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Investigation of Determinants of Household Health Expenditures in Turkey Using Simultaneous Quantile Regression Method

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 141 - 172, 23.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.835976

Abstract

The aim of the study is to investigate determinants of Turkey household health expenditures and identifying differences between quantiles using simultaneous quantile regression method. The data used in this study belong to the Turkish Statistical Institute’s Household Budget Survey of 2012. A Simultaneous Quantile Regression model was established to determine the determinants of health expenditures in Q25th, Q50th, and Q75th quantiles. According to the results of the established model, the variables affecting the total health expenditures differ between quantiles. In the Q25th quantile, while income, household head's education level (university and higher), household size, presence of individuals between the ages of 0 and 5, presence of individuals over 65 years, and the presence of sick/disabled individuals in the household were positively related to total health expenditure, household head's age and total health expenditure were negatively related. In the Q50th quantile, income, household head's education level (high school, university and higher), household size, presence of individuals between the ages of 0 and 5, presence of sick/disabled individuals were positively related to total health expenditure. In the Q75th quantile, income, household head's education level (high school, university and higher), presence of individuals between the ages of 0 and 5, presence of sick/disabled individuals were positively related to total health expenditure. It was observed that the households living in the urban areas and the households with where household heads were married made more total health expenditures in all quantiles. In the Q75th quantile, it has been observed that the household head’s being male reduces the total health expenditures. The details and findings in the quantiles are explained comprehensively in conclusion section.

