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BİYOSANATIN AHLAKİ FAİLLİK SORUNU

Year 2024, , 191 - 218, 26.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.14514/beykozad.1367427

Abstract

Bir değer alanı olarak etik ve estetik birbirleriyle örtüşmek zorunda olmayan ve hatta barındırdığı ahlakçılık tehlikesi karşısında ayrı tutulması gereken iki alan olarak görülür. Bu anlamıyla sanat, toplumsal değer yargılarından ve pratik etik kaygılardan bağımsız görünür. Buna paralel olarak, sanatçının toplumsal değerlerle çatışması, sanatsal ifade özgürlüğü adına olağan karşılanmıştır. Bu tartışmada beliren iki radikal uç görüş “ahlakçılık” ve “sanatsal özerklik”, ya sanat ve etik arasına keskin sınırlar çizer ya da bu ikisinin birbiri içinde eridiğini savunur. Ahlakçılık, estetik değeri ahlaki değere indirgerken otonomcu görüş etik eleştirilerin hiçbir zaman meşru olamayacağını, çünkü estetik değer ve ahlaki değerin otonom olduğunu savunur. Bu bağlamda bu metin, ahlakçılık ve özerklik görüşlerinin radikal ikiliğinin ötesinden bakarak sanatın ahlaki failliğinin sınırlarını tartışmaya açacaktır. Bu amaçla, birinci olarak, her sanat işinin önermesel tutumda bir bilgi içermediği için her durumda zorunlu olarak ahlaki yargının nesnesi ya da faili olamayacağı görüşü ele alınmıştır. İkinci olarak da önermesel tutumda olmayan sanat işlerinin de bağlantıda oldukları toplumsal ağlara içkin bir üretim alanından doğdukları ve bu ağları karşılıklı olarak etkiledikleri göz önüne alındığında, bir gerçeklik üretimi olarak sanatın eylemlerinin etkilerinden sorumlu tutulabileceği savunulmuştur. Bu bağlamda sanatsal üretim araçlarının “yaşayan” varlıklar olduğu durumda daha karmaşık bir sorun haline gelen sanat ve etik ilişkisi, biyosanat alanından seçilmiş ön plana çıkan biyosanat örnekleri üzerinde incelenerek biyoetik bir değerlendirmeye tabi tutulmuştur. Sanatın diğer yaşayan varlıklara nasıl yaklaşılması gerektiğiyle ilgili bir sorumluluğu var mıdır? Biyoteknolojinin sanat tarafından kullanılması ve biyomühendislik ürünü yaşamın sanatsal bir medyuma dönüştürülmesi sanatsal geleneklerden bir kopuş ve sanatsal ifadede bir devrim olarak mı görülmelidir? Yoksa, “doğal” süreçlere ya da insan-doğa ilişkisi algısına zarar verici bir müdahale olarak mı görülmelidir? Bu bağlamda bu metnin önerisi, biyoteknolojilere dayalı yeni medya sanatlarının ahlaki failliğinden bahsedebilmek için sanat işlerini meydana getiren koşullar ya da bu işlerin ne türden medyumları devreye soktuğu bilgisinin yanında, toplumsal-maddesel alanla kurdukları bağa ve bu bağ aracılığıyla bıraktıkları ize bakılması gerektiği yönündedir. Bu işlerin toplumdaki biyoteknolojik ilişkileri nasıl değiştirdiğine bakılıp, bıraktıkları etik-politik izin bir okuması yapılarak biyosanatın ahlaki bir fail olarak kabul edilmesinin sınırları çizilebilir.

