Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antifungal and Herbicidal Activities of Essential Oils from Three Thymus Species

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 4, 424 - 433, 01.10.2022

Ayşe Usanmaz Bozhüyük , Şaban Kordalı

https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1117312

Cited By: 1

Abstract

The current study aimed to research the chemical composition, antioxidant, herbicidal and antifungal effect three essential oils, as obtained from Thymus canoviridis Jalas., Thymus eriocalyx (Ronni.) Jalas. and Thymus fallax Fisch. et C.A. Mey. Antioxidant capacities of essential oils were determined by 1.1dipheny1-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The antifungal potential was tested in-vitro against Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc., Fusarium graminearum Schwab., Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld and Fusarium oxysporum Schlec. Bioherbicidal effect was studied in-vivo and in-vitro against weed seeds of Amaranthus retroflexus L., Convolvulus arvensis L. and Chenopodium album L. Essential oils were assayed in laboratory three concentrations (5, 10 and 20 µL/petri) and one (20 µL/pot) concentration in the greenhouse. The chemical composition of essential oils was analyzed by (GC) and (GC/MS). The major constituents were p-cymene, 1,8-cineole and γ-terpinene. As a result of the antioxidant study, it was determined that Thymus essential oils had remarkable antioxidant activity. On the other hand, oils decreased mycelial growth of pathogens at different rates due to increasing doses and inhibited 9.33-100% in-vitro conditions. In the bioherbicidal study assays showed that tested essential oils had inhibitory effects on the seed germination and seedling growth of weeds. The study concludes that Thymus essential oils might has the potential use as bioherbicide and biofungicide can constitute an alternative process of weed control and fungus.

Keywords

Antioxidant effect, Antifungal effect, Bioherbicidal effect, Essential oil, Thymus

Supporting Institution

Ataturk University Scientific Research Projects Unit.

