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Examining the Relationship Between Smartphone Addiction and Depression, Sleep, Quality of Life, and Pain Among University Students During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 140 - 146, 01.01.2023

Cengiz Taşkaya , Buket Büyükturan , Fatma Keskinkılıç , Halil Alkan , Öznur Büyükturan

https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1200289

Abstract

This study aims to examine the relationship between smartphone addiction and depression, sleep quality, quality of life, fear of contracting COVID-19 and increased pain in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Türkiye, 350 students studying at universities were included in the study. Smartphone addiction levels of students were measured with the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), and sleep quality and disorders were measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to measure depression status, and Short Form 36 (SF-36) was used to measure quality of life. A positive and low-level significant relationship was found between smartphone addiction and sleep quality and depression level (P < 0.05). A significant negative correlation was found between smartphone addiction and many parameters of the SF-36 Quality of Life Scale (P < 0.01). It was revealed that those with high smartphone addiction increased their pain more during the pandemic period (P < 0.05). It was determined that those who were afraid of contracting COVID-19 had higher smartphone addiction (P < 0.05). It was found that the increase in smartphone addiction during the COVID-19 pandemic period negatively affected the depression level, pain level, sleep quality, and quality of life of university students. It was also found that university students who are afraid of contracting COVID-19 have higher smartphone addictions. Our study raises awareness about the consequences of increasing smartphone addiction among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic period.

