Research Article
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Lantan hekzaborür kaplanan W/Mo/Ta tellerin termiyonik emisyon davranışları

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 114 - 121, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.30728/boron.1272582
An Erratum to this article was published on December 29, 2023. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/boron/issue/80518/1371867

Abstract

Hekzaborürler arasında lantan hekzaborür (LaB6) 2.4 eV ile 2.9eV arasındaki düşük çalşma fonksiyonu, yüksek erime sıcaklığı, yüksek kimyasal stabilitesi ve düşük buharlaşma sıcaklığı gibi eşsiz özellikleri sayesinde öne çıkmaktadır. Elektron mikroskoplarında elektron kaynağı olarak kullanılan LaB6 katotların magnetron sıçratma (MS) sistemi kullanılarak ince film filament olarak üretilmesi hedeflenmektedir. Alttaş olarak kullanılan tungsten (W), molibden (Mo), tantal (Ta) tellerin üzerine magnetron sıçratma sistemi kullanılarak La-hekzabörür film kaplanılmıştır ve fiziksel, kimyasal ve mikroyapı özelliklerinin analizleri yapılarak incelenmiştir. Lantan hekzaborür kaplanmadan önce difüzyon bariyeri olarak grafit formunda karbon kaplaması yapılarak alttaş ile hedef malzeme arasında difüzyon bariyer oluşturulmuştur. Kaplanan filmlerin termiyonik emisyon davranışlarının analizi yapılmıştır.

Supporting Institution

Tenmak - BOREN

Project Number

2020-31-07-15-001

Thanks

TENMAK – BOREN kurumlarına 2020-31-07-15-001 numaralı "borlu filament üretimi" başlıklı proje için verdikleri destekten ötürü teşekkürlerimizi sunarız