Project Number

PRJ2015/182

References

• Abou-Jawdah Y, Sobh H, Salameh A. 2002. Antimycotic activities of selected plant flora growing wild in lebanon against phypathogenic fungi. J Agric Food Chem, 50 (11): 3208-3213.
• Abrahim D, Braguini WL, Kelmer-Bracht AM, Ishii-Iwamoto EL. 2000. Effects of four monoterpenes on germination, primary root growth, and mitochondrial respiration of maize. J Chem Ecol, 26(3): 611-624.
• Adams RP. 2007. Identification of essential oil components by Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry. Allured Publishing Corp, Carol Stream, Illinois, US.
• Amin G. 2005. Popular medicinal plants of Iran. Tehran University of Medical Sciences Press, Tehran, Iran.
• Amiri H. 2012. Essential oils composition and antioxidant properties of three Thymus species. Evidence-Based Comp Alter Medic, 2012: 1-9.
• Azaz AD, Celen S. 2012. Composition and in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils of four Thymus species in Turkey. Asian J of Chem, 24 (5): 2082-2086.
• Bagci E, Başer KHC. 2005. Study of the essential oils of Thymus haussknechtii Velen and Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. et Hohen var. kotschyanus (Lamiaceae) taxa from the eastern Anatolian region in Turkey. Flavour Fragr J, 20(2): 199-202.
• Bianchi A, Zambonelli A, Zechini D’aulerıo A, Bellesia F. 1997. Ultrastructural studies of the effects of Allium sativum on phytopathogenic fungi in vitro. Plant Dis, 81: 1241-1246.
• Bouchra C, Achouri M, Idrissi Hassani LM, Hmamouchi M. 2003. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils of seven Moroccan Labiatae against Botrytis cinerea Pers: Fr. J Ethnopharmacol, 89: 165-169.
• Bowers JH, Locke JC. 2004. Effect of formulated plant ekstract and oils on population density of Phytophthora nicotianae in soil and control of Phytophthora blight in the greenhouse. Plant Dis, 88: 11-16.
• Bozin B, Mimica-Dukic N, Simin N, Anackov G. 2006. Characterization of the volatile composition of essential oils of some Lamiaceae spices and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the entire oils. J Agric Food Chem, 54(5): 1822-1828.
• Cakir A, Kordali S, Kilic H, Kaya E. 2005. Antifungal properties of essential oil and crude extracts of Hypericum linarioides Bosse. Biochem Syst Ecol, 33(3): 245-256.
• Chang ST, Cheng SS, Wang SY. 2001. Antitermitic activity of essential oils and components from Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides). J Chem Ecol, 27: 717-724.
• Cosentino SCIG, Tuberoso CIG, Pisano B, Satta ML, Mascia V, Arzedi E, Palmas F. 1999. In-vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils. Lett Appl Microbiol, 29(2): 130-135.
• Daferera DJ, Ziogas BN, Polissiou, MG. 2003. The effectiveness of plant essential oils on the growth of Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium sp. and Clavibacter michiganensis sub sp. michiganensis. Crop Protection, 22: 39-44.
• Davis PH. 1970. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol 3, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, UK, pp: 568.
• Doshi P, Adsule P, Banerjee K, Oulkar D. 2015. Phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and insulinotropic effect of extracts prepared from grape (Vitis vinifera L) by products. J Food Sci Technol, 52(1): 181-190.
• Džamić AM, Nikolić BJ, Giweli AA, Mitić‐Ćulafić DS, Soković MD, Ristić MS, Marin PD. 2015. Libyan Thymus capitatus essential oil: antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and colon pathogen adhesion‐inhibition properties. J Appl Microbiol, 119(2): 389-399.
• Faleiro L, Miguel G, Gomes S, Costa L, Venâncio F, Teixeira A, Pedro LG. 2005. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oils isolated from Thymbra capitata L. (Cav.) and Origanum vulgare L. J Agric Food Chem, 53(21): 8162-8168.
• Genç S, Soysal Mİ. 2018. Parametric and nonparametric post hoc tests. BSJ Eng Sci, 1(1): 18-27.
• Goudjil MB, Zighmi S, Hamada D, Mahcene Z, Bencheikh SE, Ladjel S. 2020. Biological activities of essential oils extracted from Thymus capitatus (Lamiaceae). S Afr J Bot, 128: 274-282.
• Hazzit M, Baaliouamer A, Faleiro ML, Miguel MG. 2006. Composition of the essential oils of Thymus and Origanum species from Algeria and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. J Agric Food Chem, 54(17): 6314-6321.
• Hedhili L, Romdhane M, Abderrabba A, Planche H, Cherif I. 2002. Variability in essential oil composition of Tunisian Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. et Link. Flavour Fragr J, 17(1): 26-28.
• Kabouche A, Kabouche Z, Bruneau C. 2005. Analysis of the essential oil of Thymus numidicus (Poiret) from Algeria. Flavour Fragr J, 20(2): 235-236.
• Kocabas YZ, Karaman S. 2001. Essential oils of Lamiaceae family from south east Medterranean region (Turkey). Pak J Biol Sci, 4(10): 1221-1223.
• Kordali S, Cakir A, Akcin TA, Mete E, Akcin A, Aydin T, Kilic H. 2009. Antifungal and herbicidal properties of essential oils and n-hexane extracts of Achillea gypsicola Hub-Mor. and Achillea biebersteinii Afan. (Asteraceae). Ind Crops Prod, 29(2-3): 562-570.
• Kordali S, Cakir A, Ozer H, Cakmakcı R, Kesdek M, Mete E. 2008. Antifungal, phytotoxic and insecticidal properties of essential oil isolated from Turkish Origanum acutidens and three components, carvacrol, thymol and p-cymene. Bioresouarce Techn, 99: 8788-8795.
• Kordali S, Kotan R, Cakir A. 2007. Screening of in vitro antifungal activities of 21 oxygenated monoterpenes as plant disease control agents. Allelopathy J, 19 (2): 373-391.
