A Physiological Perspective on Lactation in Goats: A Review

Çağatay Salum; Muhammed Etyemez

doi:10.58833/bozokvetsci.1393630

Review

A Physiological Perspective on Lactation in Goats: A Review

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 65 - 72, 29.12.2023

Çağatay Salum , Muhammed Etyemez

https://doi.org/10.58833/bozokvetsci.1393630

Abstract

The domesticated species of goats, scientifically known as Capra hircus, have played a significant role in several aspects of human existence over the course of history. These animals have made notable contributions to both individual animal breeding practices and the overall national economy. Their unique meat and milk production, along with their ease of cultivation, distinguish them as noteworthy entities. Goat milk is widely favored by customers due to its hypoallergenic features, low lactose levels, and rich composition. As a result, goat breeding has been prevalent in our country and globally for milk production in animal husbandry. In accordance with the purpose of achieving a high-quality final product, which constitutes a primary goal of animal husbandry, it is important to possess knowledge on certain attributes relating to the animal under cultivation. The aforementioned characteristics pertain to the anatomical composition of the udder and the physiological processes involved in breastfeeding in goats. Lactation physiology encompasses three key processes: mammogenesis, lactogenesis, and galactopoiesis. Mammogenesis refers to the formation of the udder, while lactogenesis involves the secretion of milk. Galactopoiesis, on the other hand, pertains to the maintenance of continuous milk supply. This review will examine the reproductive cycle, physical structure, and developmental aspects of the udder, as well as the many stages of lactation physiology in goats.