Keywords

Smartphone addiction COVID-19 Depression Sleep quality Quality of life Pain

References

  • Ağargün M, Kara H, Anlar, O. 1996. Pittsburgh uyku kalitesi indeksinin geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikiyat Derg, 7(2): 107-115.
  • Alsalameh AM, Harisi MJ, Alduayji MA, Almutham AA, Mahmood FM. 2019. Evaluating the relationship between smartphone addiction/overuse and musculoskeletal pain among medical students at Qassim University. J Family Med Primary Care, 8(9): 2953.
  • Beck AT, Ward C, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. 1961. Beck depression inventory (BDI). Arch Gen Psychiatry, 4(6): 561-571.
  • Bulguroğlu, H. İ, Bulguroğlu, M, Özaslan, A. 2021. Covid-19 pandemi sürecinde üniversite öğrencilerinin fiziksel aktivite, yaşam kalitesi ve depresyon seviyelerinin incelenmesi. Acıbadem Üniv Sağlık Bilim Derg, 12(2): 306-311.
  • Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. 1989. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res, 28(2): 193-213.
  • Chao M, Xue D, Liu T, Yang H, Hall BJ. 2020. Media use and acute psychological outcomes during COVID-19 outbreak in China. J Anxiety Disord, 102248.
  • Çiçek B, Şahin H, Erkal S. 2021. Covid-19 salgın döneminde üniversite öğrencilerinin akıllı telefon bağımlılığının incelenmesi. Gençlik Araş Derg, 9(Özel Sayı): 52-80.
  • Duman N. 2020. Üniversite öğrencilerinde COVID-19 korkusu ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük. J Soc Sci, 4(8): 426-437.
  • Dutta K, Mukherjee R, Das R, Chowdhury A, Sen D, Sahu S. 2019. Scheduled optimal sleep duration and screen exposure time promotes cognitive performance and healthy BMI: a study among rural school children of India. Biol Rhythm Res, 1-13.
  • Faisal RA, Jobe MC, Ahmed O, Sharker T. 2022. Mental health status, anxiety, and depression levels of Bangladeshi university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Ment Health Addict, 20(3): 1500-1515.
  • Fawaz M, Samaha A. 2021. E‐learning: Depression, anxiety, and stress symptomatology among Lebanese university students during COVID‐19 quarantine. Nurs Forum, 56(1): 52-57.
  • Fischer‐Grote L, Kothgassner OD, Felnhofer A. 2021. The impact of problematic smartphone use on children's and adolescents’ quality of life: A systematic review. Acta Paediatrica, 110(5): 1417-1424.
  • Garfin DR. 2020. Technology as a coping tool during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic: Implications and recommendations. Stress Health, 36(4): 555-559.
  • González-Padilla, D. A, Tortolero-Blanco, L. (2020). Social media influence in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Inter Braz J Urol, 46: 120-124.
  • Hisli N. 1989. Beck depresyon envanterinin universite ogrencileri icin gecerliligi, guvenilirligi. (A reliability and validity study of Beck Depression Inventory in a university student sample). J Psychol, 7: 3-13.
  • Hu Q, Liu Q, Wang Z. 2022. Meaning in life as a mediator between interpersonal alienation and smartphone addiction in the context of Covid-19: A three-wave longitudinal study. Computers Human Behav, 127: 107058.
  • Islam MS, Sujan MSH, Tasnim R, Mohona RA, Ferdous MZ, Kamruzzaman S, Islam MR. 2021. Problematic smartphone and social media use among Bangladeshi college and university students amid COVID-19: the role of psychological well-being and pandemic related factors. Frontiers Psychiat, 12.
  • Işık M, Kaptangil İ. 2018. Akıllı telefon bağımlılığının sosyal medya kullanımı ve beş faktör kişilik özelliği ile ilişkisi: Üniversite öğrencileri üzerinden bir araştırma. J Human Soc Sci Res, 7(2).
  • Kabeloğlu V, Gül G. 2021. Covid-19 salgını sırasında uyku kalitesi ve ilişkili sosyal ve psikolojik faktörlerin araştırılması. J Turkish Sleep Med, 2: 97-104.
  • Kocamaz D, Badat T, Maden T, Tuncer A. 2020. Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Akıllı Telefon Kullanımının, Uyku Kalitesi ve Depresyon ile İlişkisi. J Exercise Therap Rehabilit, 7(3): 253-259.
  • Koçyiğit H, Aydemir Ö, Fişek G, Ölmez N, Memiş AK. 1999. Form-36 (KF-36)’nın Türkçe versiyonunun güvenilirliği ve geçerliliği. Ilaç Ted Derg, 12(2): 102-106.
  • Kwon M, Kim DJ, Cho H, Yang S. 2013. The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PloS one, 8(12): e83558.
  • Lachlan KA, Spence PR, Seeger M. 2009. Terrorist attacks and uncertainty reduction: Media use after September 11. Behav Sci Terror Polit Aggres, 1(2): 101-110.
  • Mahdavi SB, Kelishadi R. 2020. Impact of sedentary behavior on bodily pain while staying at home in COVID-19 pandemic and potential preventive strategies. Asian J Sports Med, 11(2).
  • Majumdar P, Biswas A, Sahu S. 2020. COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown: cause of sleep disruption, depression, somatic pain, and increased screen exposure of office workers and students of India. Chronobiol Inter, 37(8): 1191-1200.
  • Morahan-Martin J, Schumacher P. 2003. Loneliness and social uses of the Internet. Comput Human Behav, 19(6): 659-671.
  • Noyan CO, Enez Darçin A, Nurmedov S, Yilmaz O, Dilbaz N. 2015. Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeğinin Kısa Formunun üniversite öğrencilerindeTürkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anatolian J Psychiat, 16.
  • Öztürk A. 2021. COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde bilişim teknolojileri bağımlılığı. Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Üniv Sos Bilim Enstit Derg, 7(1): 195-219.
  • Park J, Kim Ji, Kim Jo, Kim K, Kim N, Choi I, Lee S, Yim, J. 2015. The effects of heavy smartphone use on the cervical angle, pain threshold of neck muscles and depression. Advanced Sci Technol Letters, 91(3): 12-17.
  • Pascarella G, Strumia A, Piliego C, Bruno F, Del Buono R, Costa F, Agrò FE. 2020. COVID‐19 diagnosis and management: a comprehensive review. J Intern Med, 288(2): 192-206.
  • Sahu P. 2020. Closure of universities due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): impact on education and mental health of students and academic staff. Cureus, 12(4).
  • Shahrestanaki E, Maajani K, Safarpour M, Ghahremanlou HH, Tiyuri A, Sahebkar M. 2020. The relationship between smartphone addiction and quality of life among students at Tehran University of medical sciences. Turkish J Addic, 7(1): 23-32.
  • Simpson RJ, Katsanis E. 2020. The immunological case for staying active during the COVID-19 pandemic. Brain Behav Immun, 87: 6–7.
  • So YJ, Woo YK. 2014. Effects of smartphone use on muscle fatigue and pain and, cervical range of motion among subjects with and without neck muscle pain. Physic Therap Korea, 21(3): 28-37.
  • Sülün AA, Yayan EH, Düken ME. 2021. COVID-19 salgını sürecinin ergenlerde akıllı telefon kullanımına ve uyku üzerine etkisi. Turk J Child Adolesc Ment Health, 28(1): 35-40.
  • Ulutaş E, Çilli A, Aydin A, Muratdaği G, Ekerbiçer H. 2020. Sakarya Üniversitesi Öğrencilerinin Akıllı Telefon Kullanma Düzeyleri ve Yaşam Kalitesi Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Sakarya Tıp Derg, 10(Özel Sayı): 24-32.
  • Ware JE. 1993. Scoring the SF-36. SF-36. Health Survey: Manual and Interpretation Guide.
  • Yang J, Fu X, Liao X Li Y. 2020. Association of problematic smartphone use with poor sleep quality, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res, 284, 112686.
  • Zhou X, Snoswell CL, Harding LE, Bambling M, Edirippulige S, Bai X, Smith AC. 2020. The role of telehealth in reducing the mental health burden from COVID-19. Telemed J E Health, 26(4): 377-379.

