The Opinions of Public R & D Employees on Causes of Conflict and Functional Conflict Management Skills
Year 2020,
Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 7 - 27, 30.04.2020
Hasan Karabakkal
,
Alev Torun
Abstract
This research is an explorative study that aims to contribute to the understanding of the causes of conflicts and the functional conflict management skills in public research and development centers. At the beginning of the study, interviews were conducted with 14 employees, 4 project executives, 3 professional trainers, and 2 academicians from the research population through semi-structured interview forms. The qualitative data were analyzed with MAXQDA 2018. 02 program and a quantitative data collection tool was developed in light of the qualitative analysis findings. Then, by using a convenient sampling method, quantitative data were collected from 133 R & D employees (46 females and 87 males) regarding their perceptions of the factors that cause conflicts in organizations and their perceived effective conflict management skills. The quantitative data were analyzed with SPSS 22 program by using the descriptive analysis method and the findings were discussed in terms of the learning and development needs of employees.
References
- Amit, A., & Sagiv, L. (2013). The role of epistemic motivation in individuals’ response to decision complexity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 121(1), 104-117.
- Aswathappa, K., & Reddy, G. (2009). Organisational behavior (1st ed.). Mumbai (India): Himalaya Pub. House.
- Aydın, B. (2015). Opinions of teachers and managers employed in schools regarding the causes and resolution of conflicts experienced in schools (The case of Karşiyaka) (Unpublished master thesis). Okan University, İstanbul, Turkey.
- Ayoko, O. B., Härtel, C. E. J., & Callan, V. J. (2002). Resolving the puzzle of productive and destructive conflict in culturally heterogeneous workgroups: A communication accommodation theory approach. International Journal of Conflict Management, 13(2), 165-195.
- Baillien, E., Neyens, I., De Witte, H., & De Cuyper, N. (2009). A qualitative study on the development of workplace bullying: Towards a three-way model. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 19, 1–16.
- Baron, R. A. (1984). Reducing organizational conflict: An incompatible response approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 272–279.
- Bodenhausen, G. V. (1988). Stereotypic biases in social decision making and memory: Testing process models of stereotype use. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(5), 726-737.
- Bruk-Lee, V., & Spector, P. E. (2012). Interpersonal conflict and stress at work. In A. Rossi, P. Perrewe, & J. Meurs (Eds.), Coping and prevention (pp. 3–22). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
- Campbell, W. K., & Sedikides, C. (1999). Self-threat magnifies the self-serving bias: A meta-analytic integration. Review of General Psychology, 3(1), 23-43.
- Carnevale, P. J., & Probst, T. M. (1998). Social values and social conflict in creative problem solving and categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1300–1309.
- Coleman, P. T., & Deutsch, M. (2000). Some guidelines for developing a creative approach to conflict. In M. Deutsch, & P. T. Coleman (Eds.), The handbook of conflict resolution: Theory and practice (pp. 355– 365). San Francisco, CA7 Jossey-Bass.
- De Clercq, D., & Belausteguigoitia, I. (2017). Overcoming the dark side of task conflict: Buffering roles of transformational leadership, tenacity, and passion for work. European Management Journal, 35(1), 78-90.
- De Dreu, C. K. W., & Gelfand, M. J. (Eds.). (2008). The psychology of conflict and conflict management in organizations. New York, NY: Erlbaum.
- De Wit, F. R. C., Jehn, K. A., & Scheepers, D. (2013). Task conflict, information processing, and decision-making: The damaging effect of relationship conflict. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 122(2), 177-189.
- Demir, S. B., & Bütüner, K. (2014). Sosyal bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının alan sınavına yönelik görüşlerinin incelenmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 113-128.
- Deutsch, M. (1969). Conflicts: Productive and destructive. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 7–41.
- Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.
- Hempel, P.S., Zhang, Z.-X. & Tjosvold, D. (2009), “Conflict management between and within teams for trusting relationships and performance in China”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 30 (1), 41-65.
- Hocker, J. L., & Wilmot, W. W. (1998). Interpersonal conflict (5th ed.). Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark.
- Isen, A. M., Labroo, A. A., & Durlach, P. (2004). An influence of product and brand name on positive affect: Implicit and explicit measures. Motivation and Emotion, 28(1), 43-63.
