GİG EKONOMİDE PSİKOSOSYAL RİSKLER “NİTEL BİR ANALİZ”

Year 2022, , 103 - 126, 01.06.2022

Nevin Küçük , Pınar Tınaz

https://doi.org/10.14514/BYK.m.26515393.2022.10/1.103-126

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Adını müzik sektöründen alan ve “kısa süreli iş” anlamına gelen gig ekonomi kavramı işe gidilmeyen ve işverenin olmadığı bir mekanizma olarak serbest ve kısa süreli işlerden oluşan bir iş gücü piyasasını benimseyen bir ekonomidir. Psikososyal riskler/psikososyal tehlikeler ise 1984 yılında Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü tarafından “çalışma ortamı, işin içeriği, örgütsel koşullar ve çalışanların kapasiteleri, ihtiyaçları, kültürü ve iş dışı konular arasındaki algılama şekilleri ve deneyimler aracılığıyla sağlığı, iş performansını ve iş memnuniyetini etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan etkileşimler” olarak tanımlamıştır. İşin bağlamı ve işin içeriği açısından iki ana kategoride değerlendirilen psikososyal riskler gig ekonomide az çalışılan konulardan birisi olmakla birlikte gig ekonomide çalışan sağlığı ve güvenliği açısından kapsamlı değerlendirilmesine ihtiyaç duyulan bir konudur. Bu çalışma gig ekonomi çalışanlarında psikososyal riskleri analiz etmek amacıyla nitel bir araştırma olarak tasarlanmış olup 20 kişi ile yapılan derinlemesine görüşmeler ve bu görüşmelerin detaylı analizinden oluşmaktadır.

Keywords

Gig Ekonomi, Psikososyal Riskler, Gig Ekonomi Çalışanı, Platform Çalışanı, Paylaşım Ekonomisi

PSYCHOSOCIAL RISKS IN THE GIG ECONOMY “A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS”

Abstract

The gig economy concept is an economy that adopts a labor market consisting of freelance and short-term jobs as a mechanism that does not go to work and has no employer. Psychosocial risks/psychosocial hazards were defined by the International Labor Organization in 1984 as “interactions that have the potential to affect health, job performance, and job satisfaction through perceptions and experiences between the working environment, job content, organizational conditions, and employee capacities, needs, culture, and non-work issues” defined as. Psychosocial risks are one of the less-studied topics in the gig economy, but it is an issue that needs a comprehensive evaluation in terms of employee health and safety in the gig economy. This study was designed as qualitative research to analyze psychosocial risks in gig economy workers and consists of in-depth interviews with 20 people and a detailed analysis of these interviews.

Keywords

Gig Economy, Psychosocial Risks, Gig Economy Worker, Platform Worker, Sharing Economy

