Potential Reservoirs of SARS-CoV2 Virus and Bat-Related other Zoonotic Viruses

Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 89 - 97, 31.08.2020

Sevin Kırdar , Bahattin Taylan Koç

https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.746516

Abstract

Coronaviridae has become a globally noticeable virus family with its COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Through the increase in researches and developing laboratory technology, many new viruses have been added to this virus family and have expanded in the last 20 years. Many of these new viruses that join the Coronaviridae family are viruses that directly infect animals or are the last host human, and the reservoir is animal. Bats, which have been proven by various studies, especially in SARS and MERS coronavirus outbreaks, are also likely to be reservoirs for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The zoonotic potential of SARS-CoV-2 of the expanding coronavirus, its potential reservoir and zoonotic viral infections that can be transmitted by bats are discussed in this review. It is necessary to investigate the viruses and related reservoirs / vectors in the future in the world and in Turkey. Thus, the outbreak threat can be prevented as early as possible.

Keywords

SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Pandemic, Bat, Zoonosis

SARS-CoV2 Virüsünün Potansiyel Rezervuarları ve Yarasalarla Bulaşabilecek Diğer Zoonotik Virüsler

Abstract

Coronaviridae, COVID-19 pandemik salgını ile global düzeyde dikkat çeken bir virüs ailesi haline gelmiştir. Yapılan araştırmaların artışı ve gelişen laboratuvar teknolojisi sayesinde bu virus ailesine birçok yeni virüs katılarak son 20 yılda oldukça genişlemiştir. Coronaviridae ailesine katılan bu yeni virusların çoğu ya direkt hayvanları enfekte eden ya da son konakçısı insan, rezervuarı ise hayvan olan virüslerdır. Özellikle SARS ve MERS coronavirus salgınlarında rol oynadığı çeşitli çalışmalarla kanıtlanan yarasaların SARS-CoV-2 virusu için de rezervuar olma ihtimali yüksektir. Genişleyen coronavirusun SARS-CoV-2 özelinde zoonotik potansiyeli, muhtemel rezervuarlığı ve yarasalar ile bulaşabilen zoonotik viral enfeksiyonlar bu derlememizde konu edilmiştir. Dünyada ve ülkemizde gelecekte söz konusu virusların ve ilgili rezervuar/vektörlerin araştırılması gereklidir. Böylece söz konusu salgın tehdidi en başında engellenebilecektir.