References

  • Adorno, T. W. (2004). Aesthetic Theory. (G. Adorno and R. Tiedemann, Ed.), (Çev. R. Hullot-Kentor). Continuum.
  • Adorno, T. W. ve Horkheimar, M. (2002). Dialectic of Enlightenment. Stanford University Press.
  • Bell, C. (1924). Art. Chatto and Windus.
  • Bennett, G. Gilman, N. Stavrianakis, A. ve Rabinow, P. (2009). From synthetic biology to biohacking: are we prepared? Nature Biotechnology, 27 (12), 1109 1111. https://doi:10.1038/nbt1209-1109.
  • Bostrom, N., Roache, R. (2008). Ethical Issues in Human Enhancement. Ryberg, J., Petersen, T., Wolf, C. (Ed.) içinde, New Waves in Applied Ethics (s. 120–52). Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke.
  • Capucci, P. L. (2007). The Double Division of the Living, Diagram of Bio Art. I. Mulatero, (Ed.) içinde, From Land Art to Bio Art (s. 138-147). Turin: Hopefulmonster.
  • Carroll, N. (1996). Moderate Moralism. British Journal of Aesthetics, 36 (3), 223-238.
  • Catts, O. ve Zurr, I. (2003). The Art of the Semi-Living and Partial Life: Extra Ear—Vt Scale [Biyosanat]. The Kapelica Gallery, Ljubljana, Slovenia. https://tcaproject.net/portfolio/extra-ear/
  • Catts, O. ve Zurr, I. (2004). Victimless Leather, The Tissue Culture & Art Project [Biyosanat]. the Museum of Modern Art, New York. https://tcaproject.net/portfolio/victimless-leather/
  • Catts, O. ve Zurr, I. (2013). Disembodied livestock: The promise of a semi-living utopia. Parallax, 19(1), 101-113. DOI: 10.1080/13534645.2013.752062
  • Critical Art Ensemble (Sanat Kolektifi). (2008). Bioparanoia and the Culture of Control. Da Costa, B. ve Philips, K. (Ed) içinde, Tactical Biopolitics: Art, Activism and Technoscience (s. 413-428). The MIT Press.
  • Da Costa, B. (2006). Pigeonblog [Biyosanat]. Beap.https://radicaldata.org/projects/pigeonblog/
  • Davis, J. (1986). Microvenus [Biyosanat]. Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1996.10791743
  • Duff, T. (2008). Living Viral Tattoos [Canlı performans]. The International Symposium of Electronic Art (ISEA), Belfast, Ireland. http://totalartjournal.com/archives/857/living-viral-tattoos-crisis-alert/
  • Duff, T. (2011). Living Viral Tattoos? Crisis ALert! Total Art Journal, 1 (1), 1-8.
  • Duff, T. Muhling, J. Godingho, M. G., Hodgetts, S. (2011). How to Make Living Viral Tattoos. Leonardo, 44 (2), 164-165. Elkins, J. (1991). On the impossibility of stories: the anti-narrative and non-narrative impulse in modern painting. Word & Image, 7 (4), 348-364, DOI: 10.1080/02666286.1991.10435883
  • Gessert, G. (2002). Breeding For Wilderness. Catts, O. (Ed.)içinde, The Aesthetics Of Care? (s. 29-33). Symbiotica.
  • Ginsberg, A. D., Calvert, J. Schyfter, P. Elfick, A. ve Endy, D. (2017). Synthetic Aesthetics Investigating Synthetic Biology's Designs on Nature. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
  • Goodman, N. (1976). Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols. (2. Basım). Hackett Publishing Company.
  • Grushkin, D., Kuiken, T., & Millet, P. (2013). Seven Myths and Realities about Do-It- Yourself Biology. Woodrow Wilson International Center For Scholars.
  • Habermas, J. (2003). The Future of Human Nature. (Çev. Rehg, W., Pensky, M., Beister, B., Polity). Cambridge University Press.
  • Heizer, M. (1969). Double Negative [Arazi Sanatı]. Moapa Valley on Mormon Mesa near Overton, Nevada. https://www.moca.org/visit/double-negative
  • Humphrey, P. (1985). The ethics of earthworks. Environmental Ethics 7(1), 5–22.
  • Kac, E. (2017). What Bio Art is: A Manifesto. https://www.ekac.org/manifesto_whatbioartis.html
  • Kac, E. (Ed.). (2006). Signs of Life: Bio Art and Beyond. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
  • Kac, E. (2000). Alba, GFP Bunny [Biyosanat]. Avignon, France. https://www.ekac.org/transgenicindex.html
  • Kac, E. (2003). Edunia. Natural History of Enigma [Biyosanat]. Weisman Art Museum, Minneapolis, Minnesota, https://www.ekac.org/transgenicindex.html
  • Kac, E. (2001). The Eighth Day [Biyosanat]. Arizona State University, Tempe. https://www.ekac.org/transgenicindex.html
  • Kac, E. (2006). Featherless. Bios 4, Centro Andaluz De Arte Contemporáneo, Seville, Spain. https://www.ekac.org/transgenicindex.html
  • Kac, E. (1999). Genesis. Ars Electronica Festival, Linz, Austria. https://www.ekac.org/transgenicindex.html
  • Kant, I. (2000). Critique of the Power of Judgment (Paul Guyer. Ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Kremers, D. (1996). The Delbruck Paradox 2.0. Art Journal, 55 (1), 39. Lintott, S. (2007). Ethically Evaluating Land Art: Is It Worth It? Ethics Place and Environment. 10(3), 263-277, DOI: 10.1080/13668790701567002
  • Quinn, M. (2001). Cloned D.N.A. [Biyosanat]. The National Portrait Gallery, London. http://marcquinn.com/artworks/dna
  • Popper, F. (2024, 18 Ocak). Biological Art: The Transgenetic Art of Aduardo Kac. https://www.artpress.com/2002/02/01/art-biologique-lart-transgenique-deduardo-kac/
  • Posner, R. (1997). Against Ethical Criticism. Philosophy and Literature. 21(1), 1-27.
  • Radomcka, M. (2016). Uncontainable Life: A Biophilosophy of Bioart. Linköping University Press.
  • Schmidt, M. (2008). Diffusion of synthetic biology: a challenge to biosafety. Systems and Synthetic Biology, 2 (1–2), 1–6. doi:10.1007/s11693-008-9018-z.
  • Senior, A. (2014). Relics of Bioart: Ethics and Messianic Aesthetics in Performance Documentation. Theatre Journal, 66 (2), 183-205.
  • Smithson, R. (1969). Asphalt Rundown. [Arazi Heykeli Performansı]. Cava dei Selce, Rome, Italy https://holtsmithsonfoundation.org/asphalt-rundon
  • Steichen, E. (1936). Delphiniums [Biyosanat]. MoMA, New York.
  • McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. Signet Books. ISBN 81-14-67535-7.
  • Menezes, M. D. (2000). Nature? [Biyosanat]. Ars Electronica, Linz.
  • Mitchell, R. E. (2015). Bioart and the Vitality of Media. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295998770. Thacker, E., Jeremijenko, N., Bunting, H. & Jones, D. (2004). Newcastle Upon Tyne [Biyosanat]. Locus+, UK. Http://Www.Locusplus.Org.Uk/Biotech_Hobbyist.Html.
  • Tolstoy, L.N. (1995). What is Art? London: Penguin Books.
  • Vaage, N. (2016). What Ethics for Bioart? Nanoethics. 10 (1) 87–104.
  • Wilde, O. (2011). The Picture of Dorian Gray. (An Annotated, Uncensored Edition). (N. Frankel Ed.). Balknap Press of Harward University Press.
  • Wunderlich, A. & Davis, J. (2001). Living Paintings [Biyosanat]. Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Yetisen, A. K., Davis, j. Coskun, A. F., Church, G. M., Hyun Yun, S. (2015). Bioart, Trends in Biotechnology, 33 (12) 724-734, ISSN 0167-7799, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.09.011.
  • Zylinska, J. (2009). Green Bunnies and Speaking Ears: The Ethics of Bioart. J. Zylinska (Ed.) içinde, Bioethics in the Age of New Media (s. 149-¬174). The MIT Press.

