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Importance of marginal populations for conservation of forest gene resources

Year 2017, Supplement 2, 55 - 62, 15.08.2017

Abstract

Evolutionary processes are affected by natural selection, gene flow, mutation, phenotypic plasticity and genetic drift. While mutation, genetic drift and natural selection increase differences among populations, phenotypic plasticity and genetic drift decrease it. On the other hand, genetic diversity increases within populations if gene flowsurpasses inbreeding and genetic drift. High genetic diversity within and among populations enables effective artificial selection so that tree breeding activities are efficiently conducted to provide forest products and environmental services. In this context, genetic diversity is a raw material for tree breeding. Habitat destruction, deforestation for settlement, conversion for agriculture, over grazing and over exploitationare the common threats for forest gene resources. Because of those threats, the net decrease in global forest area between 2000 and 2005 was estimated to be 7.3 million hectares. Conserving genetic diversity is an essential component of sustainable forest management. The ability of trees and other forest plants to evolve to resist pests and adapt to changing climates depends upon genetic diversity within species. A broad gene pool forest gene resources may ensure to get various altenatives for changing human needs. In terms of adaptation, populations are considered as central and marginal. It is supposed that genetic drift is more effective in smaller and isolated marginal populations, therefore, marginal populations have lower genetic diversity than central populations. At the same time, marginal populations are more differentiated compared to central ones. In the point of gene conservation, to conserve different populations is very important for breeding and future of species. For that reason, different populations are sampled for conservation of genetic resources. Researches have been shown that marginal populations are very important in terms of adaptation of species. Therefore, besides central populations, marginal populations must be taken into consideration to sustain adaptation and survival of species in evolutionary process. Size and distribution of marginal populations can be used to determine methods for conservation of genetic resources