Keywords

Galactopoiesis, Goat, Goat Milk, Lactation Physiology, Mammogenesis

References

1. Hatziminaoglou, Y. and J. Boyazoglu, The goat in ancient civilisations: from the Fertile Crescent to the Aegean Sea. Small Ruminant Research, 2004. 51(2): p. 123-129.
2. Haenlein, G., About the evolution of goat and sheep milk production. Small ruminant research, 2007. 68(1-2): p. 3-6.
3. FAO, Production Yearbook 2002 Food Agric. Organisation. 2003: UN, Rome, Italy.
4. Pollott, G. and R.T. Wilson, Sheep and goats for diverse products and profits. FAO Diversification booklet, 2009(9).
5. De Vries, J., Goats for the poor: Some keys to successful promotion of goat production among the poor. Small Ruminant Research, 2008. 77(2-3): p. 221-224.
6. Gall, C., Goat breeds of the world. 1996: Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA).
7. Günlü, A. and S. Alaşahan, Türkiye’de keçi yetiştiriciliği ve geleceği üzerine bazı değerlendirmeler. Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi, 2010. 81(2): p. 15-20.
8. Şengonca, M. and N. Koşum, Koyun ve keçi yetiştirme (Keçi Yetiştirme ve Islahı). Ege Ünv Ziraat Fak. Yayınları, 2005(563).
9. Ozcan, L., Pekel, E., Guney, O., An investigation on milk and reproductive characteristics of Kilis, Hair and G.S. goats. Cuk. Univ. Zir. Fak. Yilligi, 1974. 5: p. 48-67.
10. Sonmez, R., M. Sengonca, and M. Kaymakci, Comparative studies on the adaptation of various daily goats and their crosses to Aegean region. TUBITAK IV. Bilim Kongresi.(Cited by Tuncel, E., Rehber, E., 1995), 1973.
11. Amigo, L. and J. Fontecha, Goat Milk. Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, Ed. 2011, Elsevier.
12. Ucuncu, M., Sut ve mamulleri teknolojisi. 2015, Izmir.
13. Mestawet, T., et al., Milk production, composition and variation at different lactation stages of four goat breeds in Ethiopia. Small Ruminant Research, 2012. 105(1-3): p. 176-181.
14. Castro, N., et al., Goat lactation research as a gateway for the development of the dairy goat industry. Animal Frontiers, 2023. 13(3): p. 108-111.
15. Akers, R., Major advances associated with hormone and growth factor regulation of mammary growth and lactation in dairy cows. Journal of dairy science, 2006. 89(4): p. 1222-1234.
16. Adam, Z., et al., Gross anatomy and ultrasonography of the udder in goat. Journal of Morphological Sciences, 2017. 34(03): p. 137-142.
17. Davidson, A.P. and G.H. Stabenfeldt, 39 - The Mammary Gland and Lactation, in Cunningham's Textbook of Veterinary Physiology (Sixth Edition), B.G. Klein, Editor. 2020, W.B. Saunders: St. Louis (MO). p. 458-470.
18. Suárez-Trujillo, A., et al., Effects of breed and milking frequency on udder histological structures in dairy goats. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 2013. 41(2): p. 166-172.
19. González‐romano, N., et al., Anatomical evaluation of the caprine mammary gland by computed tomography, radiology and histology. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 2000. 29(1): p. 25-30.
20. Akers, R., S. Ellis, and S. Berry, Ovarian and IGF-I axis control of mammary development in prepubertal heifers. Domestic animal endocrinology, 2005. 29(2): p. 259-267.
21. Sinha, Y. and H.A. Tucker, Mammary development and pituitary prolactin level of heifers from birth through puberty and during the estrous cycle. Journal of Dairy Science, 1969. 52(4): p. 507-512.
22. Capuco, A., et al., Postnatal mammary ductal growth: three-dimensional imaging of cell proliferation, effects of estrogen treatment, and expression of steroid receptors in prepubertal calves. Tissue and Cell, 2002. 34(3): p. 143-154.
23. Sejrsen, K., S. Purup, M. Vestergaard, and J. Foldager, High body weight gain and reduced bovine mammary growth: physiological basis and implications for milk yield potential. Domestic animal endocrinology, 2000. 19(2): p. 93-104.
24. Sejrsen, K., Relationships between nutrition, puberty and mammary development in cattle. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 1994. 53(1): p. 103-111.
25. Lammers, B., A. Heinrichs, and R. Kensinger, The effects of accelerated growth rates and estrogen implants in prepubertal Holstein heifers on estimates of mammary development and subsequent reproduction and milk production. Journal of Dairy Science, 1999. 82(8): p. 1753-1764.
26. Sejrsen, K., J. Huber, H. Tucker, and R. Akers, Influence of nutrition on mammary development in pre-and postpubertal heifers. Journal of Dairy Science, 1982. 65(5): p. 793-800.
27. Harrison, R.D., I.P. Reynolds, and W. Little, A quantitative analysis of mammary glands of dairy heifers reared at different rates of live weight gain. Journal of Dairy Research, 1983. 50(4): p. 405-412.
28. Dessauge, F., et al., Effects of ovariectomy in prepubertal goats. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 2009. 60(Suppl. 3): p. 127-133.
29. Fatet, A., M.-T. Pellicer-Rubio, and B. Leboeuf, Reproductive cycle of goats. Animal reproduction science, 2011. 124(3-4): p. 211-219.
30. Chemineau, P., et al., Control of sheep and goat reproduction: use of light and melatonin. Animal Reproduction Science, 1992. 30(1-3): p. 157-184.
31. Fleet, I.R., et al., Secretory activity of goat mammary glands during pregnancy and the onset of lactation. The Journal of Physiology, 1975. 251(3): p. 763-773.
32. Svennersten-Sjaunja, K. and K. Olsson, Endocrinology of milk production. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 2005. 29(2): p. 241-258.
33. Mukherjee, J., P.K. Das, and D. Banerjee, Lactation Physiology, in Textbook of Veterinary Physiology, P.K. Das, et al., Editors. 2023, Springer Nature Singapore: Singapore. p. 639-674.
34. Arnal, M., C. Robert-Granié, and H. Larroque, Diversity of dairy goat lactation curves in France. Journal of Dairy Science, 2018. 101(12): p. 11040-11051.
