Research Article
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DÖNÜŞÜMCÜ LİDERLİĞİN MESLEKİ GELİŞİME ETKİSİ: VAKIF YÜKSEKÖĞRETİM KURUMLARINDA BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 525 - 546, 17.10.2023

Abstract

Araştırmanın amacı, vakıf yükseköğretim kurumlarındaki dönüşümcü liderliğin akademik personelin mesleki gelişim algısına etkisinin tespit edilmesidir. Ayrıca akademisyenlerin dönüşümcü liderlik ve mesleki gelişim açısından profillerinin belirlenmesi diğer bir amaçtır. Araştırma kapsamında 396 akademik personelden anket formları aracılığı ile veri toplanmıştır. Dönüşümcü liderlik ile mesleki gelişim arasında çok yüksek düzeyde, pozitif yönlü ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Vakıf yükseköğretim kurumlarındaki dönüşümcü liderliğin akademik personelin mesleki gelişim algısını önemli düzeyde arttırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca akademik personelin mesleki gelişim ve dönüşümcü liderlik algıları açısından üç farklı profile ayrıldığı tespit edilmiştir. akademisyenlerin melseki gelişim algılarını ve dönüşümcü liderlik algılarının düşük yüksek ve çok yüksek düzeyde gruplandığı görülmektedir. Bulgular, her üç profildeki çalışanların mesleki gelişim ve dönüşümcü liderlik algılarının benzer şekilde değiştiğini göstermektedir. Araştırma sonunda, dönüşümcü liderliğin mesleki gelişime etkisi, farklı profillerde yer alan akademisyenler için pratik ve teorik çıkarımlar tartışılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları, dönüşümcü liderliğin, akademik personelin mesleki gelişimlerini yönlendirmede önemli olduğu, farklı profillere sahip akademik personelin mesleki gelişimlerinin dönüşümcü lider aracılığı ile sağlanmasının mümkün olduğunu göstermektedir.