References

  • Aheto, J.M.K. (2020). Simultaneous quantile regression and determinants of under-five severe chronic malnutrition in Ghana. BMC Public Health, 20:644, 1-12.
  • Akar, S. (2014). Türkiye’de sağlık harcamaları, sağlık harcamalarının nisbi fiyatı ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 21(1), 311-322.
  • Altın Yavuz, A., & Gündoğan Aşık, E. (2017). Kantil regresyon. Uluslararası Mühendislik Araştırma ve Geliştirme Dergisi, 9(2), 137-146.
  • Angko, W. (2013). The determinants of healthcare expenditure in Ghana. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4(15), 102–125.
  • Aregbeshola, B.S., & Khan, S.M. (2021). Out-of-pocket health-care spending and its determinants among households in Nigeria : a national study. Journal of Public Health: From Theory to Practice, 29:931–942
  • Attia-Konan, A.R., Oga, A.S.S., Touré, A., & Kouadio, K. L. (2019). Distribution of out of pocket health expenditures in a sub-Saharan Africa country: evidence from the national survey of household standard of living, Côte d’Ivoire. BMC Research Notes, 12:25, 1–8.
  • Barros, A.J.D., Bastos, J.L., & Dâmaso, A.H. (2011). Catastrophic spending on health care in Brazil: private health insurance does not seem to be the solution. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 27(Sup 2), 254–262.
  • Brinda, E.M., Kowal, P., Attermann, J., & Enemark, U. (2015). Health service use, out-of-pocket payments and catastrophic health expenditure among older people in India: the WHO study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE). J Epidemiol Community Health, 69, 489–494.
  • Cameron A.C., & Trivedi P.K. (2005). Microeconometrics: Methods and Applications, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chen, J., Vargas-Bustamante, A., Mortensen, K., & Thomas, S. B. (2014). Using quantile regression to examine health care expenditures during the great recession. Health Services Research, 49(2), 705–730.
  • Correa-Burrows, P. (2012). Out-of-pocket health care spending by the chronically ill in Chile. Procedia Economics and Finance, 1, 88–97.
  • Davino, C., Furno, M., & Vistocco, D. (2014). Quantile Regression: Theory and Applications. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Furno, M., & Vistocco, D. (2018). Quantile Regression: Estimation and Simulation (Volume 2). 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Güven, D. (2016). 2001-2016 yılları arasında OECD ve Türkiye’de sağlık harcamalarının gelişimi. Journal of International Management, Educational and Economics Perspectives, 4(2), 1–16.
  • Huang, Q., Zhang, H., Chen, J., & He, M. (2017). Quantile regression models and their applications: a review. Journal of Biometrics & Biostatistics, 8(3), 1-6.
  • Hao, L., & Naiman, D.Q. (2007). Quantile Regression, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • İpek, E. (2019). Türkiye’de cepten yapılan sağlık harcamalarının belirleyicileri: koşulsuz kantil regresyon. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 14(2), 409–420.
  • Judge, G.G., Griffiths, W.E., Hill, R.C., Lütkepohl, H., & Lee, T.C. (1985). The Theory and Practice of Econometrics, 2nd Edition. United States of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Kiren Gürler, Ö., Üçdoğruk Birecikli, Ş., & Kökcen Eryavuz, A. (2018). Türkiye’de hanehalkı tüketim ve gıda harcamalarının kantil regresyon yöntemiyle araştırılması, Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 18. EYİ Özel Sayısı, 219-238.
  • Koenker, R. (2005). Quantile Regression (Econometric Society Monographs). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Koenker, R., & Bassett, G. (1978). Regression Quantiles. Econometrica, 46(1), 33-50.
  • Krutilová, V., & Yaya, S. (2012). Unexpected impact of changes in out-of-pocket payments for health care on Czech household budgets. Health Policy, 107(2–3), 276–288.
  • Mert, M. (2016). SPSS, STATA Yatay Kesit Veri Analizi Bilgisayar Uygulamaları, Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Mollahaliloğlu S., Özbay, H., Özgen, H., Öncül, H.G., Erişti, H.E., Gökçimen, M., Yalçın, P., Arı, H.O., & Karaman, Ö. (2006). Türkiye ulusal sağlık hesapları hane halkı sağlık harcamaları 2002-2003. TC Sağlık Bakanlığı Refik Saydam Hıfzıssıhha Merkezi Başkanlığı Hıfzıssıhha Mektebi Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Murphy, N., Broadhurst, D. I., Khashan, A. S., Gilligan, O., Kenny, L. C., & O'Donoghue, K. (2015). Gestation‐specific D‐dimer reference ranges: a cross‐sectional study. BJOG, 122(3), 395-400.
  • Murthy, V. N. R., & Okunade, A. A. (2016). Determinants of U.S. health expenditure: evidence from autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration. Economic Modelling, 59, 67–73.
  • Narter, M. (2004). Sağlık ve hastalığın sosyal temsilleri. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 24, 57-74.
  • Olasehinde, N., & Olaniyan, O. (2017). Determinants of household health expenditure in Nigeria. International Journal of Social Economics, 44(12), 1694–1709.
  • Parker, S.W., & Wong, R. (1997). Household income and health care expenditures in Mexico. Health Policy, 40, 237–255.
  • Payandeh, A., Mehrabi, Y., Zayeri, F., & Rezaei Ghahroodi, Z. (2017). Health expenditure modelling in southeast of Iran: A population-based setting using quantile regression perspective. Health Scope, 6(4), 1-6.
  • Rashad, A.S., & Sharaf, M.F. (2015). Catastrophic and impoverishing effects of out-of-pocket health expenditure: new evidence from Egypt. American Journal of Economics, 5(5), 526–533.
  • Stata, (2021). Quantile Regression https://www.stata.com/manuals14/rqreg.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 05 Şubat 2021]
  • Su, T.T., Pokhrel, S., Gbangou, A., & Flessa, S. (2006). Determinants of household health expenditure on western institutional health care. Eur J Heath Econom, 7, 199–207.
  • Tokatlıoğlu, Y., & Tokatlıoğlu, İ. (2018). Türkiye’de katastrofik sağlık harcamaları ve bu harcamaları belirleyen faktörler: 2002-2014 dönemi. Sosyoekonomi, 26(35), 59–78.
  • TÜİK, (2012). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 2012 Yılı Hanehalkı Bütçe Anketi Verileri CD
  • Yang, T., Chu, J., Zhou, C., Medina, A., Li, C., Jiang, S., Zheng, W., Sun, L. & Liu, J. (2016). Catastrophic health expenditure: a comparative analysis of empty-nest and non-empty-nest households with seniors in Shandong, China. BMJ Open, 6: e010992, 1-8.
  • Yereli, A. B., Köktaş, A. M., & Selçuk, I. Ş. (2014). Türkiye’de katastrofik sağlık harcamalarını etkileyen faktörler. Sosyoekonomi, 2, 273-296.
  • Yildirim, J., Yilmaz, E., & Korucu, N. (2011). The determinants of out-of-pocket payments: evidence from selected hospitals in Ankara, Turkey. Applied Economics Letters, 18(12), 1159–1162.
  • You, X., & Kobayashi, Y. (2011). Determinants of out-of-pocket health expenditure in China. Appl Health Econ Health Policy, 9, 39–49.
  • Wenz, S.E. (2019). What quantile regression does and doesn't do: a commentary on Petscher and Logan (2014). Child Development, 90(4), 1442-1452.
  • WHO, (2019). Global spending on health: a world in transition, Geneva: World Health Organization, (WHO/HIS/HGF/HFWorkingPaper/19.4). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  • WHO, World Health Organization (2020). Current health expenditure (CHE) per capita in US$ https://www.who.int/data [Erişim Tarihi: 19 Ağustos 2020]
  • World Bank, (2020a). Current health expenditure per capita (current US$). https://data.worldbank.org [Erişim tarihi: 18 Ağustos 2020]
  • World Bank, (2020b). Out-of-pocket (health) expenditure per capita (current US$). https://data.worldbank.org [Erişim tarihi: 18 Ağustos 2020]
  • Zhao, J., & Zhong, H. (2015). Medical expenditure in urban China: a quantile regression analysis. Int J Health Econ Manag., 15, 387–406.

