Psikoterapi Tarihi ve Bütüncül Psikoterapi

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 1 - 24, 01.01.2018

Tahir Özakkaş

Abstract

Bu
çalışmanın amacı insanlık tarihi boyunca insanların psişik sorunları veya
psişik sorunları saklayan organik görünümlü hadiselere yaklaşım tarzının
sürecini incelemek, bununla ilgili değerlendirmeleri ortaya koymaktır. Bu
çalışmamızda insanlık tarihi kadar eski olan insanın ruhsal problemlerine çözüm
bulma çabalarının geldiği noktada bilimsel verilerle incelenen bir psikoterapi
tarihi ve son noktada bütüncül psikoterapilerin oluşmasına yol açan süreç
incelenmiştir.

Modern
anlamda, yazılı ve kayıtlı olarak incelenebilen, değerlendirilebilen,
eleştirilebilen bir veri olarak psikoterapi tarihini başlatmak gerekirse; bunu Sigmund Freud'la başlatmak doğru
olacaktır. Freud'un insanın ruhsal yapısını nörobiyolojik bir kaynakla başlayan
araştırma gayreti daha sonra ruhsal
aygıtı sanal zihinsel bir tasarı olarak tanımlaması sonucuna ulaşmıştır.
Süreç içerisinde kanıta dayalı tıbbın ve bilimsel paradigmanın zamanın ruhuna
uygun bir şekilde üniversitelerde yer almasıyla beraber psikoterapiler farklı
iki kulvarda yol almıştır. Bunlardan birincisi Freud'un geliştirmiş olduğu Klasik Psikanalizdir. Psikanalitik
gelişim hattına baktığımızda; bağımsız, kendi enstitülerinde kendi
literatürünü oluşturarak, vaka sunumlarıyla gelişen ve tartışmalarla
zenginleşen bir psikanalitik kültür inşa edilmiştir. Diğer tarafta ise; kanıta dayalı tıbbın getirmiş olduğu
gözlenebilen, denenebilen, sınanabilen, ölçülebilen ve değerlendirilebilen bir
alan olarak davranışçılıkla
başlayan psikoterapi yaklaşımı
söz konusudur.

Davranışçılıkla başlayan bu psikoterapi yaklaşımı,
süreç içerisinde istatistiki yöntemlerin gelişmesi, insan zihninin temel
kaynağı olan beyinde olan bitenlerin daha objektif değerlendirilebilecek araç
ve gereçlerin gelişmesiyle beraber, bilişsel
bir paradigmaya evrilmiştir. Sonuçta üniversiteler davranışçılıktan
bilişselciliğe atlayarak süreç içerisinde davranışçı-bilişsel yöntemlerin birleşik hale geldiği bir sisteme
doğru dönüşmüştür. Bilişsel-davranışçı
süreç bu şekilde devam ederken psikanalitik
literatür kendi içerisinde değişim ve dönüşüme uğramış; tek kişilik psikoterapilerden iki kişilik psikoterapilere
ulaşmıştır. Oradan da nörobiyolojinin
sağ beyin kaynaklarına doğru bir
açılım sergilemiştir. İnsan beyninde olan biteni (her iki ekol için de) kanıta dayalı bir literatür haline
getirilebilmesi amaç haline gelmiştir. Bugün gelinen
noktada ister birinci kaynaktan ister ikinci kaynaktan olsun tüm kuramların
entegre edildiği tek kişilik terapilerin
iki kişilik terapilere, iki kişilik
terapilerden sistem terapilerine,
sistem terapilerinin aşkınlık
ihtiyacı içinde ele alınmış olduğu kaos
teorilerine kadar uzanan öznelliğin
ve bağlamın temel aracı olduğu bir süreçteki evrimleşmiş bütüncül psikoterapilere doğru bir
yaklaşım ortaya konmuştur.

Çalışmamızda
bu sürecin tarihsel kaynaklarından, bilimsel paradigmanın başladığı döneme,
oradan da güncel nörobiyolojik gelişmeler ve öznelliğin ve kaos teorisinin
ulaştığı noktaya kadar geçen süreç anlatılmaktadır. 

Keywords

Bilişsel-Davranışçı Terapi, Bütüncül Psikoterapi, Kaos Teorisi, Öznelerarası Alan, Psikanalitik Terapi

History of Psychotherapy and Integrative Psychotherapy

Abstract

The objective of this paper
is to explore the process and procedures of addressing human psychological
problems, or organic-looking issues concealing psychological problems,
throughout the history. This paper examines the deep-rooted strivings to
seek solutions to human psychological problems that culminated in scientific
psychotherapy and eventually in psychotherapy integration.

It has been Sigmund Freud
who marked the beginning of the history of a scientific psychotherapy that
involved written and recorded data that can be examined, assessed, and
criticized. Freud’s search for the neurobiological roots of human psyche
resulted in his definition of the psychic apparatus as a mental representation.
The zeitgeist paved the way for evidence-based medicine and scientific
paradigm to enter the universities, and psychotherapies began to move along two
different paths. Freud’s psychoanalytic method developed independently in
psychoanalytic institutes, creating its own literature enriched by case
presentations and discussions. The other path included the behavioralistic
start point that could be observed, experimented, tested, measured, and
assessed as a result of evidence-based medicine.

Along with the development
of statistical methods and more sophisticated tools to assess the workings of
the brain as the source of human mind, this psychotherapy approach that began
with behavioralism evolved to a cognitive paradigm and began to examine the
impact of psychopathology and workings of the mind on information processing
and assessment. As a result, universities shifted from behavioralism to
cognitive perspective, integrating behavioral and cognitive methods in the
process.

As the cognitive-behavioral
process moved along this path, psychoanalytic literature evolved from one-person
psychotherapies to two-person psychotherapies, and to right-brain emphasis
indicated by neurobiology. Both schools aimed at forming an evidence-based
literature of what is going on in human brain. The current point is integration
of psychotherapies that evolved from one-person therapies to two-person
therapies, system therapies, and chaos theories, on the basis of subjectivity
and contextualism.

This paper addresses this
process, beginning with the historical sources through the scientific paradigm,
current neurobiological findings, and the final destination of chaos theory.

Keywords

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Integrative Psychotherapy, Chaos Theory, Intersubjective Field, Psychoanalytic Therapy

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