Examining the Relationship Between Smartphone Addiction and Depression, Sleep, Quality of Life, and Pain Among University Students During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 140 - 146, 01.01.2023

Cengiz Taşkaya , Buket Büyükturan , Fatma Keskinkılıç , Halil Alkan , Öznur Büyükturan

https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1200289

Abstract

This study aims to examine the relationship between smartphone addiction and depression, sleep quality, quality of life, fear of contracting COVID-19 and increased pain in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Türkiye, 350 students studying at universities were included in the study. Smartphone addiction levels of students were measured with the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), and sleep quality and disorders were measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to measure depression status, and Short Form 36 (SF-36) was used to measure quality of life. A positive and low-level significant relationship was found between smartphone addiction and sleep quality and depression level (P < 0.05). A significant negative correlation was found between smartphone addiction and many parameters of the SF-36 Quality of Life Scale (P < 0.01). It was revealed that those with high smartphone addiction increased their pain more during the pandemic period (P < 0.05). It was determined that those who were afraid of contracting COVID-19 had higher smartphone addiction (P < 0.05). It was found that the increase in smartphone addiction during the COVID-19 pandemic period negatively affected the depression level, pain level, sleep quality, and quality of life of university students. It was also found that university students who are afraid of contracting COVID-19 have higher smartphone addictions. Our study raises awareness about the consequences of increasing smartphone addiction among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic period.

