Yaşlılarda Sarkopenik Obezite ve Güncel Beslenme Önerileri

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 208 - 221, 23.12.2021

Büşra Çolak , Seda Çiftçi

https://doi.org/10.46413/boneyusbad.957116

Abstract

Yaşlılık dönemi, hastalık yükünün ve hastalıklara karşı direncin azaldığı, engellenemeyen biyolojik bir dönemdir. Yaşlanmayla birlikte sindirim sisteminde çiğneme, yutma, sindirme ve bağırsak hareketliliği gibi birçok fonksiyondaki değişiklikler besin alımını olumsuz etkilemektedir. Herhangi bir beslenme sorunu olmasa bile yaşla beraber iskelet kas kütlesi azalırken; malnütrisyon varlığında iskelet kası yıkımıyla sarkopeni görülmektedir. Bu döngünün kırılmadığı durumlarda daha farklı hastalıkların da eklenmesiyle bireyin sağlığı olumsuz etkilenmektedir. İskelet kas fonksiyonunun zayıflamasıyla birlikte yaşlı bireylerin fiziksel aktivitesi ve enerji harcaması azalmaktadır. Buna eşlik eden abdominal yağlanma ile sarkopeninin yanında obezite de oluşabilmektedir. Sarkopenik obezite olarak adlandırılan bu durumda obezite kaynaklı ortaya çıkan inflamasyon, iskelet kası yıkımını daha da artırmaktadır. Bu nedenle sarkopenik obezite, sarkopeninin tek başına varlığından daha tehlikelidir. Yaşlı bireylerde kas kütlesindeki azalmayla birlikte yağ kütlesindeki artış, gözle görülür değişiklik oluşmaması halinde sarkopenik obezite tanısının konmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. Yaşlıların ihtiyaç duyduğu besin ve besin ögelerinin, yaşlılığın getirdiği nedenlerle oluşan iştahsızlık ve yeme güçlüklerine göre modifiye edilerek, yeterli ve dengeli bir diyetle verilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu şekilde yaşlıları hem sarkopeniden hem de sarkopenik obeziteden koruyabilmek mümkündür. Bu makalede, sarkopenik obezite görülen yaşlı bireylerde beslenme müdahalelerinin sağlık üzerine etkileri ve güncel beslenme önerileri literatürdeki kanıta dayalı son yayınlar incelenerek derlenmiştir.

Keywords

Malnütrisyon, Obezite, Sarkopeni, Yaşlılık

Sarcopenic Obesity In The Elderly And Current Nutritional Recommendations

Abstract

The old age period is an inescapable biological era during which the burden of disease and disease resistance decreases as individuals gain more knowledge and experience. Many processes of the digestive system, such as chewing, swallowing, digestion, and intestinal motility, vary with age and have a negative impact on food intake. Skeletal muscle mass declines with age, even if there is no nutritional deficit, whereas sarcopenia is characterized by skeletal muscle degeneration in the presence of starvation. When this cycle is not disrupted, the individual's health suffers because of the accumulation of various diseases. Physical activity and energy expenditure in elderly people decline when skeletal muscle function deteriorates. Obesity may develop in conjunction with sarcopenia and abdominal adiposity. In this condition called sarcopenic obesity, obesity-induced inflammation further increases skeletal muscle destruction. As a result, sarcopenic obesity is more harmful than simply having sarcopenia. The fact that the net body weight does not change because of the loss of muscle mass and gain of fat mass in elderly people makes diagnosing sarcopenic obesity challenging. The nutrients and nutrients required by the elderly should be tailored to their loss of appetite and eating issues because of aging, and they should be supplemented with a nutritious and well-balanced diet. The elderly can be safeguarded from sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in this way. By reviewing the most recent evidence-based publications in the literature, the effects of dietary therapies on the health of elderly people with sarcopenic obesity and current nutritional recommendations are summarized in this article.

Keywords

Malnutrition, Obesity, Sarcopenia, Aging

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