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The Relationship Between Diabetes Knowledge Level, Physical Activity, and Quality of Life in Older Adults

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 162 - 170, 24.08.2023

Burçin Akçay , Tuğba Kuru Çolak , Sultan İğrek , Bahar Özgül , Adnan Aptı

https://doi.org/10.46413/boneyusbad.1320337

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to examine the relationship between knowledge about diabetes, physical activity, and quality of life in older adults with type 2 diabetes.
Materials and Method: A total of 188 geriatric individuals with a mean age of 75.2 years were included in this study. The level of knowledge about diabetes was assessed by the Diabetes Information Questionnaire-24, the Kasari index was used to assess the level of physical activity, and quality of life was assessed by the Diabetes-39 Quality of Life Questionnaire.
Results: The participants’ knowledge about diabetes, their physical activity levels according to the Kasari index, and Diabetes-39 quality of life scores were all low. It was determined that level of knowledge was significantly related to physical activity and the Diabetes-39 diabetes control subgroup score (p<0.005). There was a significant relationship between the Kasari index and Diabetes-39 quality of life total score (p<0.005).
Conclusion: Level of knowledge about diabetes is related to physical activity and quality of life in elderly adults. It is important to encourage participation in training programs and increase physical activity to improve the quality of life of these individuals, who must live with this chronic disease for many years while also accompanied by geriatric symptoms.