THE PROBLEM OF MORAL AGENCY IN BIOART

Year 2024, , 191 - 218, 26.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.14514/beykozad.1367427

Abstract

The meaning of creating aesthetic value has been defined as an activity as an end in itself in the sense of not serving any other interest or human need. In this respect, art seems free of social value judgements and practical concerns. In parallel, an artist’s conflict with social values is accepted as normal in the name of the freedom of artistic expression. The risk of moralism causes a separation between ethics and aesthetic values. The discussion surrounding "moralism" and "artistic autonomy" revolves around the argument for a clear separation between art and ethics, or their integration with one another. Whereas moralism reduces aesthetic value to ethical value, autonomism claims autonomy of aesthetic and ethical values because of the legacy of ethical criticisms. In this respect, this article dwells on the limits of art’s moral agency by placing it outside the extreme divide between moralism and autonomism. For this aim, the claim that every artwork cannot necessarily be subjected to ethical judgement or agency, because not all artworks consist of propositional knowledge, will be eliminated. Second, considering the fact that nonpropositional artwork is immanent to the social networks that they emerge from and their mutual effects on these networks, it will be asserted that artwork as a fabrication of reality can be seen as responsible for its actions. The relationship between art and ethics when the subject matter is "living beings" will be assessed through a bioethical lens by analyzing notable examples of bioart. Does art have a responsibility to treat living beings? The use of biotechnology by artistic aims and the forms of how bioengineered life becomes an artistic medium can be seen as either a break from traditional art and an artistic revolution or an intervention to “natural” processes and destroy the perception of the nature-human relationship. To emphasize the moral responsibility of new media art involving biotechnologies, it is recommended to concentrate on their connection to the broader social-material field and their impact, in addition to the physical characteristics of these artworks or the medium through which they are presented. By examining the impact of these artwork on biotechnological networks and societal relationships, it is possible to trace their ethical and political effects and differentiate the boundaries of their moral agency within the realm of bioart.

