ARTİSTİK CİMNASTİKÇİLERDE AYAK VE AYAK BİLEĞİ YARALANMALARI ÜZERİNE BİR DERLEME

Year 2022, Volume: 16 Issue: 3, 182 - 193, 19.12.2022

Nurcan Contarlı , Tarık Özmen

Abstract

Cimnastik, dünya çapında yüksek katılım oranına sahip olimpik bir spor branşıdır. Uluslararası Cimnastik Federasyonu, artistik, ritmik, trampolin, aerobik ve akrobatik cimnastik olmak üzere 6 disiplin tanımlamıştır. Cimnastiğin en popüler alt disiplini olan artistik cimnastik branşında diğer spor branşlarıyla kıyaslandığında daha fazla yaralanma gözlenmektedir. Erken yaşlardan itibaren başlanılan yoğun antrenmanlar, sporcularda ayak ve ayak bileği bölgesinde çeşitli kas-iskelet sistemi patolojilerine neden olabilmekte, yaralanmayı takiben uzun süreli performans kayıpları görülebilmekte ve sporcuların kariyeri olumsuz etkilenebilmektedir. Artistik cimnastikçilerde ayak ve ayak bileğinde yaralanmaya yol açabilecek risk faktörlerinin tespiti ve bunların önlenmesine yönelik antrenman programının planlanması ve müdahale stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, artistik cimnastikçilerde ayak ve ayak bileği yaralanmalarını ve bunlara neden olabilecek risk faktörlerini incelemektir. Bu çalışma için PubMed ve Web of Science veri tabanları kullanılarak 2000-2022 yılları arasında “artistik cimnastik”, “cimnastikçilerde yaralanma”, “medial tibial stres sendromu”, “ayak-ayak bileği yaralanması”, “aşil tendon yaralanması” anahtar kelimeleri ile tüm İngilizce ve Türkçe çalışmalar tarandı, toplam 92 bilimsel çalışma incelendi.

Keywords

Cimnastik, ayak, ayak bileği, spor yaralanması

A REVIEW ON FOOT AND ANKLE INJURIES IN ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS

Abstract

Gymnastics is an Olympic sport with a high participation rate worldwide. International Gymnastics Federation defined 6 disciplines as artistic, rhythmic, trampoline, aerobics, and acrobatic gymnastics. Compared to other sports branches, more injuries are observed in artistic gymnastics, which is the most popular sub-discipline of gymnastics. Intensive training starting from an early age can cause various musculoskeletal pathologies in the foot and ankle region of the athletes, long-term performance losses can be seen following the injury and the career of the athletes can be adversely affected. It is necessary to determine the risk factors that may lead to foot and ankle injuries in artistic gymnasts, plan the training program, and develop intervention strategies to prevent them. The aim of this study is to examine foot and ankle injuries in artistic gymnasts and the risk factors that may cause them. For this study, a total of 92 articles which were published between 2000-2022 in databases Web of Science and PubMed regarding the sub-areas and keywords "artistic gymnastics", "injury in gymnasts", "medial tibial stress syndrome", "foot-ankle injury", and "achilles tendon injury" have been analyzed.