Keywords

Diabetes Mellitus Geriatrics Knowledge Physical activity Quality of life

Supporting Institution

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Project Number

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Thanks

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References

  • American Diabetes Association (2018). 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care, 41(Suppl 1), S13–S27. doi: 10.2337/dc18-S002
  • Anderson, E., Durstine, J. L. (2019). Physical activity, exercise, and chronic diseases: A brief review. Sports Medicine and Health Science, 1(1), 3–10. doi: 10.1016/j.smhs.2019.08.006
  • Awadalla, A. W., Ohaeri, J. U., Tawfiq, A. M., Al-Awadi, S. A. (2006). Subjective quality of life of outpatients with diabetes: comparison with family caregivers' impressions and control group. Journal of the National Medical Association, 98(5), 737–745.
  • Boyer, J. G., Earp, J. A. (1997). The development of an instrument for assessing the quality of life of people with diabetes. Diabetes-39. Medical Care, 35(5), 440–453. doi: 10.1097/00005650-199705000-00003
  • Bukhsh, A., Khan, T. M., Sarfraz Nawaz, M., Sajjad Ahmed, H., Chan, K. G., Goh, B. H. (2019). Association of diabetes knowledge with glycemic control and self-care practices among Pakistani people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets And Therapy, 12, 1409–1417. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S209711
  • Buran Çırak, Y., Yılmaz Yelvar, G. D., Parlak Demir, Y., Durukan, B. N., Elbaşı Dürüstkan, N., Seyis, A. S. (2022). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of diabetes-39 in Turkish patients with type 2 diabetes. Disability and rehabilitation, 1–7. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2022.2149864
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). National Diabetes Statistics Report. Accessed date: 10.09.2022, https://dev.diabetes.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/cdc-statistics-report-2017.pdf.
  • Chatterjee, S., Davies, M. J., Heller, S., Speight, J., Snoek, F. J., Khunti, K. (2018). Diabetes structured self-management education programmes: a narrative review and current innovations. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 6(2), 130–142. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30239-5
  • Chen, Y., Yang, J., Su, J., Qin, Y., Shen, C., Li, Y., … Wu, M. (2019). Physical activity, sedentary time and their associations with clustered metabolic risk among people with type 2 diabetes in Jiangsu province: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 9(8), e027906. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027906
  • Cho, N. H., Shaw, J. E., Karuranga, S., Huang, Y., da Rocha Fernandes, J. D., Ohlrogge, A. W., … Malanda, B. (2018). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 138, 271–281. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.023
  • Çolak, T. K., Acar, G., Dereli, E. E., Özgül, B., Demirbüken, İ., Alkaç, Ç., … Polat, M. G. (2016). Association between the physical activity level and the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(1), 142–147. doi: 10.1589/jpts.28.142
  • Cole, J. B., Florez, J. C. (2020). Genetics of diabetes mellitus and diabetes complications. Nature reviews. Nephrology, 16(7), 377–390. doi: 10.1038/s41581-020-0278-5
  • Gálvez Galán, I., Cáceres León, M. C., Guerrero-Martín, J., López Jurado, C. F., Durán-Gómez, N. (2021). Health-related quality of life in diabetes mellitus patients in primary health care. Enfermeria Clinica (English Edition), 31(5), 313–322. doi: 10.1016/j.enfcle.2021.03.003
  • Garcia, A. A., Villagomez, E. T., Brown, S. A., Kouzekanani, K., Hanis, C. L. (2001). The Starr County Diabetes Education Study: development of the Spanish-language diabetes knowledge questionnaire. Diabetes Care, 24(1), 16–21. doi: 10.2337/diacare.24.1.16
  • Gündoğdu, N. A., Tosun, A. S., Balci, Ş. (2022). Quality of life and factors affecting it in elderly individuals with type 2 diabetes. Türkiye Diyabet ve Obezite Dergisi, 6(2), 104-112.
  • Heise, M., Heidemann, C., Baumert, J., Du, Y., Frese, T., Avetisyan, M., … Weise, S. (2022). Structured diabetes self-management education and its association with perceived diabetes knowledge, information, and disease distress: Results of a nationwide population-based study. Primary Care Diabetes, 16(3), 387–394. doi: 10.1016/j.pcd.2022.03.016
  • Jing, X., Chen, J., Dong, Y., Han, D., Zhao, H., Wang, X., … Ma, J. (2018). Related factors of quality of life of type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 16(1), 189. doi: 10.1186/s12955-018-1021-9
  • Kanaley, J. A., Colberg, S. R., Corcoran, M. H., Malin, S. K., Rodriguez, N. R., Crespo, C. J., … Zierath, J. R. (2022). Exercise/physical activity in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a consensus statement from the American College of Sports Medicine. Medicine and Science in Sports And Exercise, 54(2), 353–368. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002800
  • Lemes Dos Santos, P. F., Dos Santos, P. R., Ferrari, G. S., Fonseca, G. A., Ferrari, C. K. (2014). Knowledge of diabetes mellitus: does gender make a difference?. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, 5(4), 199–203. doi: 10.1016/j.phrp.2014.06.004
  • Netuveli, G., Wiggins, R. D., Hildon, Z., Montgomery, S. M., Blane, D. (2006). Quality of life at older ages: evidence from the English longitudinal study of aging (wave 1). Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60(4), 357–363. doi: 10.1136/jech.2005.040071
  • Nguyen, A. T., Pham, H. Q., Nguyen, T. X., Nguyen, T. T. H., Nguyen, H. T. T., Nguyen, T. N., … Vu, H. T. T. (2020). Knowledge, attitude and practice of elderly outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in National Geriatric Hospital, Vietnam. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets And Therapy, 13, 3909–3917. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S267866
  • Nor Shazwani, M. N., Jr, Suzana, S., Hanis Mastura, Y., Lim, C. J., Teh, S. C., Mohd Fauzee, M. Z., … Norliza, M. (2010). Assessment of physical activity level among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Cheras Health Clinic, Kuala Lumpur. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 16(1), 101–112.
  • Padgett, D., Mumford, E., Hynes, M., Carter, R. (1988). Meta-analysis of the effects of educational and psychosocial interventions on management of diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 41(10), 1007–1030. doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(88)90040-6
  • Powers, M. A., Bardsley, J., Cypress, M., Duker, P., Funnell, M. M., Hess Fischl, A. … Vivian, E. (2015). Diabetes self-management education and support in type 2 diabetes: a joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Diabetes Care, 38(7), 1372–1382. doi: 10.2337/dc15-0730
  • Rubin, R. R., Peyrot, M. (1999). Quality of life and diabetes. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 15(3), 205–218. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1520-7560(199905/06)15:3<205::aid-dmrr29>3.0.co;2-o
  • Silva, D. A. S., Naghavi, M., Duncan, B. B., Schmidt, M. I., de Souza, M. F. M., Malta, D. C. (2019). Physical inactivity as risk factor for mortality by diabetes mellitus in Brazil in 1990, 2006, and 2016. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 11, 23. doi: 10.1186/s13098-019-0419-9
  • Wang, Q., Zhang, X., Fang, L., Guan, Q., Gao, L., Li, Q. (2018). Physical activity patterns and risk of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly Northern Chinese adults. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2018, 7198274. doi: 10.1155/2018/7198274
  • Yildiz, A., Tarakci, D., Mutluay Karantay, F. (2015). Genç erişkinlerde fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ile vücut kompozisyonu ilişkisi: Pilot çalışma. Sağlık Bilimleri ve Meslekleri Dergisi, 2(3), 297-305.
  • Yoo, H. J. (2017). Comprehensive approach for managing the older person with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal, 41(3), 155–159. doi: 10.4093/dmj.2017.41.3.155