References

• A.Ş., T. (2021). Esnek Ekonomi Nedir. Isbank.com.tr. Retrieved 21 November 2021, from https://www.isbank.com.tr/blog/esnek-ekonomi-nedir.
• Aloisi, A. (2016). Commoditized Workers. Case Study Research on Labour Law Issues Arising from a Set of “on-Demand/Gig Economy” Platforms. Comparative Labor Law Policy Journal. 37(3). 653-690.
• Alpass F. (2017). Bridge Employment. In: Pachana N.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Geropsychology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-082-7_314
• Appelbaum, E., Kalleberg, A., ve Rho, H. J. (2019). Nonstandard work arrangements and older Americans, A2005–2017. Washington, DC: Center for Economic and Policy Research and Economic Policy Institute.
• Askitas, N., Eichhorst, W., Fahrenholtz, B., Meys, N. ve Ody, M. (2018). Industrial Relations on Social Dialogue in the Age of Collaborative Economy (IRSDACE). National Report Germany. IZA Research Report No. 86.16 Annelik cezası, işyerinde çalışan annelerin çocuksuz kadınlara göre ücret, algılanan yeterlilik ve faydalarda biyolojik ve kültürel temelli dezavantajlarla karşılaştığını öne süren sosyologlar tarafından ortaya atılan bir terimdir. (Budig ve England, 2001)
• Aziz Rahman, M., Hoque, N., Sheikh, M., Salehin, M., Beyene, G., Tadele, Z., vd. (2020). Factors Associated With Psychological Distress, Fear and Coping Strategies During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Australia. Global. Health. 16, 1–15. doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00624-w
• Bérastégui, P. (2021). Exposure to Psychosocial risk factors in the gig economy: a systematic review. ETUI Research Paper-Report.
• Blog, I. (2021). Regulating work in the ‘gig economy’. Work In Progress. Retrieved 21 November 2021, from https://iloblog.org/2015/07/10/regulating-work-in-the-gig-economy/.
• Boyatzis, R.E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: thematic analysis and code development. Sage
• Budig, M. J. ve England, P. (2001). The Wage Penalty for Motherhood. American Sociological Review, 66(2), 204–225. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657415
• Bussewitz, C. ve Olson, A. (2020). Gig Workers Face Shifting Roles, Competition in Pandemic. AP NEWS. https://apnews.com/article/lifestyle-ap-top-news-business-pandemics-virus-outbreak-ebc223c6d783c49feca6ffb27af6264b
• Capaldi, N., ve Idowu, S. O. (2013). Work Presenteeism. Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility, 2721–2721. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28036-8_101755
• Caro, L. P., O’Higgins, N., ve Berg, J. (2021). J. It is safe to assume that gig work is here for the long run.
• Cole, S. (23 Mayıs 2018). Gig economy workers want more than just flexibility. Finder.com.au. https://www.finder.com.au/gig-economy-workers-want-more-than-flexibility
• Cox, T., Griffiths, A. (2005). The Nature And Measurement of work-related stress in. Wilson, N., Corlett, (Eds.) Evaluation of Human Work: A PracticalErgonomicsMethodology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
• Cox, T., Griffiths, A., ve Rial-Gonzalez, E. (2000). Research on Work Related Stress. European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg
• Çark, Ö. (2019). Kurumsal Kaynak Planlama (KPP) Sistemleri. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
• Çiğdem, S. (2018). Gig Ekonomisi ve Freelance İş Gücünün Yükselişi: Freelancer. Com Platformu Üzerinden Bir Literatür Taraması ve Değerlendirme. In ICPESS (International Congress on Politic, Economic Social Studies) (No. 4).
• Çiğdem, S. Erdoğan, E. (2018). Gig Ekonomisi ve Freelance İş Gücünün Yükselişi: Freelancer. com Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirme 1. Seçme Yazılar-II, 229.
• Dahler-Larsen, P., Sundby, A., ve Boodhoo, A. (2020). Can occupational health and safety management systems address psychosocial risk factors? An empirical study. Safety Science, 130, 104878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104878
• Donovan, S. A., Bradley, D. H. ve Shimabukuro, J. O. (2016). What Does the Gig Economy Mean for Workers? Congressional Research Service: Report. 1–16.
• Durward, D., Blohm, I. ve Leimeister, J. M. (2016). Principal Forms of Crowdsourcing and Crowd Work. The Digital Economy and the Single Market (Eds. Wobbe, W., Bova, E. and Dragomirescu-Gaina, C.). The European Parliament. Triptyque. Belgium.
• Eurofound. (2016). Exploring the fraudulent contracting of work in the European Union. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
• Elstad, J. Vabo, M. (2008). Job stress, sickness absence and sickness presenteeism in nordic elderly care. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 36(5), 467-474.
• Fairwork Gig Economy. Fair.work. (2021). Retrieved 24 November 2021, from https://www.fairwork.gov.au/find-help-for/independent-contractors/gig-economy
• Fairwork Homepage. Fair.work. (2021). Retrieved 21 November 2021, from https://fair.work/en/fw/homepage/#continue.