35. Mosi, R.O., A.G. Marete, J.O. Amim, and J.O. Jung’a, Characteristics of lactation curves of the Kenya Alpine dairy goats in smallholder farms. 2014.
36. León, J.M., et al., Characterization of the lactation curve in Murciano-Granadina dairy goats. Small Ruminant Research, 2012. 107(2-3): p. 76-84.
37. Gipson, T. and M. Grossman, Diphasic analysis of lactation curves in dairy goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 1989. 72(4): p. 1035-1044.
38. Carnicella, D., et al., The effect of diet, parity, year and number of kids on milk yield and milk composition in Maltese goat. Small Ruminant Research, 2008. 77(1): p. 71-74.
39. Zeng, S. and E. Escobar, Effect of parity and milk production on somatic cell count, standard plate count and composition of goat milk. Small Ruminant Research, 1995. 17(3): p. 269-274.
40. Hiss, S., T. Meyer, and H. Sauerwein, Lactoferrin concentrations in goat milk throughout lactation. Small Ruminant Research, 2008. 80(1-3): p. 87-90.
41. Davis, A.J., et al., Changes in mammary function at the onset of lactation in the goat: correlation with hormonal changes. J Physiol, 1979. 288: p. 33-44.
42. Baştan, A., Laktasyon, in Evcil Hayvanlarda Doğum ve İnfertilite, E. Alaçam, Editor. 2015, Medisan: Ankara. 43. Goetsch, A., S. Zeng, and T. Gipson, Factors affecting goat milk production and quality. Small Ruminant Research, 2011. 101(1-3): p. 55-63.
44. Antunac, N., et al., Effects of stage and number of lactation on the chemical composition of goat milk. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 2001. 46(12): p. 548-553.
45. Montaldo, H., et al., Genetic and environmental relationships between milk yield and kidding interval in dairy goats. Journal of dairy science, 2010. 93(1): p. 370-372.
46. Zeng, S., et al., Current status of composition and somatic cell count in milk of goats enrolled in Dairy Herd Improvement Program in the United States. new Research on Livestock Science and Dairy Farming. Di Alberta P. and Costa, C.(ed) Pp, 2008: p. 129-144.
47. Mourad, M., Effects of month of kidding, parity and litter size on milk yield of Alpine goats in Egypt. Small Ruminant Research, 1992. 8(1): p. 41-46.
48. Paape, M., et al., Monitoring goat and sheep milk somatic cell counts. Small Ruminant Research, 2007. 68(1-2): p. 114-125.
49. Russo, V.M., et al., Artificially extending photoperiod improves milk yield in dairy goats and is most effective in late lactation. Small Ruminant Research, 2013. 113(1): p. 179-186.
50. Mabjeesh, S.J., O. Gal-Garber, and A. Shamay, Effect of Photoperiod in the Third Trimester of Gestation on Milk Production and Circulating Hormones in Dairy Goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 2007. 90(2): p. 699-705.
51. Flores, M.J., et al., Artificial long-day photoperiod in the subtropics increases milk production in goats giving birth in late autumn, 12. Journal of Animal Science, 2011. 89(3): p. 856-862.
52. Logan, K.J., et al., An extended photoperiod increases milk yield and decreases ovulatory activity in dairy goats. Animals, 2020. 10(10): p. 1879.
53. Watkin, J. and F. Knowles, The influence of age and of factors causing variation during lactation on the milk yield of the goat. The influence of age and of factors causing variation during lactation on the milk yield of the goat., 1946.
54. Brice, G., Controlling seasonal milk production in goats by estrus syn chronization without hormonal treatment or by extending lactation length. 2000, Institut de l’Elevage: Castanet-Tolosan, France. p. 34.
55. Salama, A.A., et al., Effect of pregnancy and extended lactation on milk production in dairy goats milked once daily. Journal of dairy science, 2005. 88(11): p. 3894-3904.
56. Fowler, P.A., C.H. Knight, and M.A. Foster, Omitting the dry period between lactations does not reduce subsequent milk production in goats. Journal of dairy research, 1991. 58(1): p. 13-19.
57. Silanikove, N., G. Leitner, U. Merin, and C.G. Prosser, Recent advances in exploiting goat's milk: quality, safety and production aspects. Small Ruminant Research, 2010. 89(2-3): p. 110-124.
58. Wiggans, G. and S. Hubbard, Genetic evaluation of yield and type traits of dairy goats in the United States. Journal of Dairy Science, 2001. 84: p. E69-E73.
59. Gipson, T.A., Lactation curves in dairy goats. 1989: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
60. Delgado-Pertíñez, M., et al., Effect of artificial vs. natural rearing on milk yield, kid growth and cost in Payoya autochthonous dairy goats. Small Ruminant Research, 2009. 84(1-3): p. 108-115.
61. De la Torre, G., J. Serradilla, F.G. Extremera, and M.S. Sampelayo, Nutritional utilization in Malagueña dairy goats differing in genotypes for the content of αs1-casein in milk. Journal of dairy science, 2008. 91(6): p. 2443-2448.
62. Huston, J. and S. Hart, GOAT HUSBANDRY| Feeding Management. 2002.
63. Lu, C., M. Potchoiba, T. Sahlu, and J. Kawas, Performance of dairy goats fed soybean meal or meat and bone meal with or without urea during early lactation. Journal of dairy science, 1990. 73(3): p. 726-734.
64. Sahlu, T., et al., Effect of source and amount of protein on milk production in dairy goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 1993. 76(9): p. 2701-2710.
65. Sampelayo, M.S., et al., Use of different dietary protein sources for lactating goats: milk production and composition as functions of protein degradability and amino acid composition. Journal of Dairy Science, 1999. 82(3): p. 555-565.
66. Chowdhury, S., H. Rexroth, C. Kijora, and K. Peters, Lactation performance of German Fawn goat in relation to feeding level and dietary protein protection. Asian-australasian journal of animal sciences, 2002. 15(2): p. 222-237.