Yaşlılarda Diyabet Bilgi Düzeyi, Fiziksel Aktivite ve Yaşam Kalitesi Arasındaki İlişki

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 162 - 170, 24.08.2023

Burçin Akçay , Tuğba Kuru Çolak , Sultan İğrek , Bahar Özgül , Adnan Aptı

https://doi.org/10.46413/boneyusbad.1320337

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada tip 2 diyabetli yaşlılarda diyabet bilgisi, fiziksel aktivite ve yaşam kalitesi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Bu çalışmaya yaş ortalaması 75.2 yıl olan toplam 188 geriatrik birey dahil edilmiştir. Diyabet hakkındaki bilgi düzeyi Diyabet Bilgi Anketi-24 ile, fiziksel aktivite düzeyini değerlendirmek için Kasari indeksi kullanıldı ve yaşam kalitesi Diyabet-39 Yaşam Kalitesi Anketi ile değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: Katılımcıların diyabet hakkındaki bilgi düzeyleri, Kasari indeksine göre fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri ve Diyabet-39 yaşam kalitesi skorlarının tümü düşüktü. Bilgi düzeyinin fiziksel aktivite ve Diabetes-39 diyabet kontrol alt grup skoru ile anlamlı düzeyde ilişkili bulunmuştur (p<0.005). Kasari indeksi ile Diabetes-39 yaşam kalitesi toplam puanı arasında anlamlı bir ilişki vardı (p<0.005).
Sonuç: Diyabet hakkındaki bilgi düzeyi yaşlı yetişkinlerde fiziksel aktivite ve yaşam kalitesi ile ilişkilidir. Geriatrik semptomların da eşlik ettiği bu kronik hastalıkla uzun yıllar yaşamak zorunda olan bu bireylerin yaşam kalitesini artırmak için eğitim programlarına katılımın teşvik edilmesi ve fiziksel aktivitenin artırılması önemlidir.

