-595.
• Erdil, E. (1996). “Inter-industry wage differentials: An analysis of wages in Turkish manufacturing industry, 1980/1985.” METU Studies in Development, 23, 1-20.
• Farber, H. S., & Western, B. (2001). “Accounting for the Decline of Unions in the Private Sector, 1973–1998.” Journal of Labor Research, 22(3), 459-485.
• Freeman, R. B., & Medoff, J. L. (1984). “What do unions do.” Indus. & Lab. Rel. Rev., 38, 244.
• Gardeazabal, J., & Ugidos, A. (2005). “Gender wage discrimination at quantiles.” Journal of population economics, 18(1), 165-179.
• Goldfield, M. (1989). “The decline of organized labor in the United States.” University of Chicago Press.
• Grandner, T., & Gstach, D. (2015). “Decomposing wage discrimination in Germany and Austria with counterfactual densities.” Empirica, 42(1), 49-76.
• Güneş, B., & Acun, S. (2015). The New Instrument of Making The Labour Markets Flexible In Turkey: Part-Time Employment. Is, Guc: The Journal of Industrial Relations & Human Resources, 17(4).
• Hettler, P. (2007). “The decomposition of firm-size wage differentials.” Journal of Labor Research, 28(3), 477-486.
• Hirsch, B. T. (2008). “Sluggish institutions in a dynamic world: Can unions and industrial competition coexist?.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(1), 153-176.
• Idson, T. L., & Oi, W. Y. (1999). “Workers are more productive in large firms.” The American Economic Review, 89(2), 104-108.
• John, B., & George, J. (1992). “Changes in the structure of wages in the 1980s: an evaluation of alternative explanations.” American Economic Review, 82(3), 371-392.
• Johnson, R. W., & Neumark, D. (1996). “Age discrimination, job separation, and employment status of older workers: Evidence from self-reports” (No. w5619). National Bureau of Economic Research.
• Johnson, W. G., & Lambrinos, J. (1985). “Wage discrimination against handicapped men and women.” Journal of Human Resources, 264-277.
• Juhn, C., Murphy, K. M., & Pierce, B. (1993). “Wage inequality and the rise in returns to skill.” Journal of political Economy, 101(3), 410-442.
• Katz, L. F. (1999). “Changes in the wage structure and earnings inequality.” Handbook of labor economics, 3, 1463-1555.
• Liu, P. W., Meng, X., & Zhang, J. (2000). “Sectoral gender wage differentials and discrimination in the transitional Chinese economy.” Journal of Population Economics, 13(2), 331-352.
• Marx, K. (2008). “Ücretli Emek ve Sermaye Ücret, Fiyat ve Kar.” Sol Yayınları,İstanbul
• Memis, E. (2007). “Inter-and Intraclass Distribution of Income in Turkish Manufacturing, 1970--2000.” ProQuest.
• Mincer, J. (1957). “A study of personal income distribution” (Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University).
• Mincer, J. (1958). “Investment in human capital and personal income distribution.” Journal of political economy, 66(4), 281-302.
• Mincer, J. (1962). “On-the-job training: Costs, returns, and some implications.” Journal of political Economy, 70(5, Part 2), 50-79.
• Mincer, J. (1974). “Schooling, Experience, and Earnings.” Human Behavior & Social Institutions No. 2.
• Onuk, P. (2017). “Ücret Eşitsizliği ve Ücretin Sosyoekonomik Belirleyenleri: İstanbul Örneği.” Çalışma ve Toplum,2(2017), 703-719
• Özkan, G. S., & Özkan, B. (2010). “Kadın Çalışanlara Yönelik Ücret Ayrımcılığı ve Kadın Ücretlerinin Belirleyicilerine Yönelik Bir Araştırma.” Çalışma ve Toplum, 1(24), 91-104.
• Ricardo, D. (2008). “On The Principles Of Politikal Economics and Taxation (Siyasal İktisadın ve Vergilendirmenin İlkeleri). Çev: Barış Zeren)”. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
• San, S. (2012). “Türkiye de firma büyüklüğü ve ücret farklılıkları ilişkisinin analizi.” Çalışma Ve Toplum, 35(4), 217–232. Retrieved from calismatoplum.org/sayi35/san.pdf
• Schultz, T. W. (1960). “Capital formation by education.” Journal of political economy, 68(6), 571-583.
• Schultz, T. W. (1961). “Investment in human capital.” The American economic review, 51(1), 1-17.
• Schultz, T. W. (1963). “The economic value of education.” Columbia University Press.
• Sengupta, A., & Das, P. (2014). “Gender Wage Discrimination across Social and Religious Groups in India”. Economic & Political Weekly, 49(21), 71.
• Smith, A. (2011). “Milletlerin Zenginliği, çev. Haldun Derim, Sunuş: Gülten Kazgan,” İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
• Stanley, T. D., & Jarrell, S. B. (1998). “Gender wage discrimination bias? A meta-regression analysis.” Journal of Human Resources, 947-973.
• Tastan, H., & Akar, M. (2013). “Türkiye Imalat Sanayiinde Bölgesel ve Sektörel Ücret Esitsizligi.” Istanbul Üniversitesi Iktisat Fakültesi Mecmuasi, 63(1), 17.
• Tope, D., & Jacobs, D. (2009). “The politics of union decline: The contingent determinants of union recognition elections and victories.” American Sociological Review, 74(5), 842-864.
• Türedi, S., & Terzi, H. (2009). “Türkiye’de Kamu-Özel İmalat Sanayinde Ücret ve İşgücü Verimliliği İlişkisi”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), 144-162.
• Urhan, B. ve Etiler, N. (2011), “Sağlık Sektöründe Kadın Emeğinin Toplumsal Cinsiyet Açısından Analizi.” Çalışma ve Toplum,1(2011),191-2016
• Voyvoda, E., & Yeldan, A. E. (2001). “Patterns of productivity growth and the wage cycle in Turkish manufacturing.” International Review of Applied Economics, 15(4), 375-396.
• Western, B., & Rosenfeld, J. (2011). “Unions, norms, and the rise in US wage inequality.” American Sociological Review, 76(4), 513-537.
• Winter‐Ebmer, R. (2001). “Firm size, earnings, and displacement risk.” Economic Inquiry, 39(3), 474-486.
• Wood, A. (1994). “North-South Trade.” Employment and Inequality: Changing fortunes in a skill-driven.