References

  • Abazaoğlu, I. (2014). Dünyada Öğretmen Yetiştirme Programları ve Öğretmenlere Yönelik Mesleki Gelişim Uygulamaları. Electronic Turkish Studies, 9(5), 1-46.
  • Adams Becker, S., Cummins, M., Davis, A., Freeman, A., Hall Glesinger, C., & Ananthanarayan, V. (2017). NMC Horizon Report: 2017 Higher Education Edition. Austin, TX: The New Media Consortium
  • Alamir, I., Ayoubi, R. M., Massoud, H., & Hallak, L. A. (2019). Transformational Leadership, Organizational Justice and Organizational Outcomes: A study From The Higher Education Sector in Syria. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 40(7), 749-763.
  • Allen, N., Grigsby, B., & Peters, M.L. (2015). Does Leadership Matter? Examining the Relationship Among Transformational Leadership, School Climate, and Student Achievement. International Journal of Educational Leadership Preparation, 10(2), 1–22.
  • Bass,, B. M. (1985). Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations, by Bernard M. Bass. New York: The Free Press, 191, 26-50.
  • Bellibaş, M. Ş., Kılınç, A. Ç., & Polatcan, M. (2021). The Moderation Role of Transformational Leadership in The Effect of Instructional Leadership on Teacher Professional Learning And Instructional Practice: An Integrated Leadership Perspective. Educational Administration Quarterly, 57(5), 776-814.
  • Biggs, B., Tang, C. & Kennedy. G. (2007). Ebook: Teaching for Quality Learning at University 5e. McGraw-hill education (UK).
  • Bümen, N., Ateş, A., Çakar, E., Ural, G. ve Acar, V. (2012). Türkiye Bağlamında Öğretmenlerin Mesleki Gelişimi: Sorunlar ve Öneriler. Milli Eğitim, 41(194) 31-50.
  • Cardno, C. (2005). Leadership and Professional Development: The Quiet Revolution. International Journal of Educational Management, 19(4), 292-306.
  • Day, C., Gu, Q., & Sammons, P. (2016). The Impact of Leadership on Student Outcomes: How Successful School Leaders Use Transformational and Instructional Strategies to Make a Difference. Educational Administration Quarterly, 52(2), 221–258.
  • Ertürk, R. & Argon, T., (2021). Okul Yöneticilerinin Dönüşümcü Liderlik Özellikleri ve Davranışları. MSGSÜ Sosyal Bilimler, 1(23), 371-393.
  • Evans, J. C., Yip, H., Chan, K., Armatas, C., & Tse, A. (2020). Blended Learning in Higher Education: Professional Development in a Hong Kong University. Higher Education Research & Development, 39(4), 643-656.
  • Evans, L. (2014). Leadership for Professional Development and Learning: Enhancing Our Understanding of How Teachers Develop. Cambridge Journal of Education, 44(2), 179-198.
  • George, D., ve Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 17.0 update (10a Ed.). Pearson. https://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/385/394732/george4answers.pdf
  • Gkolia, A., Koustelios, A., & Belias, D. (2018). Exploring the Association Between Transformational Leadership and Teacher’s Self-efficacy in Greek Education System: A Multilevel SEM model. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 21(2), 176–196.
  • Glatthorn, A. (1995). Teacher Development. In L.W. Anderson (Ed.). International Encyclopedia Of Teaching And Teacher Education. (2nd Edition). London: Pergamon Press.
  • Guskey, T. R. (2000). Evaluating Professional Development. California: Corwin Press.
  • Hair J. F. Jr., Anderson R. E., Tatham R. L. & Black W. C. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis. Macmillan. USA.
  • İlğan, A. (2013). Öğretmenler İçin Etkili Mesleki Gelişim Faaliyetleri. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6 (ÖYGE Özel Sayısı), 41-56.
  • İşcan Ö. F. (2002). Küresel işletmecilikte dönüştürücü liderlik anlayışı büyük ölçekli işletmelerde bir uygulama. (Yayımlanmış Doktora Tezi), Atatürk Üniversitesi. Erzurum.
  • Kang, W. (2021). Explaining Effects of Transformational Leadership on Teachers’ Cooperative Professional Development Through Structural Equation Model and Phantom Model Approach. Sustainability, 13(19), 10888.
  • Karahan, M. (2017). Denetim Raporlarının Yayınlanma Süresini Etkileyen Faktörler BİST 100 Endeksinde Yer Alan Şirketler Üzerine Ampirik Bir Uygulama. Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research. 4(15), 1819-1830.
  • Karamahmutoğlu, A (2014). İlkokul ve Ortaokul Yöneticilerinin Liderlik Davranışlarının Öğretmenlerin Mesleki Gelişimine Etkisi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Yeditepe Üniversitesi. İstanbul.
  • Kim, E. J., & Park, S. (2020). Transformational Leadership, Knowledge Sharing, Organizational Climate and Learning: an Empirical Study. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 41(6), 761-775.
