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Intersections of Field Theory With Other Psychoanalytic Theories

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 1 - 28, 05.08.2018

Abstract

Psychotherapy has a scientific history of one hundred years. The
therapies that have been prevalent through the history of psychotherapy have
been focused on behavior, cognition, unconscious processes, or existential
issues. We can further categorize them as one-person vs. two-person theories.
One-person approaches view one’s inner world and mental structure as static,
permanent, and stable, and attempt to correct the psychopathology involved.
One-person therapies involve the positions of repairer-repaired,
observer-observed, and knowing-unknowing. Two-person therapies, on the other
hand, focus on mutual interaction.



The subject and goal of this paper is to outline
the progression of these schools of psychoanalytic psychotherapy from
two-person therapies towards systems theory and field theory, centered around
interactive systems, with a particular focus on their position vis-a-vis the
contemporary field theory. This paper sets aside the behavioral-cognitive and
existentialist therapies to primarily focus on the psychodynamic schools
following Freud, including dynamic psychotherapy approaches of Adler and Jung;
ego psychology of Anna Freud, Eric Ericson, David Rapaport, H. Loewald, and
Heinz Hartmann; object relations of Melanie Klein and W. R. D. Fairbairn, and
later representatives such as Otto Kernberg; developmental psychology emphasis
of the so-called interim group of James Masterson’s abandonment depression
theory; self psychology of Heinz Kohut as a break from classical psychoanalytic
school; relational psychoanalysis of Stephen Mitchell ve Jay Greenberg;
relational-cyclical psychotherapy of Paul Watchel; intersubjective field theory
of Robert Stolorow,  Bernard Brandchaft
and George Atwood; and motivational systems theory of Joseph D. Lichtenberg,
Frank M. Lachmann, and James L. Fosshage. 