- Jehn, K. A. (1995). A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(2), 256-282.
- Jehn, K. A. (1997). A qualitative analysis of conflict types and dimensions in organizational groups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(3), 530-557.
- Jehn, K. A., & Mannix, E. A. (2001). The dynamic nature of conflict: A longitudinal study of intragroup conflict and group performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44(2), 238–251.
- Jehn, K. A., Greer, L., Levine, S., & Szulanski, G. (2008). The effects of conflict types, dimensions, and emergent states on group outcomes. Group Decision and Negotiation, 17(6), 465-495.
- Kaushal, R., & Kwantes, C. T. (2006). The role of culture and personality in choice of conflict management strategy. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(5), 579-603.
- Lazarus, R. S., & Lazarus, B. N. (1994). Passions and reason: Making sense of our emotions. New York, NY: Oxford.
- Marquis, B.L. & Huston, J.C., 2000. Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing. Lippincott Williams.
- Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2011). Designing qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Meyer, S. (2004). Organizational response to conflict: Future conflict and work outcomes. Social Work Research, 3, 183–190.
- Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Oore, D. G., Leiter, M. P., & LeBlanc, D. E. (2015). Individual and organizational factors promoting successful responses to workplace conflict. Canadian Psychology,56(3), 301.
- Özkalp, E., Sungur, Z., & Özdemir, A.A. (2009). Conflict management styles of Turkish managers. Journal of European Industrial Training, 33(5), 419-438.
- Patton, Q. M. (2014). Nitel araştırma ve değerlendirme yöntemleri. (M. Bütün ve S. B. Demir, Çev. Edt.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Polat, M. (2009). Conflict Management and Effective Communication: Types of Conflict Confronted and the Skills, Needs, and Attitudes of Students in Handling Conflicts. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
- Pruitt, D. G., Parker, J. C., & Mikolic, J. M. (1997). Escalation as a reaction to persistent annoyance. International Journal of Conflict Management, 8(3), 252.
- Rahim, A. M. (2001). Managing conflict in organizations (3rd ed.). United States: Quorum Books, US.
- Schermerhorn, J. R., Hunt, J. G., & Osborn, R. N. (2000). Organizational behavior (7th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
- Sucuoğlu, E. 2015). Evaluation of the Conflict Causes and Conflict Management Approaches of the State Lycee Teachers. H. U. Journal of Education 30(4), 16-28.
- Tekleab, A. G., Quigley, N. R., & Tesluk, P. E. (2009). A longitudinal study of team conflict, conflict management, cohesion, and team effectiveness. Group & Organization Management, 34(2), 170-205.
- Thomas, K. W. & Kilmann, R. H. (1974). Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument. Mountain View, CA: CPP, Inc
- Trudel, J., & Reio, T. G. (2011). Managing workplace incivility: The role of conflict management styles—antecedent or antidote? Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(4), 395-423.
- Van Hiel, A., & Mervielde, I. (2002). Effects of ambiguity and need for closure on the acquisition of information. Social Cognition, 20(5), 380-408.
- Van Lissa, C. J., Hawk, S. T., Branje, S., Koot, H. M., & Meeus, W. H. J. (2016). Common and unique associations of adolescents' affective and cognitive empathy development with conflict behavior towards parents. Journal of Adolescence, 47, 60-70.
- VERBI Software. (2018). MAXQDA 2018.02 Analytics Pro (Bilgisayar Programı). Berlin, Almanya: VERBI Yazılım. https://www.maxqda.com
- Amason, A. (1996). Distinguishing effects of functional and dysfunctional conflict on strategic decision making: Resolving a paradox for top management teams. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 123–148
- Balkundi, P., & Harrison, D. A. (2006). Ties, leaders, and time in teams: Strong inference about network structure’s effects on team viability and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 49 – 68.
- Cheong, J., & Kim, C. (2017). Determinants of performance in government: Focusing on the effect of organizational politics and conflicts in organizations. International Journal of Public Administration, 1-13.
- Curseu, P. L. (2006). Emergent states in virtual teams: A complex adaptive systems perspective. Journal of Information Technology, 21(4), 249–261.
- De Dreu, C. K. W., & Weingart, L. R. (2003). Task versus relationship conflict, team performance, and team member satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 741-749.
