Determination of Encounter Norms and Social Carrying Capacity of Yozgat Çamlik National Park Using Simulation Modeling Technique

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 219 - 228, 01.07.2023

Aykut Rüzgar , Metin Demir

https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1254464

Abstract

National parks are at the forefront where city people can satisfy their longing for nature. While the increase in the demands for green and soul has caused some questions for these areas, it has also prepared the ground for local governments to take protective-preventive measures. Yozgat Çamlık National Park has the title of being the first national park of Türkiye and is characterized as a rare piece of nature. This study calculated the carrying capacities of the scenic cruise route and picnic roads, the most intensive-use areas of Yozgat Çamlık National Park. To make the calculations, the National Park was visited frequently between January and December 2021-2022, and the most intense usage points were determined. Photographs of the determined points were taken, and six simulation images were created. The visitors using the National Park were asked to score between 1-6 on the simulation images that they felt comfortable and uncomfortable within the simulation images created by a survey study. The National Park's Social Carrying Capacity and Social Norm levels were calculated according to the scoring status. When the findings are evaluated, the Social carrying capacity of the Picnic area is 524 people, the Social Norms level is nine people, the Social Capacity is 84 people on the Scenic cruise route, and the Social Norms level is determined as ten people.

Keywords

Social norm, Social carrying capacity, Yozgat Çamlik National Park, Recreation

Thanks

Sayın Hocam, Hazırladığımız çalışma "Yozgat Çamlığı Milli Parkı'nın Kontrollü Kullanım Bölgelerinde Fiziksel ve Sosyal Taşıma Kapasitesi" başlıklı Yüksek Lisans tezinden üretilmiştir. Çalışmalarınızda kolaylıklar dileriz. Saygılarımızla.