References

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  • Beebe, B., Jaffe, J., & Lachmann, F. (1988a). The contribution of mother-infant mutual influence to the origins of self- and object representations. Psychoanal. Psychol., 5, 305-337.
  • Beebe, B., Jaffe, J. (1988b). Mother-infant mutual influence and precursors of psychic structure. In: Frontiers in Self Psychology: Progress in Self Psychology, Vol. 4, ed. A. Goldberg. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, pp. 3-25.
  • Brandchaft, B. (1983). The negativism of the negative therapeutic reaction and the psychology of the self. In: The Future of Psychoanalysis, ed. A. Goldberg. Madison, CT: International Universities Press, pp. 327-359.
  • Brandchaft, B. (1991). To free the spirit from its cell. Presented at the Fourteenth Annual Conference on the Psychology of the Self, Chicago, October 11.Brandchaft, B. & Stolorow, R. (1984). The borderline concept: Pathological character or iatrogenic myth? In: Empathy II, ed. J. Lichtenberg, M. Bornstein & D. Silver. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, pp. 333-357.
  • Brandchaft, B. (1990). Varieties of therapeutic alliance. The Annual of Psychoanalysis, 18:99-114. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press
  • Fairbairn, W. (1943). The repression and the return of bad objects. In: Psychoanalytic Studies of the Personality. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1952, pp. 59-81.
  • Hartmann, H. (1939). Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation. Madison, CT: International Universities Press, 1958, Türkçesi: Ben Psikolojisi ve Uyum Sorunu, çev. Banu Büyükkal, Metis, 2011.
  • Jacobson, E. (1964). The Self and the Object World. New York: International Universities Press.
  • Kernberg, O. (1975). Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism. Northvale, NJ: Aronson. Türkçesi: Sınır Durumlar ve Patolojik Narsisizm, çev. Mustafa Atakay, Metis, 1999.
  • Kernberg, O. (1976). Object Relations Theory and Clinical Psychoanalysis. Northvale, NJ: Aronson.
  • Kernberg, O. (1982). Review of Advances in Self Psychology. Amer. J. Psychiat., 139, 374-375.
  • Kernberg, O. (1987). Projection and projective identification. J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 35, 795-819.
  • Klein, M. (1940). Mourning and its relation to manic-depressive states. In: Contributions to Psycho-Analysis I92'l-/I945- London: Hogarth Press, 1950, pp. 311-338.
  • Klein, M. (1957). Envy and gratitude. In: Envy and Gratitude and Other Works 1946-1965. New York: Delta, 1977, pp. 176-235, Türkçesi; Haset ve Şükran, çev. Orhan Koçak, Yavuz Erten, Metis, 1999.
  • Klein, M. (1961). Narrative of a Child Analysis. New York: Basic Books.
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  • Kohut, H. (1971). The Analysis of the Self. Madison, CT: International Universities Press. Türkçesi; Kendiliğin Çözümlenmesi, çev. Cem Atbaşoğlu, Banu Büyükkal, Cüneyt İşcan, Metis, 1998.
  • Kohut, H. (1977). The Restoration of the Self. Madison, CT: International Universities Press. Türkçesi; Kendiliğin Yeniden Yapılanması, çev. Oğuz Cebeci, Metis, 1998.
  • Kohut, H. (1982). Introspection, empathy, and the semicircle of mental health. Internat. J. PsychoAnal., 63, 395-407.
  • Kohut, H. (1984). How Does Analysis Cure1 ed. A. Goldberg and P. Stepansky. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kramer, S. & Akhtar, S. (eds.) Türkçesi; Psikanaliz Nasıl Sağaltır? Çev. F. Büşra Helvacıoğlu, Psikoterapi Enstitüsü Eğitim Yayınları, 2012.
  • Kohut, H. (1991). The Trauma of Transgression. Northvale, NJ: Aronson.
  • Kris, E. (1956). The recovery of childhood memories in psycho¬analysis. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 11:54-88. Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
  • Lichtenberg, J. (1983). Psychoanalysis and lnf dale, NJ: The Analytic Press.
  • Lichtenberg, J. (1989). Psychoanalysis and Motivation, Analytic Press. Türkçesi; Psikanaliz ve Güdülenme, çev. Zeynep Ertan, Psikoterapi Enstitüsü Eğitim Yayınları, 2016.
  • Mahler, M., Pine, F., & Bergman, A. (1975). The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant. New York: Basic Books. Türkçesi; İnsan Yavrusunun Psikolojik Doğumu, çev. Ali Nahit Babaoğlu, Metis, 2003.
  • Masterson, J. (1967). The Psychiatric Dilemma of Adolescence. Boston: Little Brown. Türkçesi; Ergenliğe Yaklaşımda Psikiyatrinin İkilemi, çev. Pınar Üzeltüzenci, Psikoterapi Enstitüsü Eğitim Yayınları, 2013.
  • Masterson, J. (1972). Treatment of the Borderline Adolescent: A Developmental Approach. New York: Wiley. Türkçesi; Borderline Ergenin Tedavisi; Gelişimsel Bir Yaklaşım, çev. Pınar Üzeltüzenci, Psikoterapi Enstitüsü Eğitim Yayınları, 2012.
  • Masterson, J. (1976). Psychotherapy of the Borderline Adult: A Developmental Approach. New York: Brunner/Mazel. Türkçesi; Borderline Yetişkinlerde Psikoterapi; Gelişimsel Bir Yaklaşım, çev. Muhittin Macit, Hülya Macit, Psikoterapi Enstitüsü Eğitim Yayınları, 2014.
  • Masterson, J. (1980). From Borderline Adolescent to Functioning Adult: The Test of Time. New York: Brunner/Mazel. Türkçesi; Borderline Ergenden İşlevsel Yetişkine; Zaman Testi, çev. Pınar Üzeltüzenci, Psikoterapi Enstitüsü Eğitim Yayınları, 2013.
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  • Stolorow, R.(1992). Subjectivity and self psychology: A personal odyssey. In: New Therapeutic Visions: Progress in Self Psychology, Vol 8, ed. A. Goldberg. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, pp. 241-250.
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Alan Kuramının Diğer Psikanalitik Kuramlarla İlişkisi

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 1 - 28, 05.08.2018

Abstract

Psikoterapi tarihini
yüz yıllık bir bilimsel sürece bağlayabiliriz. Bu süreçte, ana çizgi
itibarıyla; davranışa odaklanan, bilişe odaklanan, bilinçdışı süreçlere
odaklanan ve varoluşa odaklanan terapiler olarak kümeleştirebiliriz. Bunları
kendi arasında kategorize ettiğimizde; bir kişinin iç dünyasını ve zihinsel
yapısını statik, kalıcı, kişiye ait ve değişmez bir yapı olarak bakan ve
oradaki psikopatolojiyi düzeltme iddiasında bulunan kuramlar bir tarafta
durmaktadır. Tek kişilik terapiler olarak adlandırılan bu kuramlara, tamir eden
ve edilen, gözleyen ve gözlenen, bilen ve bilmeyen bağlamları perspektiflerinde
bakmak mümkündür. Tek kişilik terapilerin karşısına ise karşılıklı etkileşime
dayalı iki kişilik terapiler olarak adlandırılan diğer terapi kuramlarını
koymak mümkündür. 