Keywords

Smartphone addiction COVID-19 Depression Sleep quality Quality of life Pain

References

  • Ağargün M, Kara H, Anlar, O. 1996. Pittsburgh uyku kalitesi indeksinin geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikiyat Derg, 7(2): 107-115.
  • Alsalameh AM, Harisi MJ, Alduayji MA, Almutham AA, Mahmood FM. 2019. Evaluating the relationship between smartphone addiction/overuse and musculoskeletal pain among medical students at Qassim University. J Family Med Primary Care, 8(9): 2953.
  • Beck AT, Ward C, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. 1961. Beck depression inventory (BDI). Arch Gen Psychiatry, 4(6): 561-571.
  • Bulguroğlu, H. İ, Bulguroğlu, M, Özaslan, A. 2021. Covid-19 pandemi sürecinde üniversite öğrencilerinin fiziksel aktivite, yaşam kalitesi ve depresyon seviyelerinin incelenmesi. Acıbadem Üniv Sağlık Bilim Derg, 12(2): 306-311.
  • Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. 1989. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res, 28(2): 193-213.
  • Chao M, Xue D, Liu T, Yang H, Hall BJ. 2020. Media use and acute psychological outcomes during COVID-19 outbreak in China. J Anxiety Disord, 102248.
  • Çiçek B, Şahin H, Erkal S. 2021. Covid-19 salgın döneminde üniversite öğrencilerinin akıllı telefon bağımlılığının incelenmesi. Gençlik Araş Derg, 9(Özel Sayı): 52-80.
  • Duman N. 2020. Üniversite öğrencilerinde COVID-19 korkusu ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük. J Soc Sci, 4(8): 426-437.
  • Dutta K, Mukherjee R, Das R, Chowdhury A, Sen D, Sahu S. 2019. Scheduled optimal sleep duration and screen exposure time promotes cognitive performance and healthy BMI: a study among rural school children of India. Biol Rhythm Res, 1-13.
  • Faisal RA, Jobe MC, Ahmed O, Sharker T. 2022. Mental health status, anxiety, and depression levels of Bangladeshi university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Ment Health Addict, 20(3): 1500-1515.
  • Fawaz M, Samaha A. 2021. E‐learning: Depression, anxiety, and stress symptomatology among Lebanese university students during COVID‐19 quarantine. Nurs Forum, 56(1): 52-57.
  • Fischer‐Grote L, Kothgassner OD, Felnhofer A. 2021. The impact of problematic smartphone use on children's and adolescents’ quality of life: A systematic review. Acta Paediatrica, 110(5): 1417-1424.
  • Garfin DR. 2020. Technology as a coping tool during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic: Implications and recommendations. Stress Health, 36(4): 555-559.
  • González-Padilla, D. A, Tortolero-Blanco, L. (2020). Social media influence in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Inter Braz J Urol, 46: 120-124.
  • Hisli N. 1989. Beck depresyon envanterinin universite ogrencileri icin gecerliligi, guvenilirligi. (A reliability and validity study of Beck Depression Inventory in a university student sample). J Psychol, 7: 3-13.
  • Hu Q, Liu Q, Wang Z. 2022. Meaning in life as a mediator between interpersonal alienation and smartphone addiction in the context of Covid-19: A three-wave longitudinal study. Computers Human Behav, 127: 107058.
  • Islam MS, Sujan MSH, Tasnim R, Mohona RA, Ferdous MZ, Kamruzzaman S, Islam MR. 2021. Problematic smartphone and social media use among Bangladeshi college and university students amid COVID-19: the role of psychological well-being and pandemic related factors. Frontiers Psychiat, 12.
  • Işık M, Kaptangil İ. 2018. Akıllı telefon bağımlılığının sosyal medya kullanımı ve beş faktör kişilik özelliği ile ilişkisi: Üniversite öğrencileri üzerinden bir araştırma. J Human Soc Sci Res, 7(2).
  • Kabeloğlu V, Gül G. 2021. Covid-19 salgını sırasında uyku kalitesi ve ilişkili sosyal ve psikolojik faktörlerin araştırılması. J Turkish Sleep Med, 2: 97-104.
  • Kocamaz D, Badat T, Maden T, Tuncer A. 2020. Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Akıllı Telefon Kullanımının, Uyku Kalitesi ve Depresyon ile İlişkisi. J Exercise Therap Rehabilit, 7(3): 253-259.
  • Koçyiğit H, Aydemir Ö, Fişek G, Ölmez N, Memiş AK. 1999. Form-36 (KF-36)’nın Türkçe versiyonunun güvenilirliği ve geçerliliği. Ilaç Ted Derg, 12(2): 102-106.
  • Kwon M, Kim DJ, Cho H, Yang S. 2013. The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PloS one, 8(12): e83558.
  • Lachlan KA, Spence PR, Seeger M. 2009. Terrorist attacks and uncertainty reduction: Media use after September 11. Behav Sci Terror Polit Aggres, 1(2): 101-110.
  • Mahdavi SB, Kelishadi R. 2020. Impact of sedentary behavior on bodily pain while staying at home in COVID-19 pandemic and potential preventive strategies. Asian J Sports Med, 11(2).
  • Majumdar P, Biswas A, Sahu S. 2020. COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown: cause of sleep disruption, depression, somatic pain, and increased screen exposure of office workers and students of India. Chronobiol Inter, 37(8): 1191-1200.
  • Morahan-Martin J, Schumacher P. 2003. Loneliness and social uses of the Internet. Comput Human Behav, 19(6): 659-671.
  • Noyan CO, Enez Darçin A, Nurmedov S, Yilmaz O, Dilbaz N. 2015. Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeğinin Kısa Formunun üniversite öğrencilerindeTürkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anatolian J Psychiat, 16.
  • Öztürk A. 2021. COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde bilişim teknolojileri bağımlılığı. Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Üniv Sos Bilim Enstit Derg, 7(1): 195-219.
  • Park J, Kim Ji, Kim Jo, Kim K, Kim N, Choi I, Lee S, Yim, J. 2015. The effects of heavy smartphone use on the cervical angle, pain threshold of neck muscles and depression. Advanced Sci Technol Letters, 91(3): 12-17.
  • Pascarella G, Strumia A, Piliego C, Bruno F, Del Buono R, Costa F, Agrò FE. 2020. COVID‐19 diagnosis and management: a comprehensive review. J Intern Med, 288(2): 192-206.
  • Sahu P. 2020. Closure of universities due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): impact on education and mental health of students and academic staff. Cureus, 12(4).
  • Shahrestanaki E, Maajani K, Safarpour M, Ghahremanlou HH, Tiyuri A, Sahebkar M. 2020. The relationship between smartphone addiction and quality of life among students at Tehran University of medical sciences. Turkish J Addic, 7(1): 23-32.
  • Simpson RJ, Katsanis E. 2020. The immunological case for staying active during the COVID-19 pandemic. Brain Behav Immun, 87: 6–7.
  • So YJ, Woo YK. 2014. Effects of smartphone use on muscle fatigue and pain and, cervical range of motion among subjects with and without neck muscle pain. Physic Therap Korea, 21(3): 28-37.
  • Sülün AA, Yayan EH, Düken ME. 2021. COVID-19 salgını sürecinin ergenlerde akıllı telefon kullanımına ve uyku üzerine etkisi. Turk J Child Adolesc Ment Health, 28(1): 35-40.
  • Ulutaş E, Çilli A, Aydin A, Muratdaği G, Ekerbiçer H. 2020. Sakarya Üniversitesi Öğrencilerinin Akıllı Telefon Kullanma Düzeyleri ve Yaşam Kalitesi Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Sakarya Tıp Derg, 10(Özel Sayı): 24-32.
  • Ware JE. 1993. Scoring the SF-36. SF-36. Health Survey: Manual and Interpretation Guide.
  • Yang J, Fu X, Liao X Li Y. 2020. Association of problematic smartphone use with poor sleep quality, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res, 284, 112686.
  • Zhou X, Snoswell CL, Harding LE, Bambling M, Edirippulige S, Bai X, Smith AC. 2020. The role of telehealth in reducing the mental health burden from COVID-19. Telemed J E Health, 26(4): 377-379.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Cengiz Taşkaya 0000-0002-1162-9731