  • Kiriş, B., & Aslan, H. (2019). Okul Müdürlerinin Dönüşümcü Liderlik Özellikleri ile Öğretmenlerin Mesleki Benlik Saygıları Arasındaki İlişkiye Yönelik Öğretmen Algıları. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(72), 1656-1675.
  • Kocaay, F., Demir, B. T., & Biçer, B. K. (2022). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde İnternet, Sosyal Medya ve Oyun Bağımlılığının Değerlendirilmesi. Sağlık Bilimlerinde Değer, 12(3), 511-519.
  • Kurtuluş, K. (2010). Araştırma Yöntemleri. Türkmen Kitabevi.
  • Li, L., & Liu, Y. (2022). An integrated Model of Principal Transformational Leadership and teacher Leadership That is Related to Teacher Self-Efficacy and Student Academic Performance. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 42(4), 661-678.
  • Lin, W., Yin, H., & Liu, Z. (2022). The Roles of Transformational Leadership and Growth Mindset in Teacher Professional Development: The Mediation of Teacher Self-Efficacy. Sustainability, 14(11), 6489.
  • Mach, M., Ferreira, A. I., & Abrantes, A. C. (2022). Transformational Leadership and Team Performance in Sports Teams: A Conditional Indirect Model. Applied Psychology, 71(2), 662-694.
  • MacQueen, J. (1967). Some Methods for Classification and Analysis of Multivariate Observations. In Proceedings Of The Fifth Berkeley Symposium On Mathematical Statistics And Probability, 1(14), 281-297.
  • Menon, E. & Lefteri, A. M., (2021). The Link Between Transformational Leadership and Teacher Self-Efficacy. Education, 142(1), 42-52.
  • Özdemir, S. M. (2016). Öğretmen Niteliğinin Bir Göstergesi Olarak Sürekli Mesleki Gelişim. Gazi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(3), 233-244.
  • Pearson, L. C., & Moomaw, W. (2005). The Relationship Between Teacher Autonomy and Stress, Work Satisfaction, Empowerment, and Professionalism. Educational Research Quarterly, 29(1), 38-54.
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational Leader Behaviors and Their Effects on Followers' Trust in Leader, Satisfaction, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107-142.
  • Saira, S., Mansoor, S., & Ali, M. (2021). Transformational Leadership and Employee Outcomes: The Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 42(1), 130-143.
  • Sandıkcı, M., Vural, T. & Zorlu, Ö. (2015). Otel İşletmelerinde Dönüştürücü Liderlik Davranışlarının Örgüt Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri: Afyonkarahisar İlinde Bir Araştırma. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(25), 161-200.
  • Stes, A., & Hoekstra, A. (2015). Convergence in Diversity: Evaluating Faculty Across The Globe. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 46, 1–3.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.
  • Tarker, D. (2019). Transformational Leadership and the Proliferation of Community College Leadership Frameworks: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 43(10-11), 672-689.
  • Tekin, B. (2018). Ward, K-Ortalamalar ve İki Adımlı Kümeleme Analizi Yöntemleri ile Finansal Göstergeler Temelinde Hisse Senedi Tercihi. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(40), 401-436.
  • Thibault, T., Gulseren, D. B., & Kelloway, E. K. (2019). The Benefits of Transformational Leadership and Transformational Leadership Training on Health and Safety Outcomes. Increasing occupational health and safety in workplaces, 334-348.
  • Thompson, G., Buch, R., Thompson, P. M. M., & Glasø, L. (2021). The Impact of Transformational Leadership and Interactional Justice on Follower Performance and Organizational Commitment in a Business Context. Journal of General Management, 46(4), 274-283.
  • Whitworth, B. A., & Chiu, J. L. (2015). Professional Development and Teacher Change: The Missing Leadership Link. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 26, 121-137.
  • Wicaksono, Y. A., Rizaldy, A., Fahriah, S., & Soeleman, M. A. (2017). Improve Image Segmentation Based on Closed Form Matting Using K-Means Clustering. In Application for Technology of Information and Communication (iSemantic), 2017 International Seminar on (26-30). IEEE.
  • Yazıcı, A. Ş. & Akyol, B., (2017). Okul Müdürlerinin Liderlik Davranışları ile Öğretmen Özerkliği Arasındaki İlişki. Uluslararası Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, (10), 189-208.
  • Youngs, P., & King, M. B. (2002). Principal Leadership for Professional Development to Build School Capacity. Educational Administration Quarterly, 38(5), 643-670.
  • Yukl, G. (1999). An Evaluation of Conceptual Weaknesses in Transformational and Charismatic Leadership Theories. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 285-305.