• Florisson, R. ve Mandl, I. (2018). Platform Work: Types and Implications for Work and Employment– Literature Review. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. Dublin.
• Freni-Sterrantino, A., ve Salerno, V. (2021). A Plea for the Need to Investigate the Health Effects of Gig-Economy. Frontiers in Public Health, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.638767
• Gallup (Firm). (2018). The gig economy and alternative work arrangements.
• Gig Economy: Definition, Statistics & Trends [2021 Update]. zety. (2021). Retrieved 21 November 2021, from https://zety.com/blog/gig-economy-statistics?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI7OOO5tiJ7QIVh9GyCh1s_QPHEAAYASAAEgIdx_D_BwE
• Görmüş, A. (2020). Gig Ekonomisinde İstihdam ve Endüstri İlişkileri: İstihdam Statüsünden Kaynaklanan Zorluklar. SGD-Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 10(2), 227-244.
• Graham, M., Lehdonvirta, V., Wood, A., Barnard, H., Hjorth, I., Simon, D. P. (2017). The Risks and Rewards of Online Gig Work At The Global Margins. Oxford: Oxford Internet Institute.
• Greelane.com. (2021). Retrieved 21 November 2021, from https://www.greelane.com/tr/bilim-teknoloji-matematik/sosyal-bilimler/gig-economy-4588490/.
• Gross, S.-A., 2018. Well-Being and Mental Health in the Gig Economy. London: University of Westminster Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16997/book32
• Hedge, A. (2017). Ergonomic workplace design for health, wellness, and productivity (1st ed.). Crc Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
• International Labour Organization (ILO). (1984). Psychosocial Factors at work: Recognition And Control. Report of theJoint International Labour Office and World HealthOrganization on OccupationalHealth, Ninth Session, 18-24 September 1984. OccupationalSafetyandHealth Series No. 56. International Labour Office
• International Labour Organization (2019). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği için Büyük Sıçrama: Herkes için Daha İyi Çalışma Yaşamı Geleceği. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_674831.pdf
• Johnston, H. ve Land-Kazlauskas, C. (2019). Organizing on-Demand: Representation, Voice, and Collective Bargaining in the Gig Economy. Conditions of Work and Employment Series. No. 94. ILO, Geneva.
• Ju, W., de Chalendar, A., Reeves, M., ve Bailey, A. (2019). The new freelancers: Tapping talent in the gig economy. BCG Henderson Institute.
• Kalleberg, A. L. ve Dunn, M. (2016). Good Job, Bad Jobs in the Gig Economy. Perspectives on Work. 10-14.
• Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude, and Mental Strain: Implications for Job Redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 285–308. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392498
• Kirch, W. (2008). Absenteeism. Encyclopedia of Public Health, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5614-7_7
• Macdonald, L. (2008). Wellness at Work: Protecting and Promoting Employee Well-being. Occupational Medicine, 58(3), 225–225. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqn004
• Manyika, J., Lund, S., Bughin, J., Robinson, K., Mischke, J., ve Mahajan, D. (2016). Independent-Work-Choice-necessity-and-the-gig-economy. McKinsey Global Institute.
• Marx G.T. (2003) A tack in the shoe: neutralizing and resisting the new surveillance. Journal of Social Issues, 59 (2), 369-390
• Mason, J. (2017). Qualitative researching. sage.
• Messenger, J. (2018). Working time and the future of work. ILO future of work research paper series.
• Messenger, J. C. (2018). Working time and the future of work. ILO.https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---cabinet/documents/publication/wcms_649907.pdf
• Möhlmann M. and Zalmanson L. (2017). Hands on the wheel: navigating algorithmic management and Uber drivers autonomy. Paper presented at the 38th International Conference on Information Systems, Seoul, 10 December 2017.
• Noble House. (2019). The future of work is anywhere: Gig workforce. Noble House. https://thinknoblehouse.com/
• Özbilgin, M. ve Erbil, C. (2021). Post-hümanist inovasyon: Gig ekonomi özelinde motokuryeli teslimat sektörü üzerinden öneriler. Sosyal Mucit Academic Review, 2(1), 22-41
• Santos Silva, M., ve Houwerzijl, M. (2019). Regulating the Autonomy of Gig Workers. A Paternalizing Look into the Consent-Based Platform Work Economy. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3383159
• Statista Research Department. (2021, January 20). Gig economy: projected gross volume 2023. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1034564/gig-economy-projected-gross-volume/
• Todolí-Signes, A. (2017). The ‘Gig Economy’: Employee, Self-Employed or the Need for a Special Employment Regulation? Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research. ETUI. 23 (2). 193 – 205.doi. 10.1177/1024258917701381.
• Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü (2020). İş Yerinde Stres: Ortak Bir Zorluk. (N_HumaN Danışmanlık, Çev.) N_HumaN Danışmanlık Yayınları (Orijinal Basım Tarihi 2016) ISSN: 9786050646801