References

  • Tian, Y., Guo, Z., Zhang, T., Lin, H., Li, Z., Chen, J., … & Liu, F. (2019). Inorganic boron-based nanostructures: Synthesis, optoelectronic properties, and prospective applications. Nanomaterials, 9(4) 538. https://doi. org/10.3390/nano9040538.
  • Ji, X. H., Zhang, Q. Y., Xu, J. Q., & Zhao, Y. M. (2011). Rareearth hexaborides nanostructures: Recent advances in materials, characterization, and investigations of physical properties. Progress in Solid State Chemistry, 39, 51-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2011.04.001.
  • Buckingham, J. D. (1995). Thermionic emission properties of a lanthanum hexaboride/rhenium cathode. British Journal of Applied Physics, 16, 1821-1832. https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/16/12/306.
  • Waldhauser, W., Mitterer, C., Laimer, J., & Störi, H. (1995). Structure and electron emission characteristics of sputtered lanthanum hexaboride films. Surface and Coatings Technology, 74-75, 890-896. https://doi. org/10.1016/0257-8972(95)08337-5.
  • Kher, S. S., & Spencer, J. T. (1999). The relatively low temperature formation of crystalline lanthanum hexaboride thin films from boron hydride cluster compounds by chemical vapor deposition. Journal of Physical Chemistry Solids, 59(8), 1343-1351. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0022-3697(97)00230-8.
  • Xu, J., Zhao, Y., & Zou, C. (2006). Self-catalyst growth of LaB6 nanowires and nanotubes. Chemical Physics Letters, 423, 138-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. cplett.2006.03.049.
  • Bakr, M., Yoshida, K., Higashimura, K., Ueda, S., Kinjo, R., Zen, H., … & Ohgaki, H. (2010). Comparison between the hexaboride materials as thermionic cathode in the RF guns for a compact MIR-FEL driver. In Zero-Carbon Energy Kyoto 2009 (pp. 202–210). Kyoto, Japan. https:// doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99779-5_32.
  • Dub, S. N., Kislaya, G. P., & Loboda, P. I. (2013). Study of mechanical properties of LaB6 single crystal by nanoindentation. Journal of Superhard Materials, 35(3), 158–165. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1063457613030052.
  • Cahill, J. T., & Graeve, O. A. (2019). Hexaborides: A review of structure, synthesis and processing. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 8(6), 6321-6335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.09.041.
  • Fisk, Z., Ott, H. R., Barzykin, V., & Gor’kov, L. P. (2002). The emerging picture of ferromagnetism in the divalent hexaborides. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 312, 808- 810. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4526(01)01551-4.
  • Ott, H. R., Chernikov, M., Felder, E., Degiorgi, L., Moshopoulou, E. G., Sarrao, J. L., Fisk, Z. (1997). Structure and low temperature properties of SrB6. Zeitschrift für Physik B: Condensed Matter, 102(3), 337- 345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002570050297.
  • Ott, H. R., Gavilano, J. L., Ambrosini, B., Vonlanthen, P., Felder, E., Degiorgi, L., … Zysler, R. (2000). Unusual magnetism of hexaborides. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 281-282, 423-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0921-4526(99)01011-X.
  • Takeda, M., Fukuda, T., Domingo, F., & Miura, T. (2004). Thermoelectric properties of some metal borides. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 177(2), 471-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2003.02.005.
  • Takeda, M., Terui, M., Takahashi, N., & Ueda, N. (2006). Improvement of thermoelectric properties of alkaline-earth hexaborides. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 179(9), 2823-2826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jssc.2006.01.025.
  • Nakano, T., Baba, S., Kobayashi, A., Kinbara, A., Kajiwara, T., & Watanabe, W. (1991). Structure modification of radio frequency sputtered LaB6 thin films by internal stress. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 9, 547- 549. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.577406.
  • Lulai, P. (2001). Determination of filament work function in vacuum (pp. 1-12). https://avs.org/AVS/media/Files/ Education/SEW/vossenwinner01.pdf.
  • Futamoto, M., Hosoki, S., Okano, H., & Kawabe, U. (1977). Field emission and field ion microscopy of lanthanum hexaboride. Journal of Applied Physics, 48, 3541–3546. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.324151.
  • Zhang, H., Zhang, Q., Tang, J., & Qin, L. C. (2005). Single-crystalline LaB6 nanowires. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127, 2862-2863. https:// doi.org/10.1021/ja043512c.
  • Selvan, R. K., Genish, I., Perelshtein, I., Moreno, J. M. C., Gedanken, A. (2008). Single step, low-temperature synthesis of submicron-sized rare earth hexaborides. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 112(5), 1795-1802. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0765502.
  • Morita, K., Zen, H., Masuda, K., Torgasin, K., Katsurayama, T., Murata, T., … & Ohgakin, H.(2016).Photoemission properties of LaB6 and CeB6 under various temperature and incident photo energy conditions. In C. Petit-Jean-Genaz, D. E. Kim, K. S. Kim, I. S. Ko, V. R.W. Schaa. 7th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC) (pp. 2088-2090). https:// doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2016-WEOAB03.
  • De, D., & Ikechukwu, M. A. (2012, October 25-27). Modification of Richardson-Dushman Equation, variation of thermionic emission constants, temperature variation of workfunction in metals [Conference presentation abstract]. Physical Society, Joint Fall 2012 Meeting of the Texas Sections of the APS, AAPT, and Zone 13 of the SPS.https://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/TSF12/ Event/180812.
  • J. Goldstein (2012). Practical scanning electron microscopy: Electron and ion microprobe analysis. Springer Science and Business Media, Boston. https:// doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-4422-3.
  • D. B. Williams and C. B. Carter (2009). Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science. Springer Science and Business Media, Boston. https:// doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2519-3_1.
  • Chen, D., Min, G., Wu, Y., Yu, H., & Zhang, L. (2015). The preparation and composition design of boron-rich lanthanum hexaboride target for sputtering. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 638, 380-386. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.03.038.
  • Bellucci, A., Mastellone, M., Girolami, M., Serpente, V., Generosi, A., Paci, B., ... & Trucchi, D. M. (2020). Nanocrystalline lanthanum boride thin films by femtosecond pulsed laser deposition as efficient emitters in hybrid thermionic-photovoltaic energy converters. Applied Surface Science, 513, 145829. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.145829.