The Effect of Transformational Leadership on Professional Development: A Study in Foundation Higher Education Institutions

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 525 - 546, 17.10.2023

Abstract

The research aims to determine the effect of transformational leadership in foundation higher education institutions on the professional development perception of academic staff. In addition, another aim is to determine the profiles of academicians in terms of transformational leadership and professional development. Within the scope of the research, data were collected from 396 academic staff through questionnaires. A very high positive correlation was found between transformational leadership and professional development. It has been determined that transformational leadership in foundation higher education institutions significantly increases the professional development perception of academic staff. In addition, it has been determined that academic staff are divided into three different profiles in terms of professional development and transformational leadership perceptions. It is seen that the academic development perceptions and transformational leadership perceptions of academicians are grouped at low, high and very high levels. The findings show that employees' professional development and transformational leadership perceptions in all three profiles change similarly. At the end of the research, the effect of transformational leadership on professional development and practical and theoretical implications for academics from different profiles were discussed. The research results show that transformational leadership is important in directing the professional development of academic staff, and it is possible to provide professional development of academic staff with different profiles through transformational leaders.

References

  • Abazaoğlu, I. (2014). Dünyada Öğretmen Yetiştirme Programları ve Öğretmenlere Yönelik Mesleki Gelişim Uygulamaları. Electronic Turkish Studies, 9(5), 1-46.
  • Adams Becker, S., Cummins, M., Davis, A., Freeman, A., Hall Glesinger, C., & Ananthanarayan, V. (2017). NMC Horizon Report: 2017 Higher Education Edition. Austin, TX: The New Media Consortium
  • Alamir, I., Ayoubi, R. M., Massoud, H., & Hallak, L. A. (2019). Transformational Leadership, Organizational Justice and Organizational Outcomes: A study From The Higher Education Sector in Syria. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 40(7), 749-763.
  • Allen, N., Grigsby, B., & Peters, M.L. (2015). Does Leadership Matter? Examining the Relationship Among Transformational Leadership, School Climate, and Student Achievement. International Journal of Educational Leadership Preparation, 10(2), 1–22.
  • Bass,, B. M. (1985). Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations, by Bernard M. Bass. New York: The Free Press, 191, 26-50.
  • Bellibaş, M. Ş., Kılınç, A. Ç., & Polatcan, M. (2021). The Moderation Role of Transformational Leadership in The Effect of Instructional Leadership on Teacher Professional Learning And Instructional Practice: An Integrated Leadership Perspective. Educational Administration Quarterly, 57(5), 776-814.
  • Biggs, B., Tang, C. & Kennedy. G. (2007). Ebook: Teaching for Quality Learning at University 5e. McGraw-hill education (UK).
  • Bümen, N., Ateş, A., Çakar, E., Ural, G. ve Acar, V. (2012). Türkiye Bağlamında Öğretmenlerin Mesleki Gelişimi: Sorunlar ve Öneriler. Milli Eğitim, 41(194) 31-50.
  • Cardno, C. (2005). Leadership and Professional Development: The Quiet Revolution. International Journal of Educational Management, 19(4), 292-306.
  • Day, C., Gu, Q., & Sammons, P. (2016). The Impact of Leadership on Student Outcomes: How Successful School Leaders Use Transformational and Instructional Strategies to Make a Difference. Educational Administration Quarterly, 52(2), 221–258.
  • Ertürk, R. & Argon, T., (2021). Okul Yöneticilerinin Dönüşümcü Liderlik Özellikleri ve Davranışları. MSGSÜ Sosyal Bilimler, 1(23), 371-393.
  • Evans, J. C., Yip, H., Chan, K., Armatas, C., & Tse, A. (2020). Blended Learning in Higher Education: Professional Development in a Hong Kong University. Higher Education Research & Development, 39(4), 643-656.
  • Evans, L. (2014). Leadership for Professional Development and Learning: Enhancing Our Understanding of How Teachers Develop. Cambridge Journal of Education, 44(2), 179-198.
  • George, D., ve Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 17.0 update (10a Ed.). Pearson. https://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/385/394732/george4answers.pdf
  • Gkolia, A., Koustelios, A., & Belias, D. (2018). Exploring the Association Between Transformational Leadership and Teacher’s Self-efficacy in Greek Education System: A Multilevel SEM model. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 21(2), 176–196.
  • Glatthorn, A. (1995). Teacher Development. In L.W. Anderson (Ed.). International Encyclopedia Of Teaching And Teacher Education. (2nd Edition). London: Pergamon Press.
  • Guskey, T. R. (2000). Evaluating Professional Development. California: Corwin Press.
  • Hair J. F. Jr., Anderson R. E., Tatham R. L. & Black W. C. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis. Macmillan. USA.
  • İlğan, A. (2013). Öğretmenler İçin Etkili Mesleki Gelişim Faaliyetleri. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6 (ÖYGE Özel Sayısı), 41-56.
  • İşcan Ö. F. (2002). Küresel işletmecilikte dönüştürücü liderlik anlayışı büyük ölçekli işletmelerde bir uygulama. (Yayımlanmış Doktora Tezi), Atatürk Üniversitesi. Erzurum.
  • Kang, W. (2021). Explaining Effects of Transformational Leadership on Teachers’ Cooperative Professional Development Through Structural Equation Model and Phantom Model Approach. Sustainability, 13(19), 10888.