Keywords

Diabetes Mellitus Geriatri Bilgi Fiziksel aktivite Yaşam kalitesi

Project Number

-

References

  • American Diabetes Association (2018). 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care, 41(Suppl 1), S13–S27. doi: 10.2337/dc18-S002
  • Anderson, E., Durstine, J. L. (2019). Physical activity, exercise, and chronic diseases: A brief review. Sports Medicine and Health Science, 1(1), 3–10. doi: 10.1016/j.smhs.2019.08.006
  • Awadalla, A. W., Ohaeri, J. U., Tawfiq, A. M., Al-Awadi, S. A. (2006). Subjective quality of life of outpatients with diabetes: comparison with family caregivers' impressions and control group. Journal of the National Medical Association, 98(5), 737–745.
  • Boyer, J. G., Earp, J. A. (1997). The development of an instrument for assessing the quality of life of people with diabetes. Diabetes-39. Medical Care, 35(5), 440–453. doi: 10.1097/00005650-199705000-00003
  • Bukhsh, A., Khan, T. M., Sarfraz Nawaz, M., Sajjad Ahmed, H., Chan, K. G., Goh, B. H. (2019). Association of diabetes knowledge with glycemic control and self-care practices among Pakistani people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets And Therapy, 12, 1409–1417. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S209711
  • Buran Çırak, Y., Yılmaz Yelvar, G. D., Parlak Demir, Y., Durukan, B. N., Elbaşı Dürüstkan, N., Seyis, A. S. (2022). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of diabetes-39 in Turkish patients with type 2 diabetes. Disability and rehabilitation, 1–7. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2022.2149864
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). National Diabetes Statistics Report. Accessed date: 10.09.2022, https://dev.diabetes.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/cdc-statistics-report-2017.pdf.
  • Chatterjee, S., Davies, M. J., Heller, S., Speight, J., Snoek, F. J., Khunti, K. (2018). Diabetes structured self-management education programmes: a narrative review and current innovations. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 6(2), 130–142. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30239-5
  • Chen, Y., Yang, J., Su, J., Qin, Y., Shen, C., Li, Y., … Wu, M. (2019). Physical activity, sedentary time and their associations with clustered metabolic risk among people with type 2 diabetes in Jiangsu province: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 9(8), e027906. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027906
  • Cho, N. H., Shaw, J. E., Karuranga, S., Huang, Y., da Rocha Fernandes, J. D., Ohlrogge, A. W., … Malanda, B. (2018). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 138, 271–281. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.023
  • Çolak, T. K., Acar, G., Dereli, E. E., Özgül, B., Demirbüken, İ., Alkaç, Ç., … Polat, M. G. (2016). Association between the physical activity level and the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(1), 142–147. doi: 10.1589/jpts.28.142
  • Cole, J. B., Florez, J. C. (2020). Genetics of diabetes mellitus and diabetes complications. Nature reviews. Nephrology, 16(7), 377–390. doi: 10.1038/s41581-020-0278-5
  • Gálvez Galán, I., Cáceres León, M. C., Guerrero-Martín, J., López Jurado, C. F., Durán-Gómez, N. (2021). Health-related quality of life in diabetes mellitus patients in primary health care. Enfermeria Clinica (English Edition), 31(5), 313–322. doi: 10.1016/j.enfcle.2021.03.003
  • Garcia, A. A., Villagomez, E. T., Brown, S. A., Kouzekanani, K., Hanis, C. L. (2001). The Starr County Diabetes Education Study: development of the Spanish-language diabetes knowledge questionnaire. Diabetes Care, 24(1), 16–21. doi: 10.2337/diacare.24.1.16
  • Gündoğdu, N. A., Tosun, A. S., Balci, Ş. (2022). Quality of life and factors affecting it in elderly individuals with type 2 diabetes. Türkiye Diyabet ve Obezite Dergisi, 6(2), 104-112.
  • Heise, M., Heidemann, C., Baumert, J., Du, Y., Frese, T., Avetisyan, M., … Weise, S. (2022). Structured diabetes self-management education and its association with perceived diabetes knowledge, information, and disease distress: Results of a nationwide population-based study. Primary Care Diabetes, 16(3), 387–394. doi: 10.1016/j.pcd.2022.03.016
  • Jing, X., Chen, J., Dong, Y., Han, D., Zhao, H., Wang, X., … Ma, J. (2018). Related factors of quality of life of type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 16(1), 189. doi: 10.1186/s12955-018-1021-9
  • Kanaley, J. A., Colberg, S. R., Corcoran, M. H., Malin, S. K., Rodriguez, N. R., Crespo, C. J., … Zierath, J. R. (2022). Exercise/physical activity in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a consensus statement from the American College of Sports Medicine. Medicine and Science in Sports And Exercise, 54(2), 353–368. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002800
  • Lemes Dos Santos, P. F., Dos Santos, P. R., Ferrari, G. S., Fonseca, G. A., Ferrari, C. K. (2014). Knowledge of diabetes mellitus: does gender make a difference?. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, 5(4), 199–203. doi: 10.1016/j.phrp.2014.06.004
  • Netuveli, G., Wiggins, R. D., Hildon, Z., Montgomery, S. M., Blane, D. (2006). Quality of life at older ages: evidence from the English longitudinal study of aging (wave 1). Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60(4), 357–363. doi: 10.1136/jech.2005.040071
  • Nguyen, A. T., Pham, H. Q., Nguyen, T. X., Nguyen, T. T. H., Nguyen, H. T. T., Nguyen, T. N., … Vu, H. T. T. (2020). Knowledge, attitude and practice of elderly outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in National Geriatric Hospital, Vietnam. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets And Therapy, 13, 3909–3917. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S267866
  • Nor Shazwani, M. N., Jr, Suzana, S., Hanis Mastura, Y., Lim, C. J., Teh, S. C., Mohd Fauzee, M. Z., … Norliza, M. (2010). Assessment of physical activity level among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Cheras Health Clinic, Kuala Lumpur. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 16(1), 101–112.
  • Padgett, D., Mumford, E., Hynes, M., Carter, R. (1988). Meta-analysis of the effects of educational and psychosocial interventions on management of diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 41(10), 1007–1030. doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(88)90040-6
  • Powers, M. A., Bardsley, J., Cypress, M., Duker, P., Funnell, M. M., Hess Fischl, A. … Vivian, E. (2015). Diabetes self-management education and support in type 2 diabetes: a joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Diabetes Care, 38(7), 1372–1382. doi: 10.2337/dc15-0730
  • Rubin, R. R., Peyrot, M. (1999). Quality of life and diabetes. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 15(3), 205–218. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1520-7560(199905/06)15:3<205::aid-dmrr29>3.0.co;2-o
  • Silva, D. A. S., Naghavi, M., Duncan, B. B., Schmidt, M. I., de Souza, M. F. M., Malta, D. C. (2019). Physical inactivity as risk factor for mortality by diabetes mellitus in Brazil in 1990, 2006, and 2016. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 11, 23. doi: 10.1186/s13098-019-0419-9
  • Wang, Q., Zhang, X., Fang, L., Guan, Q., Gao, L., Li, Q. (2018). Physical activity patterns and risk of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly Northern Chinese adults. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2018, 7198274. doi: 10.1155/2018/7198274
  • Yildiz, A., Tarakci, D., Mutluay Karantay, F. (2015). Genç erişkinlerde fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ile vücut kompozisyonu ilişkisi: Pilot çalışma. Sağlık Bilimleri ve Meslekleri Dergisi, 2(3), 297-305.
  • Yoo, H. J. (2017). Comprehensive approach for managing the older person with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal, 41(3), 155–159. doi: 10.4093/dmj.2017.41.3.155
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Physiotherapy
Journal Section RESEARCH ARTICLES
Authors