Keçilerde Laktasyona Fizyolojik Bir Bakış: Derleme

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 65 - 72, 29.12.2023

Çağatay Salum , Muhammed Etyemez

https://doi.org/10.58833/bozokvetsci.1393630

Abstract

İnsanlık tarihi boyunca hayatımızın birçok noktasına katkıda bulunmuş gerek bireysel hayvan yetiştiriciliği gerekse ülke ekonomisine katkı sağlaması hususundan pek fazla etkisi bulunan keçiler (Capra hircus), et ve süt verimleriyle ve kolay yetiştirilebilir olması açısından ön plana çıkmaktadır. Özellikle hipoalerjneik özellikleri, düşük laktoz düzeyleri ve zengin içerik kompozisyonu ile tüketiciler arasında sıklıkla tercih edilen keçi sütü ülkemiz ve global hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde süt üretimi açısından keçi yetiştiriciliğini yaygınlaştırmıştır. Hayvan yetiştiriciliğinin ana hedeflerinden biri olan kaliteli son ürün elde etme gayesi doğrultusunda ise yetiştirilen hayvanın birtakım özelliklerinin bilinmesini önem arz etmektedir. Bu özellikler söz konusu durumda keçilerde memenin yapısı ve laktasyon fizyolojisidir. Laktasyon fizyolojisi ise kendi içerisinde meme gelişimi anlamına gelen mammogenez, süt salgılanmasını ifade eden laktogenez ve süt üretiminin devamlılığını sağlamayı açıklayan galaktopoiezisi içermektedir. Bu derlemede keçilerdeki seksüel siklus, memenin morfolojik yapısı ve gelişimi ile laktasyon fizyolojisinin aşamaları ele alınacaktır.