  • Karahan, M. (2017). Denetim Raporlarının Yayınlanma Süresini Etkileyen Faktörler BİST 100 Endeksinde Yer Alan Şirketler Üzerine Ampirik Bir Uygulama. Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research. 4(15), 1819-1830.
  • Karamahmutoğlu, A (2014). İlkokul ve Ortaokul Yöneticilerinin Liderlik Davranışlarının Öğretmenlerin Mesleki Gelişimine Etkisi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Yeditepe Üniversitesi. İstanbul.
  • Kim, E. J., & Park, S. (2020). Transformational Leadership, Knowledge Sharing, Organizational Climate and Learning: an Empirical Study. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 41(6), 761-775.
  • Kiriş, B., & Aslan, H. (2019). Okul Müdürlerinin Dönüşümcü Liderlik Özellikleri ile Öğretmenlerin Mesleki Benlik Saygıları Arasındaki İlişkiye Yönelik Öğretmen Algıları. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(72), 1656-1675.
  • Kocaay, F., Demir, B. T., & Biçer, B. K. (2022). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde İnternet, Sosyal Medya ve Oyun Bağımlılığının Değerlendirilmesi. Sağlık Bilimlerinde Değer, 12(3), 511-519.
  • Kurtuluş, K. (2010). Araştırma Yöntemleri. Türkmen Kitabevi.
  • Li, L., & Liu, Y. (2022). An integrated Model of Principal Transformational Leadership and teacher Leadership That is Related to Teacher Self-Efficacy and Student Academic Performance. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 42(4), 661-678.
  • Lin, W., Yin, H., & Liu, Z. (2022). The Roles of Transformational Leadership and Growth Mindset in Teacher Professional Development: The Mediation of Teacher Self-Efficacy. Sustainability, 14(11), 6489.
  • Mach, M., Ferreira, A. I., & Abrantes, A. C. (2022). Transformational Leadership and Team Performance in Sports Teams: A Conditional Indirect Model. Applied Psychology, 71(2), 662-694.
  • MacQueen, J. (1967). Some Methods for Classification and Analysis of Multivariate Observations. In Proceedings Of The Fifth Berkeley Symposium On Mathematical Statistics And Probability, 1(14), 281-297.
  • Menon, E. & Lefteri, A. M., (2021). The Link Between Transformational Leadership and Teacher Self-Efficacy. Education, 142(1), 42-52.
  • Özdemir, S. M. (2016). Öğretmen Niteliğinin Bir Göstergesi Olarak Sürekli Mesleki Gelişim. Gazi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(3), 233-244.
  • Pearson, L. C., & Moomaw, W. (2005). The Relationship Between Teacher Autonomy and Stress, Work Satisfaction, Empowerment, and Professionalism. Educational Research Quarterly, 29(1), 38-54.
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational Leader Behaviors and Their Effects on Followers' Trust in Leader, Satisfaction, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107-142.
  • Saira, S., Mansoor, S., & Ali, M. (2021). Transformational Leadership and Employee Outcomes: The Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 42(1), 130-143.
  • Sandıkcı, M., Vural, T. & Zorlu, Ö. (2015). Otel İşletmelerinde Dönüştürücü Liderlik Davranışlarının Örgüt Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri: Afyonkarahisar İlinde Bir Araştırma. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(25), 161-200.
  • Stes, A., & Hoekstra, A. (2015). Convergence in Diversity: Evaluating Faculty Across The Globe. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 46, 1–3.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.
  • Tarker, D. (2019). Transformational Leadership and the Proliferation of Community College Leadership Frameworks: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 43(10-11), 672-689.
  • Tekin, B. (2018). Ward, K-Ortalamalar ve İki Adımlı Kümeleme Analizi Yöntemleri ile Finansal Göstergeler Temelinde Hisse Senedi Tercihi. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(40), 401-436.
  • Thibault, T., Gulseren, D. B., & Kelloway, E. K. (2019). The Benefits of Transformational Leadership and Transformational Leadership Training on Health and Safety Outcomes. Increasing occupational health and safety in workplaces, 334-348.
  • Thompson, G., Buch, R., Thompson, P. M. M., & Glasø, L. (2021). The Impact of Transformational Leadership and Interactional Justice on Follower Performance and Organizational Commitment in a Business Context. Journal of General Management, 46(4), 274-283.
  • Whitworth, B. A., & Chiu, J. L. (2015). Professional Development and Teacher Change: The Missing Leadership Link. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 26, 121-137.
  • Wicaksono, Y. A., Rizaldy, A., Fahriah, S., & Soeleman, M. A. (2017). Improve Image Segmentation Based on Closed Form Matting Using K-Means Clustering. In Application for Technology of Information and Communication (iSemantic), 2017 International Seminar on (26-30). IEEE.
  • Yazıcı, A. Ş. & Akyol, B., (2017). Okul Müdürlerinin Liderlik Davranışları ile Öğretmen Özerkliği Arasındaki İlişki. Uluslararası Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, (10), 189-208.
  • Youngs, P., & King, M. B. (2002). Principal Leadership for Professional Development to Build School Capacity. Educational Administration Quarterly, 38(5), 643-670.
  • Yukl, G. (1999). An Evaluation of Conceptual Weaknesses in Transformational and Charismatic Leadership Theories. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 285-305.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Leadership
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Gülşah Gençer Çelik 0000-0001-8610-3673

Hasan Sadık Tatlı 0000-0003-1918-3188

Early Pub Date October 13, 2023
Publication Date October 17, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Gençer Çelik, G., & Tatlı, H. S. (2023). DÖNÜŞÜMCÜ LİDERLİĞİN MESLEKİ GELİŞİME ETKİSİ: VAKIF YÜKSEKÖĞRETİM KURUMLARINDA BİR ARAŞTIRMA. Akademik İzdüşüm Dergisi, 8(2), 525-546.

The publication rights of the articles accepted for publication and all kinds of copyrights in the published articles belong to the journal. No copyright is paid to the author.