- Dijkstra, M. T. M., De Dreu, C. K. W., Evers, A. & Van Dierendonck, D. (2009). Passive responses to interpersonal conflict at work amplify employee strain. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 18(4), 405-423.
- Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. (1991). Social cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Gayle, B. M., & Preiss, R. W. (1998). Assessing emotionality in organizational conflicts. Management Communication Quarterly, 12(2), 280-302.
- Gladstein, D. L. (1984). Groups in context: A model of task group effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(4), 449.
- Guerra, J. M., Martínez, I., Munduate, L., & Medina, F. J. (2005). A contingency perspective on the study of the consequences of conflict types: The role of organizational culture. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14(2), 157-176.
- Jehn, K. A., & Bendersky, C. (2003). Intragroup conflict in organizations: A contingency perspective on the conflict-outcome relationship. Research in Organizational Behavior, 25, 187-242.
- Nair, N. (2008). Towards understanding the role of emotions in conflict: A review and future directions. International Journal of Conflict Management, 19(4), 359-381.
- Opatha, H. H. D. N. P. (2015). Organizational behavior. Colombo: Author Publication.
- Pelled, L. H. (1996). Demographic diversity, conflict, and work group outcomes: An intervening process theory. Organization Science, 7(6), 615-631.
- Schaeffner, M., Huettermann, H., Gebert, D., Boerner, S., Kearney, E., & Song, L. J. (2015). Swim or sink together: The potential of collective team identification and team member alignment for separating task and relationship conflicts. Group & Organization Management, 40(4), 467-499.
- Simons, T. L., & Peterson, R. A. S. (2000). Task conflict and relationship conflict in top management teams: The pivotal role of intragroup trust. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 102-111.
- Bodtker, A. M., & Katz Jameson, J. (2001). Emotion in conflict formation and its transformation: Application to organizational conflict management. International Journal of Conflict Management, 12(3), 259-275.
Kamu Ar-Ge Merkezi Çalışanlarının Çatışma Nedenleri ve İşlevsel Çatışma Yönetimi Becerileriyle İlgili Görüşleri
Year 2020,
Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 7 - 27, 30.04.2020
Hasan Karabakkal
,
Alev Torun
Abstract
Bu araştırma, kamuya bağlı araştırma ve geliştirme merkezlerinde çatışmanın nedenleri ile işlevsel çatışma yönetimi becerilerinin anlaşılmasına katkı sunmayı hedefleyen keşifsel bir çalışmadır. Çalışmanın başında yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat formlarıyla araştırma evrenine mensup 14 çalışan, 4 proje yürütücüsü, 3 profesyonel eğitici ve 2 akademisyen ile görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Elde edilen nitel veriler MAXQDA 2018. 02 programı ile analiz edilmiş, bulgular ışığında nicel veri toplama aracı geliştirilmiş ve kolaylıkla erişilebilen örnekleme yöntemi ile 133 kişilik örneklemden (46 kadın, 87 erkek Ar-Ge personeli) çatışmaya yol açan etkenler ve başarılı çatışma yönetimi becerileri hakkında nicel veri toplanmıştır. Veriler, SSPS 22 programı yardımı ile tanımlayıcı analiz yöntemi kullanılarak analiz edilmiş ve bulgular çalışanların öğrenme ve gelişim ihtiyaçları çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır.
References
- Amit, A., & Sagiv, L. (2013). The role of epistemic motivation in individuals’ response to decision complexity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 121(1), 104-117.
- Aswathappa, K., & Reddy, G. (2009). Organisational behavior (1st ed.). Mumbai (India): Himalaya Pub. House.
- Aydın, B. (2015). Opinions of teachers and managers employed in schools regarding the causes and resolution of conflicts experienced in schools (The case of Karşiyaka) (Unpublished master thesis). Okan University, İstanbul, Turkey.
- Ayoko, O. B., Härtel, C. E. J., & Callan, V. J. (2002). Resolving the puzzle of productive and destructive conflict in culturally heterogeneous workgroups: A communication accommodation theory approach. International Journal of Conflict Management, 13(2), 165-195.
- Baillien, E., Neyens, I., De Witte, H., & De Cuyper, N. (2009). A qualitative study on the development of workplace bullying: Towards a three-way model. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 19, 1–16.