Thermionic emission behaviors of lanthanum hexaboride coated W/Mo/Ta wires

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 114 - 121, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.30728/boron.1272582
An Erratum to this article was published on December 29, 2023. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/boron/issue/80518/1371867

Abstract

Among the hexaborides, lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) stands out thanks to its unique properties such as low operating function between 2.4 eV and 2.9 eV, high melting temperature, high chemical stability and low evaporation temperature. It is aimed to produce LaB6 cathodes, which are used as electron sources in electron microscopes, as thin film filaments by using magnetron sputtering (MS) system. La-hexaboride film was coated on tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), tantalum (Ta) wires used as substrate by using magnetron sputtering system and their physical, chemical, microstructural properties were analyzed. Before coating the lanthanum hexaboride, a carbon coating in the form of graphite was applied as a diffusion barrier to form a diffusion barrier between the substrate and the target material. Thermionic emission behavior of the coated films was analyzed.

Project Number

2020-31-07-15-001

References

  • Tian, Y., Guo, Z., Zhang, T., Lin, H., Li, Z., Chen, J., … & Liu, F. (2019). Inorganic boron-based nanostructures: Synthesis, optoelectronic properties, and prospective applications. Nanomaterials, 9(4) 538. https://doi. org/10.3390/nano9040538.
  • Ji, X. H., Zhang, Q. Y., Xu, J. Q., & Zhao, Y. M. (2011). Rareearth hexaborides nanostructures: Recent advances in materials, characterization, and investigations of physical properties. Progress in Solid State Chemistry, 39, 51-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2011.04.001.
  • Buckingham, J. D. (1995). Thermionic emission properties of a lanthanum hexaboride/rhenium cathode. British Journal of Applied Physics, 16, 1821-1832. https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/16/12/306.
  • Waldhauser, W., Mitterer, C., Laimer, J., & Störi, H. (1995). Structure and electron emission characteristics of sputtered lanthanum hexaboride films. Surface and Coatings Technology, 74-75, 890-896. https://doi. org/10.1016/0257-8972(95)08337-5.
  • Kher, S. S., & Spencer, J. T. (1999). The relatively low temperature formation of crystalline lanthanum hexaboride thin films from boron hydride cluster compounds by chemical vapor deposition. Journal of Physical Chemistry Solids, 59(8), 1343-1351. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0022-3697(97)00230-8.
  • Xu, J., Zhao, Y., & Zou, C. (2006). Self-catalyst growth of LaB6 nanowires and nanotubes. Chemical Physics Letters, 423, 138-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. cplett.2006.03.049.
  • Bakr, M., Yoshida, K., Higashimura, K., Ueda, S., Kinjo, R., Zen, H., … & Ohgaki, H. (2010). Comparison between the hexaboride materials as thermionic cathode in the RF guns for a compact MIR-FEL driver. In Zero-Carbon Energy Kyoto 2009 (pp. 202–210). Kyoto, Japan. https:// doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99779-5_32.
  • Dub, S. N., Kislaya, G. P., & Loboda, P. I. (2013). Study of mechanical properties of LaB6 single crystal by nanoindentation. Journal of Superhard Materials, 35(3), 158–165. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1063457613030052.
  • Cahill, J. T., & Graeve, O. A. (2019). Hexaborides: A review of structure, synthesis and processing. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 8(6), 6321-6335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.09.041.
  • Fisk, Z., Ott, H. R., Barzykin, V., & Gor’kov, L. P. (2002). The emerging picture of ferromagnetism in the divalent hexaborides. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 312, 808- 810. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4526(01)01551-4.
  • Ott, H. R., Chernikov, M., Felder, E., Degiorgi, L., Moshopoulou, E. G., Sarrao, J. L., Fisk, Z. (1997). Structure and low temperature properties of SrB6. Zeitschrift für Physik B: Condensed Matter, 102(3), 337- 345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002570050297.