References

  • Adorno, T. W. (2004). Aesthetic Theory. (G. Adorno and R. Tiedemann, Ed.), (Çev. R. Hullot-Kentor). Continuum.
  • Adorno, T. W. ve Horkheimar, M. (2002). Dialectic of Enlightenment. Stanford University Press.
  • Bell, C. (1924). Art. Chatto and Windus.
  • Bennett, G. Gilman, N. Stavrianakis, A. ve Rabinow, P. (2009). From synthetic biology to biohacking: are we prepared? Nature Biotechnology, 27 (12), 1109 1111. https://doi:10.1038/nbt1209-1109.
  • Bostrom, N., Roache, R. (2008). Ethical Issues in Human Enhancement. Ryberg, J., Petersen, T., Wolf, C. (Ed.) içinde, New Waves in Applied Ethics (s. 120–52). Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke.
  • Capucci, P. L. (2007). The Double Division of the Living, Diagram of Bio Art. I. Mulatero, (Ed.) içinde, From Land Art to Bio Art (s. 138-147). Turin: Hopefulmonster.
  • Carroll, N. (1996). Moderate Moralism. British Journal of Aesthetics, 36 (3), 223-238.
  • Catts, O. ve Zurr, I. (2003). The Art of the Semi-Living and Partial Life: Extra Ear—Vt Scale [Biyosanat]. The Kapelica Gallery, Ljubljana, Slovenia. https://tcaproject.net/portfolio/extra-ear/
  • Catts, O. ve Zurr, I. (2004). Victimless Leather, The Tissue Culture & Art Project [Biyosanat]. the Museum of Modern Art, New York. https://tcaproject.net/portfolio/victimless-leather/
  • Catts, O. ve Zurr, I. (2013). Disembodied livestock: The promise of a semi-living utopia. Parallax, 19(1), 101-113. DOI: 10.1080/13534645.2013.752062
  • Critical Art Ensemble (Sanat Kolektifi). (2008). Bioparanoia and the Culture of Control. Da Costa, B. ve Philips, K. (Ed) içinde, Tactical Biopolitics: Art, Activism and Technoscience (s. 413-428). The MIT Press.
  • Da Costa, B. (2006). Pigeonblog [Biyosanat]. Beap.https://radicaldata.org/projects/pigeonblog/
  • Davis, J. (1986). Microvenus [Biyosanat]. Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1996.10791743
  • Duff, T. (2008). Living Viral Tattoos [Canlı performans]. The International Symposium of Electronic Art (ISEA), Belfast, Ireland. http://totalartjournal.com/archives/857/living-viral-tattoos-crisis-alert/
  • Duff, T. (2011). Living Viral Tattoos? Crisis ALert! Total Art Journal, 1 (1), 1-8.
  • Duff, T. Muhling, J. Godingho, M. G., Hodgetts, S. (2011). How to Make Living Viral Tattoos. Leonardo, 44 (2), 164-165. Elkins, J. (1991). On the impossibility of stories: the anti-narrative and non-narrative impulse in modern painting. Word & Image, 7 (4), 348-364, DOI: 10.1080/02666286.1991.10435883
  • Gessert, G. (2002). Breeding For Wilderness. Catts, O. (Ed.)içinde, The Aesthetics Of Care? (s. 29-33). Symbiotica.
  • Ginsberg, A. D., Calvert, J. Schyfter, P. Elfick, A. ve Endy, D. (2017). Synthetic Aesthetics Investigating Synthetic Biology's Designs on Nature. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
  • Goodman, N. (1976). Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols. (2. Basım). Hackett Publishing Company.
  • Grushkin, D., Kuiken, T., & Millet, P. (2013). Seven Myths and Realities about Do-It- Yourself Biology. Woodrow Wilson International Center For Scholars.
  • Habermas, J. (2003). The Future of Human Nature. (Çev. Rehg, W., Pensky, M., Beister, B., Polity). Cambridge University Press.
  • Heizer, M. (1969). Double Negative [Arazi Sanatı]. Moapa Valley on Mormon Mesa near Overton, Nevada. https://www.moca.org/visit/double-negative
  • Humphrey, P. (1985). The ethics of earthworks. Environmental Ethics 7(1), 5–22.