Keywords

SARS CoV-2, COVID-19, Pandemi, Yarasa, Zoonoz

References

• 1. Koçer ZA. Pandemi Oluşumunda Zoonotik Patojenlerin Önemi.tubitak-covid-web-portal_pandemi-olusumunda-zoonotik-patojenlerin-onemi_zk_27apr2020_0.pdf .
• 2. Worldometers.info/coronavirus, Erişim tarihi: 01 Haziran 2020).
• 3. Wei X, Li X, Cui J. Evolutionary perspectives on novel coronaviruses identified in pneumonia cases in China. Natl Sci Rev. 2020;7(2):239-242.
• 4. Tiwari R, Dhama K, Sharun K, et al. COVID-19: animals, veterinary and zoonotic links. Vet Q. 2020;40(1):169-182.
• 5. Jalava K. First respiratory transmitted food borne outbreak? Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2020;226(113490):113490.
• 6. Zhai S-L, Wei W-K, Lv D-H, et al. Where did SARS-CoV-2 come from? Vet Rec. 2020;186(8):254.
• 7. Brownlie J. Conclusive proof needed for animal virus reservoirs. Vet Rec. 2020;186(11):354.
• 8. Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med. 2020;26(4):450-452.
• 9. Ji W, Wang W, Zhao X, Zai J, Li X. Cross-species transmission of the newly identified coronavirus 2019-nCoV. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):433-440.
• 10. Zhang C, Zheng W, Huang X, Bell EW, Zhou X, Zhang Y. Protein structure and sequence reanalysis of 2019-nCoV genome refutes snakes as its intermediate host and the unique similarity between its spike protein insertions and HIV-1. J Proteome Res. 2020;19(4):1351-1360.
• 11. Li X, Zai J, Zhao Q, et al. Evolutionary history, potential intermediate animal host, and cross-species analyses of SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):602-611.
• 12. Allocati N, Petrucci AG, Di Giovanni P, Masulli M, Di Ilio C, De Laurenzi V. Bat-man disease transmission: zoonotic pathogens from wildlife reservoirs to human populations. Cell Death Discov. 2016;2:16048.
• 13. O’Shea TJ, Cryan PM, Cunningham AA, et al. Bat flight and zoonotic viruses. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(5):741-745.
• 14. Katzourakis A, Gifford RJ. Endogenous viral elements in animal genomes. PLoS Genet. 2010;6(11):e1001191.
• 15. Brook CE, Dobson AP. Bats as “special” reservoirs for emerging zoonotic pathogens. Trends Microbiol. 2015;23(3):172-180.
• 16. Cifuentes Jiménez JF, Pérez Lopéz RD, Verjan Garcia N. Bat reservoirs for rabies virus and epidemiology of rabies in Colombia: A review. CES Med Vet Zootec. 2017;12(2):134-150.
• 17. Fu ZF. The rabies situation in Far East Asia. Dev Biol (Basel). 2008;131:55-61.
• 18. Johnson N, Un H, Fooks AR, et al. Rabies epidemiology and control in Turkey: past and present. Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138(3):305-312.
• 19. Tuncman ZM. Rabies epidemiology and prevention. Turk Tip Cemiy Mecm. 1959;25:313-320.
• 20. Walker PJ, Blasdell KR, Calisher CH, et al. ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Rhabdoviridae. J Gen Virol. 2018;99(4):447-448.
• 21. Fan Y, Zhao K, Shi Z-L, Zhou P. Bat coronaviruses in China. Viruses. 2019;11(3):210.
• 22. Hu D, Zhu C, Wang Y, et al. Virome analysis for identification of novel mammalian viruses in bats from Southeast China. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):10917.
• 23. Lau SKP, Wong ACP, Zhang L, et al. Novel bat alphacoronaviruses in southern China support Chinese horseshoe bats as an important reservoir for potential novel coronaviruses. Viruses. 2019;11(5):423.
• 24. Zhao H. COVID-19 drives new threat to bats in China. Science. 2020;367(6485):1436.
• 25. Li X, Song Y, Wong G, Cui J. Erratum to: Bat origin of a new human coronavirus: there and back again. Sci China Life Sci. 2020. doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1680-3
• 26. Kew J, Bloomberg JL/. COVID-19 originated in bats, can infect cats, WHO says. Time. May 2020.
• 27. Williamson MM, Hooper PT, Selleck PW, et al. Transmission studies of Hendra virus (equine morbillivirus) in fruit bats, horses and cats. Aust Vet J. 1998;76(12):813-818.
• 28. Enserink M. Emerging diseases. Malaysian researchers trace Nipah virus outbreak to bats. Science. 2000;289(5479):518-519.
• 29. Martin G, Plowright R, Chen C, Kault D, Selleck P, Skerratt LF. Hendra virus survival does not explain spillover patterns and implicates relatively direct transmission routes from flying foxes to horses. J Gen Virol. 2015;96(Pt 6):1229-1237.
• 30. Luby SP, Gurley ES. Epidemiology of henipavirus disease in humans. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2012;359:25-40.
• 31. Suzuki Y, Gojobori T. The origin and evolution of Ebola and Marburg viruses. Mol Biol Evol. 1997;14(8):800-806.
• 32. Mbala-Kingebeni P, Villabona-Arenas C-J, Vidal N, et al. Rapid confirmation of the Zaire Ebola virus in the outbreak of the Equateur province in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Implications for public health interventions. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(2):330-333.
• 33. Leroy EM, Epelboin A, Mondonge V, et al. Human Ebola outbreak resulting from direct exposure to fruit bats in Luebo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2007. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2009;9(6):723-728.
• 34. Olival KJ, Hayman DTS. Filoviruses in bats: current knowledge and future directions. Viruses. 2014;6(4):1759-1788.
• 35. Adjemian J, Farnon EC, Tschioko F, et al. Outbreak of Marburg hemorrhagic fever among miners in Kamwenge and Ibanda Districts, Uganda, 2007. J Infect Dis. 2011;204 Suppl 3(suppl_3):S796-9.
• 36. Yorulmaz T, Ürker O, Özmen R. Yarasa ve orman ilişkisi üzerine bir değerlendirme. Orman araşt derg. 2018:31-43.
• 37. Krammer F, Smith GJD, Fouchier RAM, et al. Influenza. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4(1):1-21.
• 38. Campos ACA, Góes LGB, Moreira-Soto A, et al. Bat influenza A(HL18NL11) virus in fruit bats, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(2):333-337.
• 39. Tinoco YO, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Rázuri H, et al. A population-based estimate of the economic burden of influenza in Peru, 2009-2010. Influenza Other Respi Viruses. 2016;10(4):301-309.
• 40. Karakus U, Thamamongood T, Ciminski K, et al. MHC class II proteins mediate cross-species entry of bat influenza viruses. Nature. 2019;567(7746):109-112.