  • Ott, H. R., Gavilano, J. L., Ambrosini, B., Vonlanthen, P., Felder, E., Degiorgi, L., … Zysler, R. (2000). Unusual magnetism of hexaborides. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 281-282, 423-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0921-4526(99)01011-X.
  • Takeda, M., Fukuda, T., Domingo, F., & Miura, T. (2004). Thermoelectric properties of some metal borides. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 177(2), 471-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2003.02.005.
  • Takeda, M., Terui, M., Takahashi, N., & Ueda, N. (2006). Improvement of thermoelectric properties of alkaline-earth hexaborides. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 179(9), 2823-2826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jssc.2006.01.025.
  • Nakano, T., Baba, S., Kobayashi, A., Kinbara, A., Kajiwara, T., & Watanabe, W. (1991). Structure modification of radio frequency sputtered LaB6 thin films by internal stress. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 9, 547- 549. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.577406.
  • Lulai, P. (2001). Determination of filament work function in vacuum (pp. 1-12). https://avs.org/AVS/media/Files/ Education/SEW/vossenwinner01.pdf.
  • Futamoto, M., Hosoki, S., Okano, H., & Kawabe, U. (1977). Field emission and field ion microscopy of lanthanum hexaboride. Journal of Applied Physics, 48, 3541–3546. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.324151.
  • Zhang, H., Zhang, Q., Tang, J., & Qin, L. C. (2005). Single-crystalline LaB6 nanowires. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127, 2862-2863. https:// doi.org/10.1021/ja043512c.
  • Selvan, R. K., Genish, I., Perelshtein, I., Moreno, J. M. C., Gedanken, A. (2008). Single step, low-temperature synthesis of submicron-sized rare earth hexaborides. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 112(5), 1795-1802. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0765502.
  • Morita, K., Zen, H., Masuda, K., Torgasin, K., Katsurayama, T., Murata, T., … & Ohgakin, H.(2016).Photoemission properties of LaB6 and CeB6 under various temperature and incident photo energy conditions. In C. Petit-Jean-Genaz, D. E. Kim, K. S. Kim, I. S. Ko, V. R.W. Schaa. 7th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC) (pp. 2088-2090). https:// doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2016-WEOAB03.
  • De, D., & Ikechukwu, M. A. (2012, October 25-27). Modification of Richardson-Dushman Equation, variation of thermionic emission constants, temperature variation of workfunction in metals [Conference presentation abstract]. Physical Society, Joint Fall 2012 Meeting of the Texas Sections of the APS, AAPT, and Zone 13 of the SPS.https://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/TSF12/ Event/180812.
  • J. Goldstein (2012). Practical scanning electron microscopy: Electron and ion microprobe analysis. Springer Science and Business Media, Boston. https:// doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-4422-3.
  • D. B. Williams and C. B. Carter (2009). Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science. Springer Science and Business Media, Boston. https:// doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2519-3_1.
  • Chen, D., Min, G., Wu, Y., Yu, H., & Zhang, L. (2015). The preparation and composition design of boron-rich lanthanum hexaboride target for sputtering. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 638, 380-386. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.03.038.
  • Bellucci, A., Mastellone, M., Girolami, M., Serpente, V., Generosi, A., Paci, B., ... & Trucchi, D. M. (2020). Nanocrystalline lanthanum boride thin films by femtosecond pulsed laser deposition as efficient emitters in hybrid thermionic-photovoltaic energy converters. Applied Surface Science, 513, 145829. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.145829.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Bahadır Tunaboylu 0000-0001-9928-8689

Hasan Mert Atila 0000-0003-3584-779X

Yalçın Boztoprak 0000-0003-1714-7394

Project Number 2020-31-07-15-001
Publication Date September 30, 2023
Acceptance Date August 11, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 8 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Tunaboylu, B., Atila, H. M., & Boztoprak, Y. (2023). Lantan hekzaborür kaplanan W/Mo/Ta tellerin termiyonik emisyon davranışları. Journal of Boron, 8(3), 114-121. https://doi.org/10.30728/boron.1272582