• Kordali S, Tazegul A, Cakir A. 2015. Phytotoxic effects of Nepeta meyeri Benth. Extracts and essential oil on seed germinations and seedling growths of four weed species. Records Nat Prod, 9(3): 404-418.
• Kotan R, Cakir A, Dadasoglu F, Aydin T, Cakmakci R, Ozer H, Dikbas N. 2010. Antibacterial activities of essential oils and extracts of Turkish Achillea, Satureja and Thymus species against plant pathogenic bacteria. J Sci Food Agric, 90(1): 145-160.
• Küçükbay FZ, Kuyumcu E, Celen S, Azaz AD, Arabaci T. 2014. Chemical composition of the essential oils of three Thymus taxa from turkey with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Records Nat Prod, 8 (2): 110-120.
• Lee SO, Choi GJ, Jang KS, Lim HK, Cho KY, Kim J. 2007. Antifungal activity of five plant essential oils as fumigant against postharvest and soilborne plant pathogenic fungi. Plant Pathol J, 23 (2): 97-102.
• Mossa MI. 2021. Antifungal effect of Thymus vulgaris methanolic extract on growth of aflatoxins producing Aspergillus parasiticus. Egyptian J. Bot, 61(2): 349-359.
• Onaran A, Yilar M, Belguzar S, Bayan Y, Aksit H. 2014. Antifungal and bioherbicidal properties of essential oils of Thymus fallax Fish & Mey., Origanum vulgare L. and Mentha dumetorum Schult. Chem Asian J, 26 (16): 5159-5164.
• Ozkan G. 2007. Determination of phenolic components and antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of some plants used as spice or condiment belonging to the Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family in Turkey. PhD. thesis. Selçuk University. Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Konya, Türkiye, pp: 165.
• Rasooli I, Mirmostafa SA. 2002. Antibacterial properties of Thymus pubescens and Thymus serpyllum essential oils. Fitoterapia, 73(3): 244-250.
• Rasooli I, Rezaei MB, Allameh A. 2006. Growth inhibition and morphological alterations of Aspergillus niger by essential oils from Thymus eriocalyx and Thymus x-porlock. Food Cont, 17(5): 359-364.
• Ristic MD, Duletic-Lausavic S, Knezevic-Vukcevic J, Marin PD, Simic D. Vukojevic J. Janackovic P, Vajs V. 2000. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and ethanol extracts of Phlomis fruticosa L. (Lamiaceae). Phytother Res, 14: 267-271.
• Soylu EM, Soylu S, Kurt S. 2006. Antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of various plants against tomato late blight disease agent Phytophthora infestans. Mycopathologia, 161: 119-128.
• Soylu EM, Tok MF, Soylu S, Kaya AD, Evrendilek GA. 2005a. Antifungal activities of the essential oil on post-harvest disease agent Penicillium digitatum. Pakistan J Bio Sci, 8: 25-29.
• Soylu EM, Yiğitbaş H, Tok MF, Soylu S, Baysal O, Kaya AD. 2005b. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil of Artemisia annua L. against foliar and soil borne fungal pathogens. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz- J Plant Dis Prot, 112(3): 229-239.
• Stahl-Biskup E. 2002. Thyme as a herbal drug–pharmacopoeias and other product characteristics In Thyme. CRC Press, New York, US, pp: 307-330.
• Synowiec A, Drozdek E. 2016. Physicochemical and herbicidal properties of emulsions of essential oils against Avena fatua L. and Chenopodium album L. J Plant Dis Prot, 123(2): 65-74.
• Tümen G, Başer KHC, Demirci B, Ermin N. 1998. The essential oils of Satureja coerulea Janka and Thymus aznavourii Velen. Flavour Fragr J, 13(1): 65-67.
• Türküsay H, Onoğur E. 1998. Studies on determination of antifungal activities of some plant extracts in vitro. J Agric Forest, 22: 267-271.
• Tworkoski T. 2002. Herbicide effects of essential oils. Weed Sci, 50(4): 425-431.
• Ultee A, Bennik MHJ, Moezelaar R. 2002. The phenolic hydroxyl group of carvacrol is essential for action against the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus. Appl Environ Microbiol, 68(4): 1561-1568.
• Usanmaz Bozhuyuk A, Komaki A, Kordali S, Üstüner T. 2019. Assessment of the growth inhibiting effect of satureja essential oils on different Fusarium species from wheat. Fresenius Environ Bull, 28 (11): 8199-8206.
• Usanmaz Bozhuyuk A. 2020. Herbicidal activity and chemical composition of two essential oils on seed germinations and seedling growths of three weed species. J Essen Oil Bearing Plants, 23(4): 821-831.
• Üstüner T, Kordali Ş, Usanmaz Bozhüyük A. 2018. Herbicidal and fungicidal effects of Cuminum cyminum, Mentha longifolia and Allium sativum essential oils on some weeds and fungi. Records Nat Prod, 12(6): 619-629.
• Üstüner T, Kordali Ş, Usanmaz Bozhüyük A. Kesdek M. 2018. Investigation of pesticidal activities of essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Records Nat Prod, 12(6): 557-568.
• Walter M, Jaspers MV, Eade K, Frampton CM, Stewart A. 2001. Control of Botrytis cinerea in grape using Thyme oil. Australas Plant Pathol, 30: 21-25.
• Wang W, Wu N, Zu YG, Fu YJ. 2008. Antioxidative activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil compared to its main components. Food Chem, 108(3): 1019-1022.
• Wilson CL, Solar JM, El Ghaouth A, Wısnıewskı ME. 1997. Rapid evaluation of plant extracts and essential oils for antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea. Plant Dis, 81: 204-210.
• Yilar M, Bayan Y, Aksit H, Onaran A, Kadioglu I, Yanar Y. 2013. Bioherbicidal effects of essential oils isolated from Thymus fallax F., Mentha dumetorum Schult. and Origanum vulgare L. Chem Asian J, 25(9): 4807-4811.
• Zambonelli A, Zechini D’aulerio A, Bianchi A, Albasin A. 1996. Effects of essential oils on phytopathogenic fungi in vitro. J Phytopathol, 144:380-383.
• Zargari A. 1990. Medicinal plants. Tehran University Press, Tehran, Iran pp: 38.