References

  • Barton, N. H. 1984. Genetic revolutions, founder effects, and speciation. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15:133-64.
  • Bower, A. D., McLane, S. C., Eckert, A., Jorgensen, S., Schoettle, A., Aitken, S. 2011. Conservation genetics of high elevation five-needle white pines. In: Keane, Robert E.; Tomback, Diana F.; Murray, Michael P.; and Smith, Cyndi M., eds. The future of high-elevation, five-needle white pines in Western North America: Proceedings of the High Five Symposium. 28-30 June 2010; Missoula, MT. Proceedings RMRS-P-63. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 376 p. (Online at http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_p063.html):98-117.
  • Channell, R. 2004. The Conservation value of peripheral populations: the supporting science. T.D. Hooper, editor. Proceedings of the Species at Risk 2004 Pathways to Recovery Conference. 1 March 2–6, 2004, Victoria, B.C. Species at Risk 2004 Pathways to Recovery Conference Organizing Committee, Victoria, B.C.
  • Eriksson, G. 1996. Evolutionary genetics and conservation of forest tree genetic resources. Turok, J., G. Eriksson, J. Kleinschmit, S. Canger compilers, Noble Hardwoods Network, Report of first meeting 24-27 March 1996, Escherode, Gernmany. International Plant Gnertic Reseources Institute, Rome, Italy:159-167.
  • Eriksson, G. 1997. Sampling for genetic resources population in the absence of genetic knowledge. Turok, J., E. Collin, B. Demesure, G. Eriksson, J. Kleinschmit, M. Rusanen, R. Stephan compilers, Noble Hardwoods Network, Report of second meeting 22-25 March 1997, Lourizan, Spain. International Plant Gnertic Reseources Institute, Rome, Italy :61-75.
  • Eriksson, G., Ekberg, I., Clapham, D. 2013. Genetics applied to forestry an introduction. Elanders Sverige AB, Sweden.
  • EUFORGEN 2015. (http://www.euforgen.org/about-euforgen/scope/).FAO 2006. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005: Progresstowards sustainable management. FAO Forestry Paper 1147. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  • Frankel, O.H., Brown, A. H. D., Burdon, J. J. 1995. The conservation of plant biodiversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Gregorius, H. R. 1980. The probability of losing an allele when diploid genotypes are sampled. Biometrics 36: 643-652.
  • Jimenes, P., Agundez, D., Alia, R., Gil, L. 1999. Genetic variation in central and marginal populations of Quercus suber L. Silvae Genetica 48(6): 278-284.
  • Johnson, R., St. Clair, B., Lipow, S. 2001. Genetic conservation in applied tree breeding programs. In: Thielges, B., ed. Proceedings, international conference on ex situ and in situ conservation of commercial tropical trees. Yogykarta, Indonesia: Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada.
  • Kang, H. 1979. Designing a tree breeding system. In: Proceedings Seventeenth Meeting Canadian Tree Improvement Association. Gander, Newfoundland. August 27-30 1979. pp 51-66.
  • Kreyling, J., Buhk, C., Backhaus, S., Hallinger, M., Huber, G., Lukas, H., Jentsch, A., Konnert, M., Thiel, D., Wilmking, M., Beierkuhnlein, C. 2014. Local adaptations to frost in marginal and central populations of the dominant forest tree Fagus sylvatica L. as affected by temperature and extreme drought in common garden experiments. Ecology and Evolution 4 (5):594-605
  • Ledig, F. T. 1986. Conservation strategies for forest gene resources. Forest Ecology and Management 14:77-90.
  • Ledig, F. T. 2000. Founder effects and genetic structure in coulter pine. Journal of Heredity 91(4): 307-315.
  • Namkoong, G. 1988. Sampling for germplasm collections. HortScience 23: 79-81.
  • Pandey, M., Rajora, O.P. 2012. Higher fine-scale genetic structure in peripheral than in core populations of a long-lived and mixed-mating conifer - eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.), Pandey and Rajora BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012, 12:48 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/12/48.
  • Rose, L., Leuschner, C., Köckemann, B., Buschmann, H. 2009. Are marginal beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances a source for drought tolerant ecotypes? Eur J Forest Res, 128:335–343. DOI 10.1007/s10342-009-0268-4.
  • Sakıcı, O. E., Ayan, S. 2016. Türkiye, Azerbaycan ve Orta Asya Türk Devletlerinin orman varlıkları bakımından karşılaştırılması, Türk Dünyası'nda İlmi Araştırmalar Sempozyumu Bildirileri, 29-31 Mayıs, 2016, s.728-737, Celalabat, Kırgızistan.
  • St. Clair B. J., Howe, G. T. 2011. Strategies for conserving forest genetic resources in the face of climate change. Turkish Journal of Botany 35:403-409.
  • Teissier du Cros, E. 2004. Management and conservation of forest genetic resources: Roles of IUFRO and France on the international scene and need for long-term monitoring of genetic diversity in conservation networks. In: Beaulieu, J. (ed.). Silviculture and the Conservation of Genetic Resources for Sustainable Forest Management.
  • Proceedings of the Symposium of the North American Forest Commission, Forest Genetic Resources and Silviculture Working Groups and the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO), 21 September 2003, Quebec City, Canada, Information Report LAU-X-128, pp. 9–19
  • Vakkari, P., Rusanen, M. & Kärkkäinen, K. 2009. High genetic differentiation in marginal populations of European white elm (Ulmus laevis). Silva Fennica 43(2): 185–196.