References

• Kalinski SD, Atikovic A, Jelaska I. (2018). Gender differences in consecutive participation in artistic gymnastics at the Olympic Games from 1996 to 2016. Science of Gymnastics Journal. 10(1), 51-67.
• Caine DJ, Harringe ML. Epidemiology of injury in gymnastics (2013). Içinde: Caine DJ, Russell K, Lim L, (editörler). Gymnastics handbook of sports medicine and science: Wiley-Blackwell. 111-124.
• Kiuchukov I, Yanev I, Petrov L, Kolimechkov S, Alexandrova A, Zaykova D, Stoimenov E. (2019). Impact of gymnastics training on the health-related physical fitness of young female and male artistic gymnasts. Science of Gymnastics Journal. 11(2), 175-187.
• Moeskops S, Oliver JL, Read PJ, Cronin JB, Myer GD, Lloyd RS. (2019). The physiological demands of youth artistic gymnastics: Applications to strength and conditioning. Strength & Conditioning Journal. 41(1), 1-13.
• Hart E, Meehan III WP, Bae DS, d’Hemecourt P, Stracciolini A. (2018). The young injured gymnast: A literature review and discussion. Current Sports Medicine Reports. 17(11), 366-375.
• Caine D, Knutzen K, Howe W, Keeler L, Sheppard L, Henrichs D, Fast J. (2003). A three-year epidemiological study of injuries affecting young female gymnasts. Physical Therapy in Sport. 4(1), 10-23.
• Marshall SW, Covassin T, Dick R, Nassar LG, Agel J. (2007). Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women’s gymnastics injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988-1989 through 2003-2004. Journal of Athletic Training. 42, 234-240.
• Kerr ZY, Hayden R, Barr M, Klossner DA, Dompier TP. (2015). Epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association Women’s Gymnastics Injuries, 2009-2010 Through 2013–2014. Journal of Athletic Training. 50(8), 870-878.
• Kruse D, Lemmen B. (2009). Spine injuries in the sport of gymnastics. Current Sports Medicine Reports. 8, 20-28.
• Thomas RE, Thomas BC. (2019). A systematic review of injuries in gymnastics. The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 47(1), 96-121.
• Kirialanis P, Malliou P, Beneka A, Gourgoulis V, Giofstidou A, Godolias G. (2002). Injuries in artistic gymnastic elite adolescent male and female athletes. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 16(4), 145-151.
• Edouard P, Steffen K, Junge A, Leglise M, Soligard T, Engebretsen L. (2018). Gymnastics injury incidence during the 2008, 2012, and 2016 Olympic Games: Analysis of prospectively collected surveillance data from 963 registered gymnasts during Olympic Games. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 52(7), 475-481.
• Caine DJ, Nassar L. (2005). Gymnastics injuries. Medicine and Sports Sciences. 48, 18-58.
• Engebretsen L, Steffen K, Bahr R, Broderick C, Dvorak J, Janarv PM, Steen H. (2010). The international olympic committee consensus statement on age determination in high-level young athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 44(7), 476-484.
• Malina RM, Baxter-Jones AD, Armstrong N, Beunen GP, Caine D, Daly RM, Russell K. (2013). Role of intensive training in the growth and maturation of artistic gymnasts. Sports Medicine. 43(9), 783-802.
• Bahr R, Krosshaug T. (2005). Understanding injury mechanisms: A key component of preventing injuries in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 39(6), 324-329.
• Harringe ML, Renström P, Werner S. (2007). Injury incidence, mechanism and diagnosis in top‐level team gym: a prospective study conducted over one season. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 17(2), 115-119.
• Rohleder J, Vogt T. (2019). Changes in floor exercise characteristics in world elite male gymnasts. Journal of Human Kinetics. 67(1), 291-300.
• Bradshaw EJ, Hume PA. (2012). Biomechanical approaches to identify and quantify injury mechanisms and risk factors in women's artistic gymnastics. Sports Biomechanics. 11(3), 324-341.
• Kirialanis P, Malliou P, Beneka A, Giannakopoulos K. (2003). Occurrence of acute lower limb injuries in artistic gymnasts in relation to event and exercise phase. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 37(2), 137-139.
• O’Kane JW, Levy MR, Pietila KE, Caine DJ, Schiff MA. (2011). Survey of injuries in Seattle area levels 4 to 10 female club gymnasts. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 21(6), 486-492.
• Gittoes MJ, Irwin G. (2012). Biomechanical approaches to understanding the potentially injurious demands of gymnastic-style impact landings. Sports Medicine Arthroscopy Rehabilitation Therapy Technology. 4(1), 1-9.
• Prassas S, Kwon YH, Sands WA. (2006). Biomechanical research in artistic gymnastics: A review. Sports Biomechanics. 5(2), 261-291.
• Straker R, Exell TA, Farana R, Hamill J, Irwin G. (2021). Biomechanical responses to landing strategies of female artistic gymnasts. European Journal of Sport Science. 1-8.
• Campbell RA, Bradshaw EJ, Ball NB, Pease DL, Spratford W. (2019). Injury epidemiology and risk factors in competitive artistic gymnasts: A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 53(17), 1056-1069.
• Contarlı N, Çankaya T. (2022). Effect of the pes planus on vertical jump height and lower extremity muscle activation in gymnasts. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise. 24(1), 81-89.