Türkiye Hanehalkı Sağlık Harcamaları Belirleyicilerinin Kantil Regresyon Yöntemiyle İncelenmesi

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 141 - 172, 23.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.835976

Abstract

Gerçekleştirilen çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye hanehalkı sağlık harcamaları belirleyicilerini eşanlı kantil regresyon yöntemiyle incelemek ve kantiller arası farklılıkları belirtmektir. Çalışmada kullanılan veriler Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu tarafından derlenen 2012 yılı Hanehalkı Bütçe Anketi çalışmasına aittir. Q25, Q50 ve Q75. kantillerde sağlık harcamalarına etki eden değişkenleri belirlemek amacıyla Eşanlı Kantil Regresyon modeli kurulmuştur. Kurulan modelin sonuçlarına göre toplam sağlık harcamalarını etkileyen değişkenler kantiller arası farklılık göstermektedir. Q25. kantilde gelir, hanehalkı reisinin eğitim düzeyi (üniversite ve üzeri), hanehalkı büyüklüğü, hanede 0-5 yaş, 65+ yaş ve engelli birey varlığı ile toplam sağlık harcaması arasında pozitif ilişki olduğu görülürken, hanehalkı reisinin yaşı ile toplam sağlık harcaması arasında negatif bir ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. Q50. kantilde gelir, hanehalkı reisinin eğitim düzeyi (lise ile üniversite ve üzeri), hanehalkı büyüklüğü, hanede 0-5 yaş ve engelli birey varlığı ile toplam sağlık harcaması arasında pozitif bir ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. Q75. kantilde ise gelir, hanehalkı reisinin eğitim düzeyi (lise, üniversite ve üzeri), hanede 0-5 yaş ve engelli birey varlığı ile toplam sağlık harcaması arasında pozitif ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. Bütün kantillerde kentte yaşayan haneler ve evli hanehalkı reislerinin bulunduğu hanelerin daha fazla toplam sağlık harcaması yaptığı görülmüştür. Q75. kantilde hanehalkı reisinin erkek olmasının toplam sağlık harcamalarını azalttığı görülmüştür. Kantillerdeki detaylar ve bulgular sonuç kısmında kapsamlı bir şekilde açıklanmıştır.