Keywords

Galaktopoez, Keçi, Keçi Sütü, Laktasyon Fizyolojisi, Mammogenez

References

1. Hatziminaoglou, Y. and J. Boyazoglu, The goat in ancient civilisations: from the Fertile Crescent to the Aegean Sea. Small Ruminant Research, 2004. 51(2): p. 123-129.
2. Haenlein, G., About the evolution of goat and sheep milk production. Small ruminant research, 2007. 68(1-2): p. 3-6.
3. FAO, Production Yearbook 2002 Food Agric. Organisation. 2003: UN, Rome, Italy.
4. Pollott, G. and R.T. Wilson, Sheep and goats for diverse products and profits. FAO Diversification booklet, 2009(9).
5. De Vries, J., Goats for the poor: Some keys to successful promotion of goat production among the poor. Small Ruminant Research, 2008. 77(2-3): p. 221-224.
6. Gall, C., Goat breeds of the world. 1996: Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA).
7. Günlü, A. and S. Alaşahan, Türkiye’de keçi yetiştiriciliği ve geleceği üzerine bazı değerlendirmeler. Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi, 2010. 81(2): p. 15-20.
8. Şengonca, M. and N. Koşum, Koyun ve keçi yetiştirme (Keçi Yetiştirme ve Islahı). Ege Ünv Ziraat Fak. Yayınları, 2005(563).
9. Ozcan, L., Pekel, E., Guney, O., An investigation on milk and reproductive characteristics of Kilis, Hair and G.S. goats. Cuk. Univ. Zir. Fak. Yilligi, 1974. 5: p. 48-67.
10. Sonmez, R., M. Sengonca, and M. Kaymakci, Comparative studies on the adaptation of various daily goats and their crosses to Aegean region. TUBITAK IV. Bilim Kongresi.(Cited by Tuncel, E., Rehber, E., 1995), 1973.
11. Amigo, L. and J. Fontecha, Goat Milk. Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, Ed. 2011, Elsevier.
12. Ucuncu, M., Sut ve mamulleri teknolojisi. 2015, Izmir.
13. Mestawet, T., et al., Milk production, composition and variation at different lactation stages of four goat breeds in Ethiopia. Small Ruminant Research, 2012. 105(1-3): p. 176-181.
14. Castro, N., et al., Goat lactation research as a gateway for the development of the dairy goat industry. Animal Frontiers, 2023. 13(3): p. 108-111.
15. Akers, R., Major advances associated with hormone and growth factor regulation of mammary growth and lactation in dairy cows. Journal of dairy science, 2006. 89(4): p. 1222-1234.
16. Adam, Z., et al., Gross anatomy and ultrasonography of the udder in goat. Journal of Morphological Sciences, 2017. 34(03): p. 137-142.
17. Davidson, A.P. and G.H. Stabenfeldt, 39 - The Mammary Gland and Lactation, in Cunningham's Textbook of Veterinary Physiology (Sixth Edition), B.G. Klein, Editor. 2020, W.B. Saunders: St. Louis (MO). p. 458-470.
18. Suárez-Trujillo, A., et al., Effects of breed and milking frequency on udder histological structures in dairy goats. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 2013. 41(2): p. 166-172.
19. González‐romano, N., et al., Anatomical evaluation of the caprine mammary gland by computed tomography, radiology and histology. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 2000. 29(1): p. 25-30.
20. Akers, R., S. Ellis, and S. Berry, Ovarian and IGF-I axis control of mammary development in prepubertal heifers. Domestic animal endocrinology, 2005. 29(2): p. 259-267.
21. Sinha, Y. and H.A. Tucker, Mammary development and pituitary prolactin level of heifers from birth through puberty and during the estrous cycle. Journal of Dairy Science, 1969. 52(4): p. 507-512.
22. Capuco, A., et al., Postnatal mammary ductal growth: three-dimensional imaging of cell proliferation, effects of estrogen treatment, and expression of steroid receptors in prepubertal calves. Tissue and Cell, 2002. 34(3): p. 143-154.
23. Sejrsen, K., S. Purup, M. Vestergaard, and J. Foldager, High body weight gain and reduced bovine mammary growth: physiological basis and implications for milk yield potential. Domestic animal endocrinology, 2000. 19(2): p. 93-104.
24. Sejrsen, K., Relationships between nutrition, puberty and mammary development in cattle. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 1994. 53(1): p. 103-111.