References

• Agyeman YB, Yeboah AO, Ashie E. 2019. Protected areas and poverty reduction: the role of ecotourism livelihood in local communities in Ghana. Commun Develop, 50: 73–91.
• Başaran MA, Demir M, Ayhan Y, Ağyürek C, Okutucu MA, Öksüz S. 2020. Orman içi dinlenme yerlerini kullanan ziyaretçilerin talep ve beklentilerinin belirlenmesi: Erzurum örneği. Turk J Biod, 3(1): 32-42.
• Brown K, Turner RK, Hameed H, Bateman I. 1997. Environal carrying capacity and tourism development in the Maldives and Nepal. Environ Conser, 24(4): 316-325.
• Buckley R. 1998. Toolsand indicators for managing tourism in parks. Annals Tour Res, 25(4): 208-210.
• Caner AM. 2018. Erzincan Girlevik Şelalesinin fiziksel ve sosyal taşıma kapasitesinin belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Erzurum, Türkiye, ss: 140.
• Caner, AM, Demir M. 2020. Erzincan Girlevik Şelalesi ve yakın çevresinin fiziksel taşıma kapasitesinin belirlenmesi. Kent Akad, 13(41): 22-36.
• Ceballos-Lascurain H. 1996. Tourism, ecotourism, and protected areas: the state of nature-based tourism around the world and guidelines for its development. World Conservation Union, New York, USA, Gland: IUCN, pp: 301.
• Ceurvorst RL, Needham MD. 2012. Is Acceptable really acceptable? Comparing two scales for measuring normative evaluations in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sci, 34(3): 272-279.
• Clarke AL. 2002. Assessing the carrying capacity of Florida keys. Popul Environ, 23(4): 405-418.
• de Sousa RC, Pereira LC, da Costa RM, Jiménez JA. 2014. Tourism carrying capacity on estuarine beaches in the Brazilian Amazon Region. J Coastal Res, 70(1): 545-550.
• Demir M, Özer S. 2014. Evaluation of the Tortum Waterfall according to the criteria used in the selection of protected areas in Turkey. Polish J Environ Stud, 23(5): 1230-1235.
• Demir M, Toy S, Göktuğ TH. 2017. Planning process of recreational areas based on the use of forest sources for recreational purpose. In: Öztürk M, Efe R, editors. Contemporary Studies in Environment and Tourism. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, London, UK, pp: 507-520.
• Demir M. 2019. Characteristics of air pollution in the city of Erzurum. Fresen Environ Bullet, 28: 3586-3593.
• Dias E, Beinat E, Scholten HJ. 2004. Effects of mobile information sharing in natural parks. In Enviro Info, 2: 11-25.
• Doğru E, Aydin F. 2020. Yerel halkın milli parklara ilişkin görüşleri: İğneada Longoz Ormanları Milli Parkı Örneği. Inter J Geograp Geograp Edu, 42: 328-355
• Erdemir B. 2018. Sürdürülebilir turizm kapsamında destinasyonların fiziksel ve psikolojik taşıma kapasitesi analizi: Pamukkale Hierapolis ören yeri örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Balıkesir, Türkiye, ss: 140.
• Göksu U. 2022. Korunan alanlarda taşıma kapasitesi ve ziyaretçi memnuniyetinin belirlenmesi: Karagöl-Sahra Milli Parkı örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Orman Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Artvin, Türkiye, ss: 56.
• Göktuğ TH. 2011. Dilek Yarımadası Büyük Menderes Deltası Milli Parkı’nın rekreasyonel taşıma kapasitesinin belirlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma. Doktora Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Erzurum, ss: 261.
• Göktuğ TH, Yıldız DN, Demir M, Bulut Y. 2013. Taşıma kapasitesi kuramının milli parklarda oluşum- gelişim ve modellenme süreci. Atatürk Üniv Zir Fak Derg, 44(2): 195-206.
• Göktuğ TH, Arpa NY. 2016. A method approach for determining recreational carrying capacity in the scope of boat tours: Sample of Beyşehir Lake National Park. Kahramanmaraș Sütçü İmam Üniv Doğa Bilim Derg, 19(1): 5-27.
• Göktuğ TH, İçemer GT, Göktürk RS, Deniz B, Aslan EŞO, Arpa NY. 2017. Beydağları sahil milli parkı’nda taşıma kapasitesi boyutlarının (fiziksel, gerçek, etkin, sosyal, ekolojik) analizleri tabanlı ziyaretçi yönetim modelinin geliştirilmesi: Faselis ve Çıralı koyları örneği. TÜBİTAK, Kesin Sonuç Raporu, Proje no: 114O344, Ankara, Türkiye, ss: 231.