Orman gen kaynaklarınınn korumasında marjinal populasyonların önemi

Year 2017, Supplement 2, 55 - 62, 15.08.2017

Abstract

Evrimsel süreci doğal seleksiyon, gen akışı, mutasyon, fenotipik esneklik ve genetik kayma etkilemektedir. Mutasyon, genetik kayma ve doğal seleksiyon populasyonlar arası farklılığın artmasına, fenotipik esneklik ve gen akışı ise populasyonlar arası farklılığın azalmasına neden olmaktadır. Diğer yandan populasyon içi genetik çeşitlilikteki artış, populasyonda gen akışının, akrabalı eşleşme ve genetik kaymaya karşı baskın olması sonucunda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Populasyonlarda genetik çeşitliliğin yüksek olması, yapay seleksiyonun etkinliğinin yüksek olmasını dolayısıyla orman ürünleri ile çevresel hizmetler için ıslahın etkin olarak yürütülmesini sağlamaktadır. Bu anlamda ıslahın hammaddesi genetik çeşitlilik olmaktadır. Habitat bozulmaları, yerleşimler sonucu ormansızlaşma, tarım için dönüştürme, aşırı otlatma ve aşırı üretim dünya orman gen kaynaklarının tamamı için yaygın tehditler olarak sayılabilir. Sayılan tehditlerin etkisiyle 2000-2005 yılları arasında küresel olarak orman alanlarında net azalma miktarı 7.3 milyon hektar olmuştur. Orman gen kaynaklarının sürdürülebilir olarak kullanılması, değişen çevre koşullarında türün uyumunu ve yaşamasını evrimsel olarak güvenceye almakla sağlanabilir. Bu kapsamda zamanla değişen insan ihtiyaçları için de gen havuzunun orman gen kaynakları geniş olması, seçeneklerin fazla olmasını sağlayabilmektedir. Populasyonlar uyum açısından, merkez ve kenar populasyonlar olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Daha küçük ve daha yalıtılmış kenar populasyonlarda, genetik kaymanın daha etkili olması beklendiği için kenar populasyonların, merkez populasyonlardan daha düşük genetik çeşitliliğe sahip olduğu, merkez populasyonlardan genetik olarak da farklılaştığı düşünülmektedir. Gen koruma açısından farklı populasyonların koruması türün geleceği ve ıslah çalışmaları için önemlidir. O bakımdan gen kaynaklarının korunmasında farklı populasyonlar örneklenmeye çalışılmaktadır. Yapılan araştırmalar kenar populasyonların türün uyumunda oldukça önemli olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu bakımdan türün evrimsel süreç içinde uyum ve yaşamının sürdürülmesinde, merkez populasyonlarla birlikte kenar populasyonların da dikkate alınması gerekmektedir. Kenar populasyonların büyüklüğü ve dağılımı ise gen kaynaklarının korunmasında izlenecek yöntemleri belirleyebilmektedir

