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Ockhamlı William’ın Nominalizmi ve Ahlak Anlayışına Yansımaları: Tanrı’dan Nefret Edebilir miyiz?

Year 2021, Volume: 20 Issue: 20, 147 - 174, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.51553/bozifder.992179

Abstract

Orta Çağ Hıristiyan düşüncesinin en önemli düşünürlerinden olan Ockhamlı William, düşünce tarihinin önemli tartışmalarından biri olan tümeller meselesinde, tümellerin hiçbir ontolojik gerçekliğe sahip olmadığını savunan nominalizmi benimser. Onun Tanrı ve ahlakla ilgili görüşlerine nominalizmin oldukça önemli etkileri olmuştur. Tanrı özgürdür, kadir-i mutlaktır. Dolayısıyla da yaratımı şekillendirecek değişmez, sabit özlerin bulunmadığı bu evrende Tanrı istediği her şeyi yapabilir. Bu sistemde ahlaki ilkelerin standardı Tanrı’dır. Tanrı’nın emriyle uyumlu olan eylemler erdemli olurken, aksi durumdakiler ise erdemsiz olmaktadır. Tanrı, istediği takdirde gayri ahlaki bir eylemi ahlaki kılabilmektedir. Bu noktada ortaya çıkan en önemli soru, Tanrı’nın kendisinden nefret edilmesini emredip emredemeyeceğidir. İlkesel olarak Ockhamlı, gayri ahlaki olamayacak tek eylemin Tanrı sevgisi olduğunu söyler. Çünkü Tanrı sevgisinin olmadığı yerde fail açısından Tanrı’nın emirleri zeminini kaybeder. Bir paradoksu andıran bu sorunun çözümü için Ockhamlı iki farklı bakış açısını işaret eder. Buna göre Tanrı açısından böylesi bir emir mümkünken, insan açısından bu emrin yerine getirilmesi ise imkânsızdır. Zira insanın bu emri yerine getirmesi için aynı anda Tanrı’yı hem sevmesi hem de O’ndan nefret etmesi gerekir. Dolayısıyla Ockhamlı, mezkûr soruna verdiği bu cevapla, teorik olarak nominalist sisteminde tutarlılığı korumayı başarırken, Tanrı sevgisinin zorunlu biçimde erdemli olduğunu kabul ederek de sisteminde örtük olarak bir istisnaya yer vermek zorunda kalmıştır.

References

  • Aristoteles. Nikomakhos’a Etik. çev. Saffet Babür. İstanbul: Bilge Su Yayıncılık, 2015.
  • Boehner, Philotheus. “Introduction”. Ockham - Philosophical Writings. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1964.
  • Clark, David W. “Ockham on Human and Divine Freedom”. Franciscan Studies 38/ (1978), 122-160.
  • Clark, David W. “William of Ockham on Right Reason”. Speculum 48/1 (1973), 13-36.
  • Çapak, İbrahim. Porphyrios ve İbn Sina Mantığında Tümeller. Ankara: Araştırma Yayınları, 2011.
  • Çotuksöken, Betül - Babür, Saffet. Ortaçağda Felsefe. Ankara: Bilge Su Yayıncılık, 2007.
  • Dryer, D. P. “Aristotle’s Conception of Orthos Logos”. The Monist 66/1 (1983), 106-119.
  • Eardley, Peter S. “Conscience and the Foundations of Morality in Ockham’s Metaethics”. Recherches de théologie et philosophie médiévales 80/1 (2013), 77-108.
  • Elders, Leo J. The Ethics of St. Thomas. Washington D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2019.
  • Freppert, Lucan. The Basis of Morality According to Willian Ockham. Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1988.
  • Gilson, Etienne. Ortaçağda Felsefe. çev. Ayşe Meral. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları 2007, 2019.
  • Glidden, David K. “Moral Vision, ‘Orthos Logos’, and the Role of the ‘Phronimos’”. A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science 28/4 (Aralık 1995), 103-128.
  • King, Peter. “Ockham’s Ethical Theory”. ed. Paul Vincent Spade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Klima, Gyula. “Nature: the Problem of Universals”. The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Philosophy. ed. A.S. McGrade. London: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Klocker, Harry R. “Ockham and Divine Freedom”. Franciscan Studies 45/ (1985), 245-261.
  • McCord Adams, Marilyn. “Ockham on Will, Nature, and Morality”. ed. Paul Vincent Spade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Ockham, Guillelmus de. “Terimler Üzerine”. çev. Saffet Babür - Betül Çotuksöken. Ortaçağda Felsefe. Ankara: Bilge Su Yayıncılık, 2007.
  • Osborne, Thomas M. “Ockham as a Divine-Command Theorist”. Religious Studies 41/1 (2005), 1-22.
  • Porphyrios. “Isagoge”. çev. Paul Vincent Spade. Five Texts on the Mediaeval Problem of Universals: Porphyry, Boethius, Abelard, Duns Scotus, Ockham. ed. Paul Vincent Spade. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1994.
  • Spade, Paul Vincent. “Introduction”. çev. Paul Vincent Spade. Five Texts on the Mediaeval Problem of Universals: Porphyry, Boethius, Abelard, Duns Scotus, Ockham. ed. Paul Vincent Spade. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1994.
  • Spade, Paul Vincent. “Ockham’s Nominalist Metaphysics: Some Main Themes”. ed. Paul Vincent Spade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Suk, Othmar. “The Connection of Virtues According to Ockham”. Franciscan Studies 10/2 (1950), 91-113.
  • Urban, Linwood. “William of Ockham’s Theological Ethics”. Franciscan Studies 33/ (1973), 310-350.
  • William of Ockham. “Five Questions on Universals from His Ordinatio”,. çev. Paul Vincent Spade. Five Texts on the Mediaeval Problem of Universals: Porphyry, Boethius, Abelard, Duns Scotus, Ockham. ed. Paul Vincent Spade. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1994.
  • William of Ockham. Philosophical Writings. ed. Philotheus Boehner. çev. Philotheus Boehner. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1964.
  • Kitâb-ı Mukaddes. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2001.