References

  • Aheto, J.M.K. (2020). Simultaneous quantile regression and determinants of under-five severe chronic malnutrition in Ghana. BMC Public Health, 20:644, 1-12.
  • Akar, S. (2014). Türkiye’de sağlık harcamaları, sağlık harcamalarının nisbi fiyatı ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 21(1), 311-322.
  • Altın Yavuz, A., & Gündoğan Aşık, E. (2017). Kantil regresyon. Uluslararası Mühendislik Araştırma ve Geliştirme Dergisi, 9(2), 137-146.
  • Angko, W. (2013). The determinants of healthcare expenditure in Ghana. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4(15), 102–125.
  • Aregbeshola, B.S., & Khan, S.M. (2021). Out-of-pocket health-care spending and its determinants among households in Nigeria : a national study. Journal of Public Health: From Theory to Practice, 29:931–942
  • Attia-Konan, A.R., Oga, A.S.S., Touré, A., & Kouadio, K. L. (2019). Distribution of out of pocket health expenditures in a sub-Saharan Africa country: evidence from the national survey of household standard of living, Côte d’Ivoire. BMC Research Notes, 12:25, 1–8.
  • Barros, A.J.D., Bastos, J.L., & Dâmaso, A.H. (2011). Catastrophic spending on health care in Brazil: private health insurance does not seem to be the solution. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 27(Sup 2), 254–262.
  • Brinda, E.M., Kowal, P., Attermann, J., & Enemark, U. (2015). Health service use, out-of-pocket payments and catastrophic health expenditure among older people in India: the WHO study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE). J Epidemiol Community Health, 69, 489–494.
  • Cameron A.C., & Trivedi P.K. (2005). Microeconometrics: Methods and Applications, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chen, J., Vargas-Bustamante, A., Mortensen, K., & Thomas, S. B. (2014). Using quantile regression to examine health care expenditures during the great recession. Health Services Research, 49(2), 705–730.
  • Correa-Burrows, P. (2012). Out-of-pocket health care spending by the chronically ill in Chile. Procedia Economics and Finance, 1, 88–97.
  • Davino, C., Furno, M., & Vistocco, D. (2014). Quantile Regression: Theory and Applications. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Furno, M., & Vistocco, D. (2018). Quantile Regression: Estimation and Simulation (Volume 2). 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Güven, D. (2016). 2001-2016 yılları arasında OECD ve Türkiye’de sağlık harcamalarının gelişimi. Journal of International Management, Educational and Economics Perspectives, 4(2), 1–16.
  • Huang, Q., Zhang, H., Chen, J., & He, M. (2017). Quantile regression models and their applications: a review. Journal of Biometrics & Biostatistics, 8(3), 1-6.
  • Hao, L., & Naiman, D.Q. (2007). Quantile Regression, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • İpek, E. (2019). Türkiye’de cepten yapılan sağlık harcamalarının belirleyicileri: koşulsuz kantil regresyon. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 14(2), 409–420.
  • Judge, G.G., Griffiths, W.E., Hill, R.C., Lütkepohl, H., & Lee, T.C. (1985). The Theory and Practice of Econometrics, 2nd Edition. United States of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Kiren Gürler, Ö., Üçdoğruk Birecikli, Ş., & Kökcen Eryavuz, A. (2018). Türkiye’de hanehalkı tüketim ve gıda harcamalarının kantil regresyon yöntemiyle araştırılması, Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 18. EYİ Özel Sayısı, 219-238.
  • Koenker, R. (2005). Quantile Regression (Econometric Society Monographs). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Koenker, R., & Bassett, G. (1978). Regression Quantiles. Econometrica, 46(1), 33-50.
  • Krutilová, V., & Yaya, S. (2012). Unexpected impact of changes in out-of-pocket payments for health care on Czech household budgets. Health Policy, 107(2–3), 276–288.