  • Kac, E. (2017). What Bio Art is: A Manifesto. https://www.ekac.org/manifesto_whatbioartis.html
  • Kac, E. (Ed.). (2006). Signs of Life: Bio Art and Beyond. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
  • Kac, E. (2000). Alba, GFP Bunny [Biyosanat]. Avignon, France. https://www.ekac.org/transgenicindex.html
  • Kac, E. (2003). Edunia. Natural History of Enigma [Biyosanat]. Weisman Art Museum, Minneapolis, Minnesota, https://www.ekac.org/transgenicindex.html
  • Kac, E. (2001). The Eighth Day [Biyosanat]. Arizona State University, Tempe. https://www.ekac.org/transgenicindex.html
  • Kac, E. (2006). Featherless. Bios 4, Centro Andaluz De Arte Contemporáneo, Seville, Spain. https://www.ekac.org/transgenicindex.html
  • Kac, E. (1999). Genesis. Ars Electronica Festival, Linz, Austria. https://www.ekac.org/transgenicindex.html
  • Kant, I. (2000). Critique of the Power of Judgment (Paul Guyer. Ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Kremers, D. (1996). The Delbruck Paradox 2.0. Art Journal, 55 (1), 39. Lintott, S. (2007). Ethically Evaluating Land Art: Is It Worth It? Ethics Place and Environment. 10(3), 263-277, DOI: 10.1080/13668790701567002
  • Quinn, M. (2001). Cloned D.N.A. [Biyosanat]. The National Portrait Gallery, London. http://marcquinn.com/artworks/dna
  • Popper, F. (2024, 18 Ocak). Biological Art: The Transgenetic Art of Aduardo Kac. https://www.artpress.com/2002/02/01/art-biologique-lart-transgenique-deduardo-kac/
  • Posner, R. (1997). Against Ethical Criticism. Philosophy and Literature. 21(1), 1-27.
  • Radomcka, M. (2016). Uncontainable Life: A Biophilosophy of Bioart. Linköping University Press.
  • Schmidt, M. (2008). Diffusion of synthetic biology: a challenge to biosafety. Systems and Synthetic Biology, 2 (1–2), 1–6. doi:10.1007/s11693-008-9018-z.
  • Senior, A. (2014). Relics of Bioart: Ethics and Messianic Aesthetics in Performance Documentation. Theatre Journal, 66 (2), 183-205.
  • Smithson, R. (1969). Asphalt Rundown. [Arazi Heykeli Performansı]. Cava dei Selce, Rome, Italy https://holtsmithsonfoundation.org/asphalt-rundon
  • Steichen, E. (1936). Delphiniums [Biyosanat]. MoMA, New York.
  • McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. Signet Books. ISBN 81-14-67535-7.
  • Menezes, M. D. (2000). Nature? [Biyosanat]. Ars Electronica, Linz.
  • Mitchell, R. E. (2015). Bioart and the Vitality of Media. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295998770. Thacker, E., Jeremijenko, N., Bunting, H. & Jones, D. (2004). Newcastle Upon Tyne [Biyosanat]. Locus+, UK. Http://Www.Locusplus.Org.Uk/Biotech_Hobbyist.Html.
  • Tolstoy, L.N. (1995). What is Art? London: Penguin Books.
  • Vaage, N. (2016). What Ethics for Bioart? Nanoethics. 10 (1) 87–104.
  • Wilde, O. (2011). The Picture of Dorian Gray. (An Annotated, Uncensored Edition). (N. Frankel Ed.). Balknap Press of Harward University Press.
  • Wunderlich, A. & Davis, J. (2001). Living Paintings [Biyosanat]. Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Yetisen, A. K., Davis, j. Coskun, A. F., Church, G. M., Hyun Yun, S. (2015). Bioart, Trends in Biotechnology, 33 (12) 724-734, ISSN 0167-7799, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.09.011.
  • Zylinska, J. (2009). Green Bunnies and Speaking Ears: The Ethics of Bioart. J. Zylinska (Ed.) içinde, Bioethics in the Age of New Media (s. 149-¬174). The MIT Press.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Philosophy of Art
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ayşe Uslu 0000-0002-3144-4195