Bu makalenin amacı ve
konusu: iki kişilik terapilerden doğan ve daha sonra bir sistem teorisine ve
alan teorisine doğru genişleyen, karşılıklı etkileşimsel sistemleri merkeze
alan yaklaşım tarzıyla, bu psikoterapi ekollerini, özellikle psikanalitik
bağlamda olan psikoterapi kuramlarını değerlendirmek ve alan kuramına karşı
konumlarını belirlemek ve tanımlamaktır. Freud’dan hemen sonra ortaya çıkan
daha çok self üzerine odaklanmış Adler, Jung gibi dinamik psikoterapi
kuramcıları ve yaklaşım tarzları; Anna Freud, Eric Ericson, David Rapaport, H.
Loewald ve Heinz Hartmann gibi ego psikolojisine ağırlık veren ego psikologları;
nesne ilişkilerini gündeme getiren Melanie Klein ve W. R. D. Fairbairn’den
ortaya çıkan nesne ilişkileri ve Otto Kernberg gibi çağdaş temsilcileri; ara
gurup olarak nitelendirebileceğimiz gelişimsel psikolojiye öncelik vererek
yaklaşan James Masterson’un terk depresyonu kuramı, klasik psikanalitik ekolden
bir kopma olduğu iddia edilen ve bir kopuş sağlayan Heinz Kohut’un Kendilik
Psikolojisi, kendilik psikolojisiyle aynı döneme denk düşen Stephan Mitchell ve
Jay Greenberg’in ilişkisel psikanalizi, bunlarla karşılıklı etkileşim
içerisinde ortaya çıkan Paul Wachtel’in ilişkisel-döngüsel psikoterapisi,
Robert Stolorow,  Bernard Brandchaft ve
George E. Atwood’un Öznelerarası Alan Kuramı, Joseph D. Lichtenberg, Frank M.
Lachmann ve James L. Fosshage’ın geliştirdiği güdülenme sistemleri, güdülenme
kuramları bu makalenin temel konusudur.





Anahtar
kelimeler: Alan Kuramı, Psikanalitik Kuramlar, Bütüncül Bakış Tarzı,
Teknik Eklektizm, Teorik Entegrasyon, Ortak Faktörler Yaklaşımı,  Asimilatif Bütüncül Psikoterapi.