  • Mert, M. (2016). SPSS, STATA Yatay Kesit Veri Analizi Bilgisayar Uygulamaları, Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Mollahaliloğlu S., Özbay, H., Özgen, H., Öncül, H.G., Erişti, H.E., Gökçimen, M., Yalçın, P., Arı, H.O., & Karaman, Ö. (2006). Türkiye ulusal sağlık hesapları hane halkı sağlık harcamaları 2002-2003. TC Sağlık Bakanlığı Refik Saydam Hıfzıssıhha Merkezi Başkanlığı Hıfzıssıhha Mektebi Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Murphy, N., Broadhurst, D. I., Khashan, A. S., Gilligan, O., Kenny, L. C., & O'Donoghue, K. (2015). Gestation‐specific D‐dimer reference ranges: a cross‐sectional study. BJOG, 122(3), 395-400.
  • Murthy, V. N. R., & Okunade, A. A. (2016). Determinants of U.S. health expenditure: evidence from autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration. Economic Modelling, 59, 67–73.
  • Narter, M. (2004). Sağlık ve hastalığın sosyal temsilleri. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 24, 57-74.
  • Olasehinde, N., & Olaniyan, O. (2017). Determinants of household health expenditure in Nigeria. International Journal of Social Economics, 44(12), 1694–1709.
  • Parker, S.W., & Wong, R. (1997). Household income and health care expenditures in Mexico. Health Policy, 40, 237–255.
  • Payandeh, A., Mehrabi, Y., Zayeri, F., & Rezaei Ghahroodi, Z. (2017). Health expenditure modelling in southeast of Iran: A population-based setting using quantile regression perspective. Health Scope, 6(4), 1-6.
  • Rashad, A.S., & Sharaf, M.F. (2015). Catastrophic and impoverishing effects of out-of-pocket health expenditure: new evidence from Egypt. American Journal of Economics, 5(5), 526–533.
  • Stata, (2021). Quantile Regression https://www.stata.com/manuals14/rqreg.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 05 Şubat 2021]
  • Su, T.T., Pokhrel, S., Gbangou, A., & Flessa, S. (2006). Determinants of household health expenditure on western institutional health care. Eur J Heath Econom, 7, 199–207.
  • Tokatlıoğlu, Y., & Tokatlıoğlu, İ. (2018). Türkiye’de katastrofik sağlık harcamaları ve bu harcamaları belirleyen faktörler: 2002-2014 dönemi. Sosyoekonomi, 26(35), 59–78.
  • TÜİK, (2012). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 2012 Yılı Hanehalkı Bütçe Anketi Verileri CD
  • Yang, T., Chu, J., Zhou, C., Medina, A., Li, C., Jiang, S., Zheng, W., Sun, L. & Liu, J. (2016). Catastrophic health expenditure: a comparative analysis of empty-nest and non-empty-nest households with seniors in Shandong, China. BMJ Open, 6: e010992, 1-8.
  • Yereli, A. B., Köktaş, A. M., & Selçuk, I. Ş. (2014). Türkiye’de katastrofik sağlık harcamalarını etkileyen faktörler. Sosyoekonomi, 2, 273-296.
  • Yildirim, J., Yilmaz, E., & Korucu, N. (2011). The determinants of out-of-pocket payments: evidence from selected hospitals in Ankara, Turkey. Applied Economics Letters, 18(12), 1159–1162.
  • You, X., & Kobayashi, Y. (2011). Determinants of out-of-pocket health expenditure in China. Appl Health Econ Health Policy, 9, 39–49.
  • Wenz, S.E. (2019). What quantile regression does and doesn't do: a commentary on Petscher and Logan (2014). Child Development, 90(4), 1442-1452.
  • WHO, (2019). Global spending on health: a world in transition, Geneva: World Health Organization, (WHO/HIS/HGF/HFWorkingPaper/19.4). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  • WHO, World Health Organization (2020). Current health expenditure (CHE) per capita in US$ https://www.who.int/data [Erişim Tarihi: 19 Ağustos 2020]
  • World Bank, (2020a). Current health expenditure per capita (current US$). https://data.worldbank.org [Erişim tarihi: 18 Ağustos 2020]
  • World Bank, (2020b). Out-of-pocket (health) expenditure per capita (current US$). https://data.worldbank.org [Erişim tarihi: 18 Ağustos 2020]
  • Zhao, J., & Zhong, H. (2015). Medical expenditure in urban China: a quantile regression analysis. Int J Health Econ Manag., 15, 387–406.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Uğur Ercan 0000-0002-9977-2718

Publication Date August 23, 2021
Submission Date December 4, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ercan, U. (2021). Türkiye Hanehalkı Sağlık Harcamaları Belirleyicilerinin Kantil Regresyon Yöntemiyle İncelenmesi. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 141-172. https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.835976


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