25. Lammers, B., A. Heinrichs, and R. Kensinger, The effects of accelerated growth rates and estrogen implants in prepubertal Holstein heifers on estimates of mammary development and subsequent reproduction and milk production. Journal of Dairy Science, 1999. 82(8): p. 1753-1764.
26. Sejrsen, K., J. Huber, H. Tucker, and R. Akers, Influence of nutrition on mammary development in pre-and postpubertal heifers. Journal of Dairy Science, 1982. 65(5): p. 793-800.
27. Harrison, R.D., I.P. Reynolds, and W. Little, A quantitative analysis of mammary glands of dairy heifers reared at different rates of live weight gain. Journal of Dairy Research, 1983. 50(4): p. 405-412.
28. Dessauge, F., et al., Effects of ovariectomy in prepubertal goats. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 2009. 60(Suppl. 3): p. 127-133.
29. Fatet, A., M.-T. Pellicer-Rubio, and B. Leboeuf, Reproductive cycle of goats. Animal reproduction science, 2011. 124(3-4): p. 211-219.
30. Chemineau, P., et al., Control of sheep and goat reproduction: use of light and melatonin. Animal Reproduction Science, 1992. 30(1-3): p. 157-184.
31. Fleet, I.R., et al., Secretory activity of goat mammary glands during pregnancy and the onset of lactation. The Journal of Physiology, 1975. 251(3): p. 763-773.
32. Svennersten-Sjaunja, K. and K. Olsson, Endocrinology of milk production. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 2005. 29(2): p. 241-258.
33. Mukherjee, J., P.K. Das, and D. Banerjee, Lactation Physiology, in Textbook of Veterinary Physiology, P.K. Das, et al., Editors. 2023, Springer Nature Singapore: Singapore. p. 639-674.
34. Arnal, M., C. Robert-Granié, and H. Larroque, Diversity of dairy goat lactation curves in France. Journal of Dairy Science, 2018. 101(12): p. 11040-11051.
35. Mosi, R.O., A.G. Marete, J.O. Amim, and J.O. Jung’a, Characteristics of lactation curves of the Kenya Alpine dairy goats in smallholder farms. 2014.
36. León, J.M., et al., Characterization of the lactation curve in Murciano-Granadina dairy goats. Small Ruminant Research, 2012. 107(2-3): p. 76-84.
37. Gipson, T. and M. Grossman, Diphasic analysis of lactation curves in dairy goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 1989. 72(4): p. 1035-1044.
38. Carnicella, D., et al., The effect of diet, parity, year and number of kids on milk yield and milk composition in Maltese goat. Small Ruminant Research, 2008. 77(1): p. 71-74.
39. Zeng, S. and E. Escobar, Effect of parity and milk production on somatic cell count, standard plate count and composition of goat milk. Small Ruminant Research, 1995. 17(3): p. 269-274.
40. Hiss, S., T. Meyer, and H. Sauerwein, Lactoferrin concentrations in goat milk throughout lactation. Small Ruminant Research, 2008. 80(1-3): p. 87-90.
41. Davis, A.J., et al., Changes in mammary function at the onset of lactation in the goat: correlation with hormonal changes. J Physiol, 1979. 288: p. 33-44.
42. Baştan, A., Laktasyon, in Evcil Hayvanlarda Doğum ve İnfertilite, E. Alaçam, Editor. 2015, Medisan: Ankara. 43. Goetsch, A., S. Zeng, and T. Gipson, Factors affecting goat milk production and quality. Small Ruminant Research, 2011. 101(1-3): p. 55-63.
44. Antunac, N., et al., Effects of stage and number of lactation on the chemical composition of goat milk. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 2001. 46(12): p. 548-553.
45. Montaldo, H., et al., Genetic and environmental relationships between milk yield and kidding interval in dairy goats. Journal of dairy science, 2010. 93(1): p. 370-372.
46. Zeng, S., et al., Current status of composition and somatic cell count in milk of goats enrolled in Dairy Herd Improvement Program in the United States. new Research on Livestock Science and Dairy Farming. Di Alberta P. and Costa, C.(ed) Pp, 2008: p. 129-144.
47. Mourad, M., Effects of month of kidding, parity and litter size on milk yield of Alpine goats in Egypt. Small Ruminant Research, 1992. 8(1): p. 41-46.
48. Paape, M., et al., Monitoring goat and sheep milk somatic cell counts. Small Ruminant Research, 2007. 68(1-2): p. 114-125.
