Frailty and Nursing Care, One of the Geriatric Syndromes in the Elderly

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 520 - 526, 01.07.2023

Servet Kalyoncuo

https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1289615

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Old age is a normal period of life in which a series of physiological changes occur. Although there are many health problems specific to aging, one of the most important problems that develop due to the aging process is fragility. Frailty that occurs with aging is a syndrome characterized by decreased physiological reserves in organs, impaired cognitive abilities, decreased strength and vulnerability. Frailty is a complex syndrome and has a multidimensional structure. In coping with this multidimensional syndrome, nurses should maintain nursing care with individual and holistic interventions consisting of special issues such as exercise, correct/balanced nutrition programs, environment arrangements, personal hygiene and incontinence for elderly individuals. With this review, it is aimed to create a framework about fragility and nursing care, which is an important problem in old age.

Keywords

Frailty, Geriatrics, Elderly, Nursing

Yaşlılarda Geriatrik Sendromlardan Biri Olan Kırılganlık ve Hemşirelik Bakımı

Abstract

Yaşlılık dönemi fizyolojik anlamda bir dizi değişikliğin meydana geldiği normal bir yaşam dönemidir. Yaşlılığa özgü pek çok sağlık sorunu bulunmakla birlikte yaşlanma sürecine bağlı gelişen en önemli sorunlarından biri kırılganlıktır. Yaşın ilerlemesiyle birlikte ortaya çıkan kırılganlık, organlarda fizyolojik rezervlerin azaldığı, bilişsel yeteneklerin bozulduğu, azalan güç ve savunmasızlıkla karakterize bir sendromdur. Kırılganlık, karmaşık bir sendromdur ve çok boyutlu bir yapıya sahiptir. Bu çok boyutlu sendrom ile baş etmede hemşireler yaşlı bireylere uygun egzersiz, doğru/dengeli beslenme programları, ortam düzenlemeleri, kişisel hijyen ve inkontinans gibi özel konulardan oluşan bireye özgü ve bütüncül müdahaleler ile hemşirelik bakımını sürdürmelidirler. Bu derleme ile yaşlılık döneminde önemli bir sorun olan kırılganlık ve hemşirelik bakımı hakkında bir çerçeve oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