Burçin Akçay 0000-0002-0883-0311

Tuğba Kuru Çolak 0000-0002-3263-2278

Sultan İğrek 0000-0002-8773-7552

Bahar Özgül 0000-0001-5821-2725

Adnan Aptı 0000-0002-6072-2916

Project Number -
Early Pub Date August 24, 2023
Publication Date August 24, 2023
Submission Date June 26, 2023
Acceptance Date August 18, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akçay, B., Kuru Çolak, T., İğrek, S., Özgül, B., et al. (2023). The Relationship Between Diabetes Knowledge Level, Physical Activity, and Quality of Life in Older Adults. Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 162-170. https://doi.org/10.46413/boneyusbad.1320337
AMA Akçay B, Kuru Çolak T, İğrek S, Özgül B, Aptı A. The Relationship Between Diabetes Knowledge Level, Physical Activity, and Quality of Life in Older Adults. Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi. August 2023;5(2):162-170. doi:10.46413/boneyusbad.1320337
Chicago Akçay, Burçin, Tuğba Kuru Çolak, Sultan İğrek, Bahar Özgül, and Adnan Aptı. “The Relationship Between Diabetes Knowledge Level, Physical Activity, and Quality of Life in Older Adults”. Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Ve Araştırmaları Dergisi 5, no. 2 (August 2023): 162-70. https://doi.org/10.46413/boneyusbad.1320337.
EndNote Akçay B, Kuru Çolak T, İğrek S, Özgül B, Aptı A (August 1, 2023) The Relationship Between Diabetes Knowledge Level, Physical Activity, and Quality of Life in Older Adults. Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi 5 2 162–170.
IEEE B. Akçay, T. Kuru Çolak, S. İğrek, B. Özgül, and A. Aptı, “The Relationship Between Diabetes Knowledge Level, Physical Activity, and Quality of Life in Older Adults”, Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 162–170, 2023, doi: 10.46413/boneyusbad.1320337.
ISNAD Akçay, Burçin et al. “The Relationship Between Diabetes Knowledge Level, Physical Activity, and Quality of Life in Older Adults”. Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi 5/2 (August 2023), 162-170. https://doi.org/10.46413/boneyusbad.1320337.
JAMA Akçay B, Kuru Çolak T, İğrek S, Özgül B, Aptı A. The Relationship Between Diabetes Knowledge Level, Physical Activity, and Quality of Life in Older Adults. Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2023;5:162–170.
MLA Akçay, Burçin et al. “The Relationship Between Diabetes Knowledge Level, Physical Activity, and Quality of Life in Older Adults”. Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 5, no. 2, 2023, pp. 162-70, doi:10.46413/boneyusbad.1320337.
Vancouver Akçay B, Kuru Çolak T, İğrek S, Özgül B, Aptı A. The Relationship Between Diabetes Knowledge Level, Physical Activity, and Quality of Life in Older Adults. Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2023;5(2):162-70.
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