William of Ockham’s Nominalism and Its Reflections on Ethics: Can We Hate God?

Year 2021, Volume: 20 Issue: 20, 147 - 174, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.51553/bozifder.992179

Abstract

William of Ockham, one of the most critical thinkers of medieval Christian thought, adopts nominalism, which argues that universals have no ontological reality, one of the most important debates in the history of thought. Nominalism had a significant impact on his views on God and morality. God is free, omnipotent. Therefore, he can do whatever he wants in this universe, where there are no immutable, fixed essences to shape creation. The standard of moral principles in this system is God. Actions that are in harmony with God's command are virtuous. God can make an immoral act moral if he so wishes. The most fundamental question for our work: whether God can command us to hate himself. In principle, William of Ockham says, the only action that cannot be immoral is the love of God. For where there is no love of God, the commandments of God lose their ground for the agent. In this sense, while such an order is possible for God, it is impossible for man to fulfill it. For in order for man to carry out this command, he must love and hate God at the same time. Therefore, with his answer to the question mentioned above, Ockham, while theoretically succeeding in maintaining the consistency in his nominalist system, had to admit that the love of God is necessarily virtuous and had to include an implicit exception in his system.

References

  • Aristoteles. Nikomakhos’a Etik. çev. Saffet Babür. İstanbul: Bilge Su Yayıncılık, 2015.
  • Boehner, Philotheus. “Introduction”. Ockham - Philosophical Writings. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1964.
  • Clark, David W. “Ockham on Human and Divine Freedom”. Franciscan Studies 38/ (1978), 122-160.
  • Clark, David W. “William of Ockham on Right Reason”. Speculum 48/1 (1973), 13-36.
  • Çapak, İbrahim. Porphyrios ve İbn Sina Mantığında Tümeller. Ankara: Araştırma Yayınları, 2011.
  • Çotuksöken, Betül - Babür, Saffet. Ortaçağda Felsefe. Ankara: Bilge Su Yayıncılık, 2007.
  • Dryer, D. P. “Aristotle’s Conception of Orthos Logos”. The Monist 66/1 (1983), 106-119.
  • Eardley, Peter S. “Conscience and the Foundations of Morality in Ockham’s Metaethics”. Recherches de théologie et philosophie médiévales 80/1 (2013), 77-108.
  • Elders, Leo J. The Ethics of St. Thomas. Washington D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2019.
  • Freppert, Lucan. The Basis of Morality According to Willian Ockham. Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1988.
  • Gilson, Etienne. Ortaçağda Felsefe. çev. Ayşe Meral. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları 2007, 2019.
  • Glidden, David K. “Moral Vision, ‘Orthos Logos’, and the Role of the ‘Phronimos’”. A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science 28/4 (Aralık 1995), 103-128.
  • King, Peter. “Ockham’s Ethical Theory”. ed. Paul Vincent Spade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Klima, Gyula. “Nature: the Problem of Universals”. The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Philosophy. ed. A.S. McGrade. London: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Klocker, Harry R. “Ockham and Divine Freedom”. Franciscan Studies 45/ (1985), 245-261.
  • McCord Adams, Marilyn. “Ockham on Will, Nature, and Morality”. ed. Paul Vincent Spade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Ockham, Guillelmus de. “Terimler Üzerine”. çev. Saffet Babür - Betül Çotuksöken. Ortaçağda Felsefe. Ankara: Bilge Su Yayıncılık, 2007.
  • Osborne, Thomas M. “Ockham as a Divine-Command Theorist”. Religious Studies 41/1 (2005), 1-22.
  • Porphyrios. “Isagoge”. çev. Paul Vincent Spade. Five Texts on the Mediaeval Problem of Universals: Porphyry, Boethius, Abelard, Duns Scotus, Ockham. ed. Paul Vincent Spade. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1994.
  • Spade, Paul Vincent. “Introduction”. çev. Paul Vincent Spade. Five Texts on the Mediaeval Problem of Universals: Porphyry, Boethius, Abelard, Duns Scotus, Ockham. ed. Paul Vincent Spade. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1994.
  • Spade, Paul Vincent. “Ockham’s Nominalist Metaphysics: Some Main Themes”. ed. Paul Vincent Spade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Suk, Othmar. “The Connection of Virtues According to Ockham”. Franciscan Studies 10/2 (1950), 91-113.
  • Urban, Linwood. “William of Ockham’s Theological Ethics”. Franciscan Studies 33/ (1973), 310-350.
  • William of Ockham. “Five Questions on Universals from His Ordinatio”,. çev. Paul Vincent Spade. Five Texts on the Mediaeval Problem of Universals: Porphyry, Boethius, Abelard, Duns Scotus, Ockham. ed. Paul Vincent Spade. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1994.
  • William of Ockham. Philosophical Writings. ed. Philotheus Boehner. çev. Philotheus Boehner. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1964.
  • Kitâb-ı Mukaddes. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2001.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Philosophy
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Metin Aydın 0000-0002-4918-7270

Early Pub Date December 29, 2021
Publication Date December 31, 2021
Submission Date September 7, 2021
Acceptance Date November 8, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 20 Issue: 20

Cite

ISNAD Aydın, Metin. “Ockhamlı William’ın Nominalizmi Ve Ahlak Anlayışına Yansımaları: Tanrı’dan Nefret Edebilir Miyiz?”. Bozok Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 20/20 (December 2021), 147-174. https://doi.org/10.51553/bozifder.992179.

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