• Grafe AR, Vaske JJ, Kuss FR. 1984. Social carrying capacity: An Integration and synthesis of twenty years of research. Leisure Sci, (6)4: 395-431.
• Hadwen S, Palmer LJ. 1922. Reindeer in Alaska. Alaska, USA, Department of Agriculture, No: 1089, pp: 273.
• IUCN, (2011). What is a protected area. URL: http://www.iucn.org (accesed date: May 20, 2015).
• Jurado E, Dantas AG, Silva CPD. 2009. Coastal zone management: Tools for establishing a set of indicators to assess beach carrying capacity (Costa del Sol—Spain). J Coastal Res, 1125-1129.
• Kara VM, Celep M, Kanıgür S. 2020. Aşırı turizm kapsamında salda gölü’nün fiziksel taşıma kapasitesinin belirlenmesi. J Tour Gastron Stud, 4: 79-92.
• Koday Z, Kaymaz ÇK. 2017. Çevre, Eğitim ve milli parkların önemi. 15. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi, 11-12 Eylül 2017, Komrat, Moldova, ss: 21-32.
• Lawson SR, Manning RE, Valliere WA, Wang B. 2003b. Proactive monitoring and adaptive management of social carrying capacity arches national park: An application of computer simulation modelling. J Environal Manage, 68(3): 305-313.
• Lawson S, Kiely AM, Manning RE. 2003a. Computer simulation as a tool for developing alternatives for managing crowding at wilderness campsites on isle royale. Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium Proceedings, Pensilvanya, USA, pp: 18.
• Lindberg K, Mccool S, Stankey G. 1997. Research notes: Rethinking carrying capacity (sustainable tourism). Annals Tourism Res, 24(2): 461-465.
• Maldonado E, Montagnini F. 2005. Carrying capacity of la tigra national park, Honduras. J Sustainable Forestry, 19(4): 29-48.
• Manning R. 1999. Crowding and carrying capacity in outdoor recreation: From normative standards to standards of quality. In Jackson E, Burton T, editors. Leisure Studies: Prospects for the Twenty-First Century, State College. Venture Publishing, Pensilvanya, USA, pp: 323–34.
• Manning RE. 2002. How much is too much? carrying capacity of national parks and protected areas. In Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas, Conference Proceedings, August 16-19, Norway, pp: 306-313.
• Manning R, Leung YF, Budruk M. 2005. Research to support management of visitor carrying capacity of Boston Harbor Islands. Northeastern Naturalist, 12(sp3): 201-220.
• Manning R, Valliere W, Wan, B, Lawson S, Newman P. 2002. Estimating day use social carrying capacity in Yosemite national park. J Canadian Assoc Leisure Stud, 27(1-2): 77-102.
• Manning R. 2007. Impacts of recreation on riparian soils and vegetation. Jawra J American Water Resources Assoc, 15(1): 78022.
• Marsiglio S. 2017. On the carrying capacity & the optimal number of visitors in tourism destinations. Tour Econ, 23: 632–646.
• McCool SF, Lime DW. 2001. Tourism carrying capacity: Tempting fantasy or useful reality? J Sustainable Tourism, 9(5): 372–88.
• Moore SA, Polley A, 2007. Defining indicators and standards for tourism impacts in protected areas: Cape Range National Park, Australia. Environal Management 39(3): 291-300.
• Needham MD, Rollins RB, 2005. Interest group standards for recreation and tourism impacts at ski areas in the summer. Tourism Manage, 26 (1): 1-13.
• Onat F. 1998. Yeşil alan kullanıcılarının memnuniyet derecelerinin değerlendirilmesi: Beşiktaş ilçesi örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye, ss: 147.
• Özdamar K. 2003. Modern bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Kaan Kitabevi, Eskişehir, Türkiye, ss: 228.
• Papageorgiou K, Brotherton I. 1999. A management planning framework based on ecological, perceptual, and economic carrying capacity: The case study of Vikos-Aoos National Park, Greece. J Environal Manage, 56: 271-284.
• Pereira da Silva C. (2002). Beach Carrying Capacity Assessment. How important is it? J Coastal Res, 36: 190-197.
• Queiroz RE, Ventura MA, Guerreiro JA, Cunha RTD. 2014. Carrying capacity of hiking trails in natura 2000 sites: A case study from North Atlantic Islands (Azores, Portugal), Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada, 14(2): 233-242.