Kırılganlık, Geriatri, Yaşlı, Hemşirelik

References

• Afilalo J, Alexander KP, Mack MJ, Maurer MS, Green P, Allen LA, Popma JJ, Ferrucci L, Forman DE. 2014. Frailty assessment in the cardiovascular care of older adults. J American College Cardiol, 63(8): 747-62.
• Akdemir N, Küçükgüçlü Ö. 2020. Yaşlılık sorunları ve hemşirelik bakımı. In: Akdemir N, Birol L, editör. İç hastalıkları ve hemşirelik bakımı. 5. Baskı, Akademisyen Kitabevi, Ankara, Türkiye, ss. 211-215.
• Altındiş M. 2013. Yaşlılarda güncel sağlık sorunları ve bakımı. İstanbul Tıp Kitabevleri, İstanbul, Türkiye, ss. 2-8.
• Amiri S, Behnezhad S, Hasani J. 2020. Body mass ındex and risk of frailty in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Med, 18: 100196.
• Aşiret G, Çetinkaya F. 2018. Hastanede yatırılan yaşlı hastaların kırılganlık ile uyku kalitesi arasındaki ilişki. Fırat Tıp Derg, 23(4): 184-188.
• Biçer S. 2017. Yaşlı bireylerde görülen sağlık sorunları ve hemşirelik yaklaşımları. In: Ovayolu N, Ovayolu Ö, editör. Temel iç hastalıkları hemşireliği ve farklı boyutlarıyla kronik hastalıklar. Çukurova Nobel Tıp Kitabevi, Antalya, Türkiye, 2. baskı, ss. 356.
• Calvani R, Marini F, Cesari M, Tosato M, Anker SD, Haehling S. 2015. Biomarkers for physical frailty and sarcopenia: State of the science and future developments. J Cachexia, Sarcopenia Muscle, 6(4): 278-86.
• Can Ş. 2020. Yaşlı bireylerde güvenli çevrenin sağlanması ve sürdürülmesi. In: Can Ş, editör. Yaşam modeli doğrultusunda yaşlı sağlığı. Vize yayıncılık, Ankara, Türkiye, ss. 37-46.
• Castelo Branco C, Soveral I. The immune system and aging: A review. Gynecolo Endocrinol, 30(1): 16-22.
• Chalise HN. 2019. Aging: Basic concept. American J Biomed Sci Res, 1(1):8-10.
• Chen X, Mao GX, Leng. 2014. Frailty syndrome: An overview. Clin Intervent Aging, 9: 433-441.
• Chmielewski P, Strzelec B, Borysławski K, Chmielowiec K, Chmielowiec J, Dąbrowski P. 2016. Effects of aging on the function of the urinary system: Longitudinal changes with age in selected urine parameters in a hospitalized population of older adults. Anthropol Rev, 79(3): 331–345.
• Ciumarnean L, Milaciu MV, Negrean V, Orasan OH, Vesa SC, Salagean O, Ilut S, Vlaicu SI. 2022. Cardiovascular risk factors and physical activity for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in the elderly. Inter J Environ Res Pub Health, 19(207): 1-16.
• Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K. 2013. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet, 381(9868): 752-762.
• Coelho T, Paul C, Gobbens RJ, Fernandes L. 2015. Determinants of frailty. The added value of assessing medication. Front Aging Neurosci, 7: 56.
• Daniel AJ, Jennifer KH, Todd C. 2018. Clinical definition and pathophysiology of frailty: A brief review. Sch J Psychol Behav Sci, 1(4): 2018.
• Dodig S, Cepelak I, Pavic I. 2019. Hallmarks of senescence and aging. Biochem Med (Zagreb): 29(3): 030501.
• Dumic I, Nordin T, Jecmenica M, Lalosevic MS, Milosavljevic T, Milovanovic T. 2019. Gastrointestinal tract disorders in older age. Canadian J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 6757524: 1-19.
• Düzgün G, Üstündağ S. Karadakovan A. 2021. Assessment of frailty in the elderly. Florence Nightingale J Nurs, 29(1): 2-8.
• Ferrucci L, Fabbri E, Walston JD. 2017. Frailty. In: Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Studenski S, High KP, Asthana S, Supiano MA, editors. Hazzard geriatric medicine and gerontology. McGraw-Hill Education, New York, USA, pp. 452.
• Gabr SA, Alghadir AH, Allam AA, Ajarem J, Al-Basher G, Abdel-Maksoud MA, Ghfar AA, Aboud A. 2016. Correlation between vitamin D Levels and apoptosis in geriatric patients infected with hepatitis cvirus genotype 4. Clin Interv Aging, 4(11): 523-533.
• Genç A, Sevim DG, Özen AT, Yılmaz GD. 2015. D vitamininin çeșitli hastalıklardaki nadir kullanım alanları. Ankara Üniv Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 68 (2).
• Gubbels Bupp MR, Potluri T, Fink AL, Klein SL. 2018. The confluence of sex hormones and aging on immunity. Front Immunol, 9: 1269.
• Hodgson R, Kennedy BK, Masliah E, Scearce-Levie K, Tate B, Venkateswaran A, Braithwaite SP. 2020. Aging: therapeutics for a healthy future. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 108: 453-458.
• Ida S, Kaneko R, Imataka K, Murata K. 2019. Relationship between frailty and mortality, hospitalization, and cardiovascular diseases in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovascular Diabetol, 18(1): 81.