- Baron, R. A. (1984). Reducing organizational conflict: An incompatible response approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 272–279.
- Bodenhausen, G. V. (1988). Stereotypic biases in social decision making and memory: Testing process models of stereotype use. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(5), 726-737.
- Bruk-Lee, V., & Spector, P. E. (2012). Interpersonal conflict and stress at work. In A. Rossi, P. Perrewe, & J. Meurs (Eds.), Coping and prevention (pp. 3–22). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
- Campbell, W. K., & Sedikides, C. (1999). Self-threat magnifies the self-serving bias: A meta-analytic integration. Review of General Psychology, 3(1), 23-43.
- Carnevale, P. J., & Probst, T. M. (1998). Social values and social conflict in creative problem solving and categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1300–1309.
- Coleman, P. T., & Deutsch, M. (2000). Some guidelines for developing a creative approach to conflict. In M. Deutsch, & P. T. Coleman (Eds.), The handbook of conflict resolution: Theory and practice (pp. 355– 365). San Francisco, CA7 Jossey-Bass.
- De Clercq, D., & Belausteguigoitia, I. (2017). Overcoming the dark side of task conflict: Buffering roles of transformational leadership, tenacity, and passion for work. European Management Journal, 35(1), 78-90.
- De Dreu, C. K. W., & Gelfand, M. J. (Eds.). (2008). The psychology of conflict and conflict management in organizations. New York, NY: Erlbaum.
- De Wit, F. R. C., Jehn, K. A., & Scheepers, D. (2013). Task conflict, information processing, and decision-making: The damaging effect of relationship conflict. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 122(2), 177-189.
- Demir, S. B., & Bütüner, K. (2014). Sosyal bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının alan sınavına yönelik görüşlerinin incelenmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 113-128.
- Deutsch, M. (1969). Conflicts: Productive and destructive. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 7–41.
- Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.
- Hempel, P.S., Zhang, Z.-X. & Tjosvold, D. (2009), “Conflict management between and within teams for trusting relationships and performance in China”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 30 (1), 41-65.
- Hocker, J. L., & Wilmot, W. W. (1998). Interpersonal conflict (5th ed.). Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark.
- Isen, A. M., Labroo, A. A., & Durlach, P. (2004). An influence of product and brand name on positive affect: Implicit and explicit measures. Motivation and Emotion, 28(1), 43-63.
- Jehn, K. A. (1995). A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(2), 256-282.
- Jehn, K. A. (1997). A qualitative analysis of conflict types and dimensions in organizational groups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(3), 530-557.
- Jehn, K. A., & Mannix, E. A. (2001). The dynamic nature of conflict: A longitudinal study of intragroup conflict and group performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44(2), 238–251.
- Jehn, K. A., Greer, L., Levine, S., & Szulanski, G. (2008). The effects of conflict types, dimensions, and emergent states on group outcomes. Group Decision and Negotiation, 17(6), 465-495.
- Kaushal, R., & Kwantes, C. T. (2006). The role of culture and personality in choice of conflict management strategy. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(5), 579-603.
- Lazarus, R. S., & Lazarus, B. N. (1994). Passions and reason: Making sense of our emotions. New York, NY: Oxford.
- Marquis, B.L. & Huston, J.C., 2000. Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing. Lippincott Williams.
- Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2011). Designing qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Meyer, S. (2004). Organizational response to conflict: Future conflict and work outcomes. Social Work Research, 3, 183–190.
- Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Oore, D. G., Leiter, M. P., & LeBlanc, D. E. (2015). Individual and organizational factors promoting successful responses to workplace conflict. Canadian Psychology,56(3), 301.
- Özkalp, E., Sungur, Z., & Özdemir, A.A. (2009). Conflict management styles of Turkish managers. Journal of European Industrial Training, 33(5), 419-438.
- Patton, Q. M. (2014). Nitel araştırma ve değerlendirme yöntemleri. (M. Bütün ve S. B. Demir, Çev. Edt.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Polat, M. (2009). Conflict Management and Effective Communication: Types of Conflict Confronted and the Skills, Needs, and Attitudes of Students in Handling Conflicts. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
- Pruitt, D. G., Parker, J. C., & Mikolic, J. M. (1997). Escalation as a reaction to persistent annoyance. International Journal of Conflict Management, 8(3), 252.