References

  • Atwood, G. & Stolorow, R. (1984). Structures of Subjectivity: Explorations in Psychoanalytic Phenomenology. Hillsdale; NJ: The Analytic Press; Türkçesi: Öznelliğin Yapıları, çev. Zeynep Ertan, Psikoterapi Enstitüsü Eğitim Yayınları, 2013.
  • Beebe, B., Jaffe, J., & Lachmann, F. (1992). A dyadic systems view of communication. In: Relational Perspectives in Psychoanalysis, ed. N. Skolnick & S. Warshaw. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press.
  • Beebe, B., Jaffe, J., & Lachmann, F. (1988a). The contribution of mother-infant mutual influence to the origins of self- and object representations. Psychoanal. Psychol., 5, 305-337.
  • Beebe, B., Jaffe, J. (1988b). Mother-infant mutual influence and precursors of psychic structure. In: Frontiers in Self Psychology: Progress in Self Psychology, Vol. 4, ed. A. Goldberg. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, pp. 3-25.
  • Brandchaft, B. (1983). The negativism of the negative therapeutic reaction and the psychology of the self. In: The Future of Psychoanalysis, ed. A. Goldberg. Madison, CT: International Universities Press, pp. 327-359.
  • Brandchaft, B. (1991). To free the spirit from its cell. Presented at the Fourteenth Annual Conference on the Psychology of the Self, Chicago, October 11.Brandchaft, B. & Stolorow, R. (1984). The borderline concept: Pathological character or iatrogenic myth? In: Empathy II, ed. J. Lichtenberg, M. Bornstein & D. Silver. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, pp. 333-357.
  • Brandchaft, B. (1990). Varieties of therapeutic alliance. The Annual of Psychoanalysis, 18:99-114. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press
  • Fairbairn, W. (1943). The repression and the return of bad objects. In: Psychoanalytic Studies of the Personality. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1952, pp. 59-81.
  • Hartmann, H. (1939). Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation. Madison, CT: International Universities Press, 1958, Türkçesi: Ben Psikolojisi ve Uyum Sorunu, çev. Banu Büyükkal, Metis, 2011.
  • Jacobson, E. (1964). The Self and the Object World. New York: International Universities Press.
  • Kernberg, O. (1975). Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism. Northvale, NJ: Aronson. Türkçesi: Sınır Durumlar ve Patolojik Narsisizm, çev. Mustafa Atakay, Metis, 1999.
  • Kernberg, O. (1976). Object Relations Theory and Clinical Psychoanalysis. Northvale, NJ: Aronson.
  • Kernberg, O. (1982). Review of Advances in Self Psychology. Amer. J. Psychiat., 139, 374-375.
  • Kernberg, O. (1987). Projection and projective identification. J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 35, 795-819.
  • Klein, M. (1940). Mourning and its relation to manic-depressive states. In: Contributions to Psycho-Analysis I92'l-/I945- London: Hogarth Press, 1950, pp. 311-338.
  • Klein, M. (1957). Envy and gratitude. In: Envy and Gratitude and Other Works 1946-1965. New York: Delta, 1977, pp. 176-235, Türkçesi; Haset ve Şükran, çev. Orhan Koçak, Yavuz Erten, Metis, 1999.
  • Klein, M. (1961). Narrative of a Child Analysis. New York: Basic Books.
  • Kohut, H. (1959). Introspection, empathy, and psychoanalysis. In: The Search for the Self Vol. 1, ed. P. Ornstein. Madison, CT: International Universities Press, 1978, pp. 205-232.
  • Kohut, H. (1971). The Analysis of the Self. Madison, CT: International Universities Press. Türkçesi; Kendiliğin Çözümlenmesi, çev. Cem Atbaşoğlu, Banu Büyükkal, Cüneyt İşcan, Metis, 1998.
  • Kohut, H. (1977). The Restoration of the Self. Madison, CT: International Universities Press. Türkçesi; Kendiliğin Yeniden Yapılanması, çev. Oğuz Cebeci, Metis, 1998.
  • Kohut, H. (1982). Introspection, empathy, and the semicircle of mental health. Internat. J. PsychoAnal., 63, 395-407.
  • Kohut, H. (1984). How Does Analysis Cure1 ed. A. Goldberg and P. Stepansky. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kramer, S. & Akhtar, S. (eds.) Türkçesi; Psikanaliz Nasıl Sağaltır? Çev. F. Büşra Helvacıoğlu, Psikoterapi Enstitüsü Eğitim Yayınları, 2012.
  • Kohut, H. (1991). The Trauma of Transgression. Northvale, NJ: Aronson.
  • Kris, E. (1956). The recovery of childhood memories in psycho¬analysis. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 11:54-88. Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
  • Lichtenberg, J. (1983). Psychoanalysis and lnf dale, NJ: The Analytic Press.
  • Lichtenberg, J. (1989). Psychoanalysis and Motivation, Analytic Press. Türkçesi; Psikanaliz ve Güdülenme, çev. Zeynep Ertan, Psikoterapi Enstitüsü Eğitim Yayınları, 2016.
  • Mahler, M., Pine, F., & Bergman, A. (1975). The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant. New York: Basic Books. Türkçesi; İnsan Yavrusunun Psikolojik Doğumu, çev. Ali Nahit Babaoğlu, Metis, 2003.
  • Masterson, J. (1967). The Psychiatric Dilemma of Adolescence. Boston: Little Brown. Türkçesi; Ergenliğe Yaklaşımda Psikiyatrinin İkilemi, çev. Pınar Üzeltüzenci, Psikoterapi Enstitüsü Eğitim Yayınları, 2013.
  • Masterson, J. (1972). Treatment of the Borderline Adolescent: A Developmental Approach. New York: Wiley. Türkçesi; Borderline Ergenin Tedavisi; Gelişimsel Bir Yaklaşım, çev. Pınar Üzeltüzenci, Psikoterapi Enstitüsü Eğitim Yayınları, 2012.
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There are 75 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Tahir Özakkaş 0000-0002-7492-2177

Publication Date August 5, 2018
Submission Date August 6, 2018
Acceptance Date August 6, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özakkaş, T. (2018). Alan Kuramının Diğer Psikanalitik Kuramlarla İlişkisi. Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi, 1(2), 1-28.
AMA Özakkaş T. Alan Kuramının Diğer Psikanalitik Kuramlarla İlişkisi. TBPD. August 2018;1(2):1-28.
Chicago Özakkaş, Tahir. “Alan Kuramının Diğer Psikanalitik Kuramlarla İlişkisi”. Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi 1, no. 2 (August 2018): 1-28.
EndNote Özakkaş T (August 1, 2018) Alan Kuramının Diğer Psikanalitik Kuramlarla İlişkisi. Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi 1 2 1–28.
IEEE T. Özakkaş, “Alan Kuramının Diğer Psikanalitik Kuramlarla İlişkisi”, TBPD, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 1–28, 2018.
ISNAD Özakkaş, Tahir. “Alan Kuramının Diğer Psikanalitik Kuramlarla İlişkisi”. Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi 1/2 (August 2018), 1-28.
JAMA Özakkaş T. Alan Kuramının Diğer Psikanalitik Kuramlarla İlişkisi. TBPD. 2018;1:1–28.
MLA Özakkaş, Tahir. “Alan Kuramının Diğer Psikanalitik Kuramlarla İlişkisi”. Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi, vol. 1, no. 2, 2018, pp. 1-28.
Vancouver Özakkaş T. Alan Kuramının Diğer Psikanalitik Kuramlarla İlişkisi. TBPD. 2018;1(2):1-28.