• Şahbaz RP, Altınay M. 2015. Türkiye’deki milli parkların rekreasyon faaliyetleri açısından değerlendirilmesi. J Tourism Gastron Stud, 3(3): 125-135.
• Saveriades A. 2000. Establishing the social tourism carrying capacity for the tourist resorts of the east coast of the Republic of Cyprus. Tourism Manage, 21: 147-156.
• Sayan MS, Atık M, 2011. Recreation carrying capacity estimates for protected areas: A sudy of termessos national park. Ekol, 78: 66-74.
• Sayan MS, Ortaçeşme V, Karagüzel O, Atik M, Şahin T, Yıldırım E, Avcı Ü. 2005. Termessos (Güllükdağ) milli parkı’nda rekreasyonel taşıma kapasitesinin belirlenmesi. TÜBİTAK, Kesin Sonuç Raporu, Proje no: TOGTAG- 3197, Antalya, Türkiye, ss: 63.
• Sayan MS. Ortaçeşme V. 2005. Rekreasyonel taşıma kapasitesi kavramı ve korunan doğal alanlarda taşıma kapasitesinin belirlenmesi. Korunan Doğal Alanlar Sempozyumu, 8-10 Eylül, Isparta, Türkiye, pp: 495-503.
• Sever S. 1998. Yozgat Çamlığı Milli Parkı’nın koruma kullanım ve geliştirme ilkeleri üzerine bir araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Peyzaj Mimarlığı Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye, ss: 229.
• Shelby B, Heberlein T. 1984. A Conceptual framework for carrying capacity determination. Leisure Sci, 6: 433-451.
• Shelby MD, Newbold RR, Tully DB, Chae K, Davis VL. 1996. Assessing Environal chemicals for estrogenicity using a combination of in vitro and in vivo assays. Environal Health Perspect, 104(12): 1296-1300.
• Silva SF, Ferreira JC. 2013. Beach carrying capacity: The physical and social analysis at Costa de Caparica, Portugal. J Coastal Res, 1039-1044.
• Simon FJG, Narangajavana Y, Marques DP. 2004. Carrying capacity in the tourism industry: A case study of Hengistbury head. Tourism Manage, 25: 275-283.
• Smith K, Headly R. 1975. The use of computer simulation models in wilderness management. In: Ladany S, editor. Management science applications to leisure time. National Recreation and Parks Association, North Holland, Holland, pp: 273.
• Sobhani P, Esmaeilzadeh H, Sadeghi SMM, Marcu MV. 2022. Estimation of Ecotourism Carrying Capacity for Sustainable Development of Protected Areas is Iran. Int J Environ Res Pub Health, 19: 1059.
• Soylu Y, Özkök F. 2016. Turistik destinasyonlarda taşıma kapasitesi: Çanakkale Savaşları Gelibolu tarihi alanı örneği. Balıkesir Univ J Soc Sci Instit, 19: 36-41.
• Sözen N. 1974. Ülkemizde milli parklar. Peyzaj Mimarlığı Derg, 1974: 2.
• Stankey GH, Mcool, S. 1984. Carrying capacity in recreational settings: evolution, appraisal, and application. Leisure Sci, 6(4): 453-473.
• TURKSTAT. 2021. Turkish Statistical Institute. URL: https://www.tuik.gov.tr/ (accessed date: 11 March 2022).
• Ünlüönen K, Tokmak C. 2009. Topkapı Sarayı’nda çalışanlar ve ziyaretçilerin sosyal taşıma kapasitesine yönelik değerlendirmeleri. İşletme Araş Derg, 1(2009): 17-30.
• Valliere W, Manning R. 2008. Research to support analysis and management of carrying capacity at lake Umbagog National Wildlife Refuge, New Hampshire and Maine. Proceedings of the Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium, Pensilvanya, USA, pp: 314-323.
• Vaske JJ, Donnelly MP. 2002. Generalizing the encounter--norm--crowding relationship. Leisure Sci, 24(3-4): 255-269.
• Vaske JJ, Shelby LB. 2008. Crowding as a descriptive indicator and an evaluative standard: Results from 30 years of research. Leisure Sci, 30(2): 111-126.
• Vaske JJ, Shelby B, Graefe AR, Heberlein TA. 1986. Backcountry encounter norms: Theory, method and empirical evidence. J Leisure Res, 18(3): 137-153.
• Vaske JJ, Donnelly MP, Shelby B. 1993. Establishing management standards: Seleceted examples of the normative approach. Environal Manage, 17 (1): 629-636.
• Wang B, Manning RE. 1999. Computer simulation modeling for recreation management: A Study on carriage road use in Acadia National Park, USA. Environal Manage, 23(2): 193-203.
• Zacarias DA, Williams AT, Newton A. 2011. Recreation carrying capacity estimations to support beach management at Praia de Faro, Portugal. Applied Geograp, 31(3): 1075- 1081.