• Jankowska-Polańska B, Uchmanowicz B, Kujawska- Danecka H, Nowicka-Sauer K, Chudiak A, Dudek K, Rosińczuk J. 2019. Assessment of frailty syndrome using edmonton frailty scale in Polish elderly sample, The Aging Male, 22(3):177-186.
• Kalkan M. 2008. Yaşlılık: Tanımı, sınıflandırılması ve genel bilgiler. In: Kalkan M. Ersanlı K. (Ed.) Psikolojik, sosyal ve bedensel açıdan yaşlılık. Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık, Ankara, Türkiye, ss. 1-17.
• Kayhan Koçak Ö, Şahin Ş, Akçiçek F. 2017. Kırılganlık el kitabı. İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi, İzmir, Türkiye, ss. 36.
• Kapucu S, Ünver G. 2017. Kırılgan yaşlı ve hemşirelik bakımı. Osmangazi Tıp Derg, 39(1): 122-129.
• Kjelsnes A, Feiring E. 2022. Models of Integrated care for older people with frailty: A horizon scanning review. BMJ Open, 12: e060142.
• Mari A, Mahamid M, Amara H, Abu Baker F, Yaccob A. 2020. Chronic constipation in the elderly patient: Updates in evaluation and management. The Korean Acad Family Med, 41: 139-145.
• McPhee JS, Fransız DP, Jackson D, Nazroo J, Pendleton N, Degens H. (2016). Physical activity in older age. Perspectives for healthy ageing and frailty. Biogerontol, 17(3): 567-580.
• Minetto MA, Giannini A, McConnell R, Busso C, Torre G, Massazza G. 2020. Common musculoskeletal disorders in the elderly: The star triad. J Clin Med, 9(1216): 1-17.
• Mitnitski A, Rockwood, K. 2016. The rate of aging: The rate of deficitac cumulation does not change over the adult life span. Biogerontol, 17(1): 199-204.
• Morley JE. 2017. Frailty fantasia. J Amerian Med Directors Assoc, 18(10): 813-815.
• Ng TP, Feng L, Nyunt MSZ, Feng L, Niti M, Tan BY. 2015. Nutritional, physical, cognitive, and combination interventions and frailty reversal among older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Med, 128(11): 1225-1236.e1.
• Ng TP, Feng L, Nyunt MSZ, Larbi A. 2014. Frailty in older persons: Multisystem Risk Factors and the Frailty Risk Index (FRI). JAMDA, 1-8
• Park J, Lee KH. 2020. The effect of musculoskeletal disorders on body regions and pain levels in elderly people on dynamic balance ability. J Men’s Health, 16(3): 98–108.
• Sadighi Akha AA. 2018. Aging and the immune system: An overview, J Immunol Methods, 463: 21–26.
• Singh M, Stewart R, White H. 2014. Importance of frailty in patients with cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J, 35: 1726–1731.
• Schoufour J, Mitnitski A, Rockwood K, Hilgenkamp T, Evenhuis H, Echteld M. 2014. Predicting disabilities in daily functioning in older people with intellectual disabilities using a failty index. Res Develop Disabil, 35: 2267-2277.
• Şahin AS, Demiraran Y. 2018. ERAS ve Geriatrik Hasta. İstanbul Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Tıp Derg, 10: 53-55.
• Tambor M, Domagała A, Zabdyr-Jamróz M, Kowalska-Bobko I, Sowa A, Sowada C. 2017. Health promotion for older people in hungary: The need for more action. Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie,15(1): 96-107.
• Troen BR. 2003. The biology of aging. Mount Sinai J Med, 70(1): 3- 22.
• Uchmanowicz I, Jankowska-Polan´ ska B, Wleklik M, Lisiak M, and Gobbens R. 2018. Frailty syndrome: Nursing ınterventions. SAGE Open Nurs, 15(4): 2377960818759449.
• Wang L, Song M, Zhao X, Zhu Q, Yu L, Wang R, Gao Y, An C, Wang X. 2021. Functional deficit of sense organs as a risk factor for cognitive functional disorder in Chinese community elderly people. Inter J Clin Pract, 75: e14905.
• Wehbe SCCF, Cruz IR, Haas VJ, Diniz MA, Dantas MA Rodrigues RAP. 2013. Reproducibility of the Brazilian version of the edmonton frail scale for elderly living ın the community. Rev Latino Am Enfermagem, 21(6): 1330-6.
• Whitson HE, Cronin-Golomb A, Cruickshanks KJ, Gilmore GC, Owsley C, Peelle JE, Recanzone G, Sharma A, Swenor B, Yaffe K, Lin FR. 2018. American geriatrics society and national institute on aging bench-to-bedside conference: Sensory ımpairment and cognitive decline in older adults. J American Geriatrics Soc, 66(11): 2052- 2058.
• Wleklik M, Uchmanowicz I, Jankowska EA, Vitale C, Lisiak M, Drozd M, Pobrotyn P, Tkaczyszyn M, Lee C. 2020. Multidimensional approach to frailty. Front Psychol, 11:564.
• Zhao A, Wang MC, Szeto IMY, Meng LP, Wang Y, Li T, Zhang YM. 2019. Gastrointestinal discomforts and dietary intake in Chinese urban elders: A cross-sectional study in eight cities of China. World J Gastroenterol, 25(45): 6681-6692.
• Zugich JN. 2018. The twilight of immunity: emerging concepts in aging of the immune system. Nature Immunol, 19: 10.