Buket Büyükturan 0000-0001-5898-1698

Fatma Keskinkılıç 0000-0003-3619-4620

Halil Alkan 0000-0001-6895-2495

Öznur Büyükturan 0000-0002-1163-9972

Publication Date January 1, 2023
Submission Date November 7, 2022
Acceptance Date December 22, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Taşkaya, C., Büyükturan, B., Keskinkılıç, F., Alkan, H., et al. (2023). Examining the Relationship Between Smartphone Addiction and Depression, Sleep, Quality of Life, and Pain Among University Students During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, 6(1), 140-146. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1200289
AMA Taşkaya C, Büyükturan B, Keskinkılıç F, Alkan H, Büyükturan Ö. Examining the Relationship Between Smartphone Addiction and Depression, Sleep, Quality of Life, and Pain Among University Students During the Covid-19 Pandemic. BSJ Health Sci. January 2023;6(1):140-146. doi:10.19127/bshealthscience.1200289
Chicago Taşkaya, Cengiz, Buket Büyükturan, Fatma Keskinkılıç, Halil Alkan, and Öznur Büyükturan. “Examining the Relationship Between Smartphone Addiction and Depression, Sleep, Quality of Life, and Pain Among University Students During the Covid-19 Pandemic”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 6, no. 1 (January 2023): 140-46. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1200289.
EndNote Taşkaya C, Büyükturan B, Keskinkılıç F, Alkan H, Büyükturan Ö (January 1, 2023) Examining the Relationship Between Smartphone Addiction and Depression, Sleep, Quality of Life, and Pain Among University Students During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 6 1 140–146.
IEEE C. Taşkaya, B. Büyükturan, F. Keskinkılıç, H. Alkan, and Ö. Büyükturan, “Examining the Relationship Between Smartphone Addiction and Depression, Sleep, Quality of Life, and Pain Among University Students During the Covid-19 Pandemic”, BSJ Health Sci., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 140–146, 2023, doi: 10.19127/bshealthscience.1200289.
ISNAD Taşkaya, Cengiz et al. “Examining the Relationship Between Smartphone Addiction and Depression, Sleep, Quality of Life, and Pain Among University Students During the Covid-19 Pandemic”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 6/1 (January 2023), 140-146. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1200289.
JAMA Taşkaya C, Büyükturan B, Keskinkılıç F, Alkan H, Büyükturan Ö. Examining the Relationship Between Smartphone Addiction and Depression, Sleep, Quality of Life, and Pain Among University Students During the Covid-19 Pandemic. BSJ Health Sci. 2023;6:140–146.
MLA Taşkaya, Cengiz et al. “Examining the Relationship Between Smartphone Addiction and Depression, Sleep, Quality of Life, and Pain Among University Students During the Covid-19 Pandemic”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, vol. 6, no. 1, 2023, pp. 140-6, doi:10.19127/bshealthscience.1200289.
Vancouver Taşkaya C, Büyükturan B, Keskinkılıç F, Alkan H, Büyükturan Ö. Examining the Relationship Between Smartphone Addiction and Depression, Sleep, Quality of Life, and Pain Among University Students During the Covid-19 Pandemic. BSJ Health Sci. 2023;6(1):140-6.
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