References

  • Barton, N. H. 1984. Genetic revolutions, founder effects, and speciation. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15:133-64.
  • Bower, A. D., McLane, S. C., Eckert, A., Jorgensen, S., Schoettle, A., Aitken, S. 2011. Conservation genetics of high elevation five-needle white pines. In: Keane, Robert E.; Tomback, Diana F.; Murray, Michael P.; and Smith, Cyndi M., eds. The future of high-elevation, five-needle white pines in Western North America: Proceedings of the High Five Symposium. 28-30 June 2010; Missoula, MT. Proceedings RMRS-P-63. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 376 p. (Online at http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_p063.html):98-117.
  • Channell, R. 2004. The Conservation value of peripheral populations: the supporting science. T.D. Hooper, editor. Proceedings of the Species at Risk 2004 Pathways to Recovery Conference. 1 March 2–6, 2004, Victoria, B.C. Species at Risk 2004 Pathways to Recovery Conference Organizing Committee, Victoria, B.C.
  • Eriksson, G. 1996. Evolutionary genetics and conservation of forest tree genetic resources. Turok, J., G. Eriksson, J. Kleinschmit, S. Canger compilers, Noble Hardwoods Network, Report of first meeting 24-27 March 1996, Escherode, Gernmany. International Plant Gnertic Reseources Institute, Rome, Italy:159-167.
  • Eriksson, G. 1997. Sampling for genetic resources population in the absence of genetic knowledge. Turok, J., E. Collin, B. Demesure, G. Eriksson, J. Kleinschmit, M. Rusanen, R. Stephan compilers, Noble Hardwoods Network, Report of second meeting 22-25 March 1997, Lourizan, Spain. International Plant Gnertic Reseources Institute, Rome, Italy :61-75.
  • Eriksson, G., Ekberg, I., Clapham, D. 2013. Genetics applied to forestry an introduction. Elanders Sverige AB, Sweden.
  • EUFORGEN 2015. (http://www.euforgen.org/about-euforgen/scope/).FAO 2006. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005: Progresstowards sustainable management. FAO Forestry Paper 1147. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  • Frankel, O.H., Brown, A. H. D., Burdon, J. J. 1995. The conservation of plant biodiversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Gregorius, H. R. 1980. The probability of losing an allele when diploid genotypes are sampled. Biometrics 36: 643-652.
  • Jimenes, P., Agundez, D., Alia, R., Gil, L. 1999. Genetic variation in central and marginal populations of Quercus suber L. Silvae Genetica 48(6): 278-284.
  • Johnson, R., St. Clair, B., Lipow, S. 2001. Genetic conservation in applied tree breeding programs. In: Thielges, B., ed. Proceedings, international conference on ex situ and in situ conservation of commercial tropical trees. Yogykarta, Indonesia: Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada.
  • Kang, H. 1979. Designing a tree breeding system. In: Proceedings Seventeenth Meeting Canadian Tree Improvement Association. Gander, Newfoundland. August 27-30 1979. pp 51-66.
  • Kreyling, J., Buhk, C., Backhaus, S., Hallinger, M., Huber, G., Lukas, H., Jentsch, A., Konnert, M., Thiel, D., Wilmking, M., Beierkuhnlein, C. 2014. Local adaptations to frost in marginal and central populations of the dominant forest tree Fagus sylvatica L. as affected by temperature and extreme drought in common garden experiments. Ecology and Evolution 4 (5):594-605
  • Ledig, F. T. 1986. Conservation strategies for forest gene resources. Forest Ecology and Management 14:77-90.
  • Ledig, F. T. 2000. Founder effects and genetic structure in coulter pine. Journal of Heredity 91(4): 307-315.
  • Namkoong, G. 1988. Sampling for germplasm collections. HortScience 23: 79-81.
  • Pandey, M., Rajora, O.P. 2012. Higher fine-scale genetic structure in peripheral than in core populations of a long-lived and mixed-mating conifer - eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.), Pandey and Rajora BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012, 12:48 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/12/48.
  • Rose, L., Leuschner, C., Köckemann, B., Buschmann, H. 2009. Are marginal beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances a source for drought tolerant ecotypes? Eur J Forest Res, 128:335–343. DOI 10.1007/s10342-009-0268-4.
  • Sakıcı, O. E., Ayan, S. 2016. Türkiye, Azerbaycan ve Orta Asya Türk Devletlerinin orman varlıkları bakımından karşılaştırılması, Türk Dünyası'nda İlmi Araştırmalar Sempozyumu Bildirileri, 29-31 Mayıs, 2016, s.728-737, Celalabat, Kırgızistan.
  • St. Clair B. J., Howe, G. T. 2011. Strategies for conserving forest genetic resources in the face of climate change. Turkish Journal of Botany 35:403-409.
  • Teissier du Cros, E. 2004. Management and conservation of forest genetic resources: Roles of IUFRO and France on the international scene and need for long-term monitoring of genetic diversity in conservation networks. In: Beaulieu, J. (ed.). Silviculture and the Conservation of Genetic Resources for Sustainable Forest Management.
  • Proceedings of the Symposium of the North American Forest Commission, Forest Genetic Resources and Silviculture Working Groups and the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO), 21 September 2003, Quebec City, Canada, Information Report LAU-X-128, pp. 9–19
  • Vakkari, P., Rusanen, M. & Kärkkäinen, K. 2009. High genetic differentiation in marginal populations of European white elm (Ulmus laevis). Silva Fennica 43(2): 185–196.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Murat Alan

Publication Date August 15, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Supplement 2

Cite

APA Alan, M. (2017). Orman gen kaynaklarınınn korumasında marjinal populasyonların önemi. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 10(2), 55-62.

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