49. Russo, V.M., et al., Artificially extending photoperiod improves milk yield in dairy goats and is most effective in late lactation. Small Ruminant Research, 2013. 113(1): p. 179-186.
50. Mabjeesh, S.J., O. Gal-Garber, and A. Shamay, Effect of Photoperiod in the Third Trimester of Gestation on Milk Production and Circulating Hormones in Dairy Goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 2007. 90(2): p. 699-705.
51. Flores, M.J., et al., Artificial long-day photoperiod in the subtropics increases milk production in goats giving birth in late autumn, 12. Journal of Animal Science, 2011. 89(3): p. 856-862.
52. Logan, K.J., et al., An extended photoperiod increases milk yield and decreases ovulatory activity in dairy goats. Animals, 2020. 10(10): p. 1879.
53. Watkin, J. and F. Knowles, The influence of age and of factors causing variation during lactation on the milk yield of the goat. The influence of age and of factors causing variation during lactation on the milk yield of the goat., 1946.
54. Brice, G., Controlling seasonal milk production in goats by estrus syn chronization without hormonal treatment or by extending lactation length. 2000, Institut de l’Elevage: Castanet-Tolosan, France. p. 34.
55. Salama, A.A., et al., Effect of pregnancy and extended lactation on milk production in dairy goats milked once daily. Journal of dairy science, 2005. 88(11): p. 3894-3904.
56. Fowler, P.A., C.H. Knight, and M.A. Foster, Omitting the dry period between lactations does not reduce subsequent milk production in goats. Journal of dairy research, 1991. 58(1): p. 13-19.
57. Silanikove, N., G. Leitner, U. Merin, and C.G. Prosser, Recent advances in exploiting goat's milk: quality, safety and production aspects. Small Ruminant Research, 2010. 89(2-3): p. 110-124.
58. Wiggans, G. and S. Hubbard, Genetic evaluation of yield and type traits of dairy goats in the United States. Journal of Dairy Science, 2001. 84: p. E69-E73.
59. Gipson, T.A., Lactation curves in dairy goats. 1989: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
60. Delgado-Pertíñez, M., et al., Effect of artificial vs. natural rearing on milk yield, kid growth and cost in Payoya autochthonous dairy goats. Small Ruminant Research, 2009. 84(1-3): p. 108-115.
61. De la Torre, G., J. Serradilla, F.G. Extremera, and M.S. Sampelayo, Nutritional utilization in Malagueña dairy goats differing in genotypes for the content of αs1-casein in milk. Journal of dairy science, 2008. 91(6): p. 2443-2448.
62. Huston, J. and S. Hart, GOAT HUSBANDRY| Feeding Management. 2002.
63. Lu, C., M. Potchoiba, T. Sahlu, and J. Kawas, Performance of dairy goats fed soybean meal or meat and bone meal with or without urea during early lactation. Journal of dairy science, 1990. 73(3): p. 726-734.
64. Sahlu, T., et al., Effect of source and amount of protein on milk production in dairy goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 1993. 76(9): p. 2701-2710.
65. Sampelayo, M.S., et al., Use of different dietary protein sources for lactating goats: milk production and composition as functions of protein degradability and amino acid composition. Journal of Dairy Science, 1999. 82(3): p. 555-565.
66. Chowdhury, S., H. Rexroth, C. Kijora, and K. Peters, Lactation performance of German Fawn goat in relation to feeding level and dietary protein protection. Asian-australasian journal of animal sciences, 2002. 15(2): p. 222-237.

There are 65 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Veterinary Sciences (Other)
Journal Section	Reviews
Authors	Çağatay Salum 0000-0003-0216-8432 Muhammed Etyemez 0000-0003-0497-1878
Publication Date	December 29, 2023
Submission Date	November 20, 2023
Acceptance Date	December 13, 2023
Published in Issue	Year 2023 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

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Vancouver	Salum Ç, Etyemez M. A Physiological Perspective on Lactation in Goats: A Review. Bozok Vet Sci. 2023;4(2):65-72.

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