- Rahim, A. M. (2001). Managing conflict in organizations (3rd ed.). United States: Quorum Books, US.
- Schermerhorn, J. R., Hunt, J. G., & Osborn, R. N. (2000). Organizational behavior (7th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
- Sucuoğlu, E. 2015). Evaluation of the Conflict Causes and Conflict Management Approaches of the State Lycee Teachers. H. U. Journal of Education 30(4), 16-28.
- Tekleab, A. G., Quigley, N. R., & Tesluk, P. E. (2009). A longitudinal study of team conflict, conflict management, cohesion, and team effectiveness. Group & Organization Management, 34(2), 170-205.
- Thomas, K. W. & Kilmann, R. H. (1974). Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument. Mountain View, CA: CPP, Inc
- Trudel, J., & Reio, T. G. (2011). Managing workplace incivility: The role of conflict management styles—antecedent or antidote? Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(4), 395-423.
- Van Hiel, A., & Mervielde, I. (2002). Effects of ambiguity and need for closure on the acquisition of information. Social Cognition, 20(5), 380-408.
- Van Lissa, C. J., Hawk, S. T., Branje, S., Koot, H. M., & Meeus, W. H. J. (2016). Common and unique associations of adolescents' affective and cognitive empathy development with conflict behavior towards parents. Journal of Adolescence, 47, 60-70.
- VERBI Software. (2018). MAXQDA 2018.02 Analytics Pro (Bilgisayar Programı). Berlin, Almanya: VERBI Yazılım. https://www.maxqda.com
- Amason, A. (1996). Distinguishing effects of functional and dysfunctional conflict on strategic decision making: Resolving a paradox for top management teams. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 123–148
- Balkundi, P., & Harrison, D. A. (2006). Ties, leaders, and time in teams: Strong inference about network structure’s effects on team viability and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 49 – 68.
- Cheong, J., & Kim, C. (2017). Determinants of performance in government: Focusing on the effect of organizational politics and conflicts in organizations. International Journal of Public Administration, 1-13.
- Curseu, P. L. (2006). Emergent states in virtual teams: A complex adaptive systems perspective. Journal of Information Technology, 21(4), 249–261.
- De Dreu, C. K. W., & Weingart, L. R. (2003). Task versus relationship conflict, team performance, and team member satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 741-749.
- Dijkstra, M. T. M., De Dreu, C. K. W., Evers, A. & Van Dierendonck, D. (2009). Passive responses to interpersonal conflict at work amplify employee strain. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 18(4), 405-423.
- Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. (1991). Social cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Gayle, B. M., & Preiss, R. W. (1998). Assessing emotionality in organizational conflicts. Management Communication Quarterly, 12(2), 280-302.
- Gladstein, D. L. (1984). Groups in context: A model of task group effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(4), 449.
- Guerra, J. M., Martínez, I., Munduate, L., & Medina, F. J. (2005). A contingency perspective on the study of the consequences of conflict types: The role of organizational culture. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14(2), 157-176.
- Jehn, K. A., & Bendersky, C. (2003). Intragroup conflict in organizations: A contingency perspective on the conflict-outcome relationship. Research in Organizational Behavior, 25, 187-242.
- Nair, N. (2008). Towards understanding the role of emotions in conflict: A review and future directions. International Journal of Conflict Management, 19(4), 359-381.
- Opatha, H. H. D. N. P. (2015). Organizational behavior. Colombo: Author Publication.
- Pelled, L. H. (1996). Demographic diversity, conflict, and work group outcomes: An intervening process theory. Organization Science, 7(6), 615-631.
- Schaeffner, M., Huettermann, H., Gebert, D., Boerner, S., Kearney, E., & Song, L. J. (2015). Swim or sink together: The potential of collective team identification and team member alignment for separating task and relationship conflicts. Group & Organization Management, 40(4), 467-499.
- Simons, T. L., & Peterson, R. A. S. (2000). Task conflict and relationship conflict in top management teams: The pivotal role of intragroup trust. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 102-111.
- Bodtker, A. M., & Katz Jameson, J. (2001). Emotion in conflict formation and its transformation: Application to organizational conflict management. International Journal of Conflict Management, 12(3), 259-275.