• Xiao X, Xiao W, Li X, Wan B, Shan G. (2017). The influence of landing mat composition on ankle injury risk during a gymnastic landing: A biomechanical quantification. Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics. 19(1), 105-113.
• Meyer G, Ayalon M. (2006). Biomechanical aspects of dynamic stability. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity. 3(1), 29-33.
• Hedbavny P, Sklenarikova J, Hupka D, Kalichova M. (2013). Balancing in handstand on the floor. Science of Gymnastics Journal. 5(3), 69-80.
• Amin I, Moroz A. (2017). Medial tibial stress syndrome. Musculoskeletal Sports and Spine Disorders. Springer, Cham. 281-282.
• Thacker SB, Gilchrist J, Stroup DF, Kimsey CD. (2002). The prevention of shin splints in sports: a systematic review of literature. Medicinw & Science in Sports & Exercise. 34(1), 32-40.
• Burne SG, Khan KM, Boudville PB, Mallet RJ, Newman PM, Steinman LJ, Thornton E. (2004). Risk factors associated with exertional tibial pain: A twelve months prospective clinical study. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 38(4), 441-445.
• Plisky MS, Rauh MJ, Heiderscheit B, Underwood FB, Tank RT. (2007). Medial tibial stress syndrome in high school cross-country runners: incidence and risk factors. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Theraphy. 37(2), 40-47.
• Matcuk GR, Mahanty SR, Skalski MR, Patel DB, White EA, Gottsegen CJ. (2016). Stress fractures: Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, imaging features, and treatment options. Emergency Radiology. 23(4), 365-375.
• Moen MH, Tol JL, Weir A, Steunebrink M, De Winter TC. (2009). Medial tibial stress syndrome. Sports Medicine. 39(7), 523-546.
• Jones G, Wolf B. (2008). Evaluation and management of gymnastic injuries. Sports Med Update. January/February:2-9.
• Saluan P, Styron J, Ackley JF, Prinzbach A, Billow D. (2015). Injury types and incidence rates in precollegiate female gymnasts. Orthopeadic Journal of Sports Medicine. 3(4), 2325967115577596.
• Singh S, Smith GA, Fields SK, McKenzie LB. (2008). Gymnastics-related injuries to children treated in emergency departments in the United States, 1990-2005. Pediatrics. 121(4), 954-960.
• Olmsted LC, Vela LI, Denegar CR, Hertel J. (2004). Prophylactic ankle taping and bracing: A numbers-needed-to-treat and cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Athletic Training. 39(1), 95-100.
• Donley BG, Maschke S, Bergfeld JA, Colello M. (2005). Pronation-external rotation ankle fractures in 3 professional football players. The American Journal of Orthopedics. 34, 547-550.
• Ekstrand J, Torstveit MK. (2012). Stress fractures in elite male football players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 22(3), 341-346.
• Warden SJ, Creaby MW, Bryant AL, Crossley KM. (2007). Stress fracture risk factors in female football players and their clinical implications. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1, 38-43.
• Behrens SB, Deren ME, Matson A, Fadale PD, Monchik KO. (2013). Stress fractures of the pelvis and legs in athletes: A review. Sports Health. 5, 165-174.
• Levine RH, Foris LA, Nezwek TA, Waseem M. (2017). Salter harris fractures.
• Brukner P, Khan K. (2012). Brukner and khan’s clinical sports medicine, 4th Australia: McGraw-Hill Medical.
• Callahan LR. (2000). Stress fractures in women. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine. 19, 303-314.
• Rossi F, Dragoni S. (2005). Talar body fatigue stress fractures: three cases observed in elite female gymnasts. Skeletal Radiology. 34(7), 389-394.
• Caine DJ. (2003). Injury and growth. In Scientific aspects of women's gymnastics. Karger Publishers. 45, 46-71.
• Klingele KE, Kocher MS. (2002). Little league elbow: Valgus overload injury in the paediatric athlete. Sports Medicine 32, 1005-1015.
• Schiller J, DeFroda S, Blood T. (2017). Lower extremity avulsion fractures in the pediatric and adolescent athlete. Journal of The American Academic Orthopaedic Surgeons. 25(4), 251-259.
• Chan JJ, Chen KK, Sarker S, Hasija R, Huang HH, Guzman JZ, Vulcano E. (2020). Epidemiology of Achilles tendon injuries in collegiate level athletes in the United States. International Orthopeadics. 44, 585-594.
• Peterson JG, Tjong VK, Mehta MP, Goyette BN, Patel M, Kadakia AR. (2021). A qualitative assessment of return to sport following Achilles tendon repair. Journal of Orthopeadics. 23, 46-51.
• Paavola M, Kannus P, Järvinen TA, Khan K, Józsa L, Järvinen M. (2002). Achilles tendinopathy. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgey. 84(11), 2062-2076.
• Järvinen TA, Kannus P, Paavola M, Järvinen TL, Józsa L, Järvinen M. (2001). Achilles tendon injuries. Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 13(2), 150-155.
• Johns W, Walley KC, Seedat R, Thordarson DB, Jackson B, Gonzalez T. (2021). Career outlook and performance of professional athletes after Achilles tendon rupture: a systematic review. Foot & Ankle International. 42, 495-509.
• Sands WA. (2000). Injury prevention in women’s gymnastics. Sports Medicine. 30(5), 359-373.
• Wertz J, Galli M, Borchers JR. (2013). Achilles tendon rupture: risk assessment for aerial and ground athletes. Sports Health. 5, 407-409.
• Bonanno J, Cheng J, Tilley D, Abutalib Z, Casey E. (2022). Factors associated with Achilles tendon rupture in women’s collegiate gymnastics. Sports Health. 14(3), 358-368.