Publication Date March 26, 2024
Submission Date September 27, 2023
Acceptance Date January 23, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Uslu, A. (2024). BİYOSANATIN AHLAKİ FAİLLİK SORUNU. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi(“SINIRSIZ: DÜNYA YAPMAK & ÖTESİ”), 191-218. https://doi.org/10.14514/beykozad.1367427
AMA Uslu A. BİYOSANATIN AHLAKİ FAİLLİK SORUNU. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi. March 2024;(“SINIRSIZ: DÜNYA YAPMAK & ÖTESİ”):191-218. doi:10.14514/beykozad.1367427
Chicago Uslu, Ayşe. “BİYOSANATIN AHLAKİ FAİLLİK SORUNU”. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi, no. “SINIRSIZ: DÜNYA YAPMAK & ÖTESİ” (March 2024): 191-218. https://doi.org/10.14514/beykozad.1367427.
EndNote Uslu A (March 1, 2024) BİYOSANATIN AHLAKİ FAİLLİK SORUNU. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi “SINIRSIZ: DÜNYA YAPMAK & ÖTESİ” 191–218.
IEEE A. Uslu, “BİYOSANATIN AHLAKİ FAİLLİK SORUNU”, Beykoz Akademi Dergisi, no. “SINIRSIZ: DÜNYA YAPMAK & ÖTESİ”, pp. 191–218, March 2024, doi: 10.14514/beykozad.1367427.
ISNAD Uslu, Ayşe. “BİYOSANATIN AHLAKİ FAİLLİK SORUNU”. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi “SINIRSIZ: DÜNYA YAPMAK & ÖTESİ” (March 2024), 191-218. https://doi.org/10.14514/beykozad.1367427.
JAMA Uslu A. BİYOSANATIN AHLAKİ FAİLLİK SORUNU. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi. 2024;:191–218.
MLA Uslu, Ayşe. “BİYOSANATIN AHLAKİ FAİLLİK SORUNU”. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi, no. “SINIRSIZ: DÜNYA YAPMAK & ÖTESİ”, 2024, pp. 191-18, doi:10.14514/beykozad.1367427.
Vancouver Uslu A. BİYOSANATIN AHLAKİ FAİLLİK SORUNU. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi. 2024(“SINIRSIZ: DÜNYA YAPMAK & ÖTESİ”):191-218.