ORIGINAL FINDINGS ON THE ORE-BEARING FACIES OF VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULPHIDE DEPOSITS IN THE EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION (NE TURKEY)

Year 2013, Volume: 147 Issue: 147, 73 - 90, 01.12.2013

M.kemal Revan , Yurdal Genç V. Valery Maslennıkov Taner Ünlü Okan Delibaş Semi Hamzaçebi

Abstract

In the massive sulphide deposits of the eastern Black Sea region, there are ore facies and ore-bearing sedimentary facies. The former are subdivided into hydrothermal-metasomatic, seafloor hydrothermal, and biological facies. Hydrothermal-metasomatic facies refer to sub-seafloor processes and include network-disseminated, massive vein, and massive lens facies. The precipitation of sulphide minerals within pre-existing volcano-sedimentary rocks occurs largely beneath the seafloor, and these ores form an important component of some deposits. The term seafloor hydrothermal facies refers to sulphide accumulation on the seafloor and is characterised by hydrothermal chimneys and clastic sulphide ores. Clastic sulphide ores can be subdivided into proximal and distal facies. Ore-bearing sedimentary facies are characterised by relatively thin ferruginous chert (exhalite?) beds that occur along the uppermost part of the ore horizon. The biological facies is represented by fossil vent fauna, which are diagnostic for seafloor sulphide formation. The VMS ores of the Eastern Black Sea region have well-preserved facies characteristics, especially in terms of texture and components. Some massive sulphide deposits accumulated via molasse/mass flow on the seafloor, whereas others formed via sub-seafloor replacement processes. Clastic sulphide textures and some sedimentary structures indicate that these deposits formed in a highly active setting. Clastic sulphide textures, sulphide chimney fragments, ferruginous cherts and fossil vent fauna (tube worms) recognised in the Pontide deposits are diagnostic and support the seafloor origin of VMS deposits

Keywords

Pontides, ore facies, sulphide sandstone, clastic ore, tube worm, sulphide chimney

References

• Adamia, S.A., Zakariadze, C.S., Lordkipanidze, M.B. 1977. Evolution of the ancient active continental margin as illustrated by Alpine history of the Caucasus. Geotectonica 11/4, 20-309.
• Akın, H. 1979. Geologie Magmatismus und Lagerstaettenbildung im ostpontischen GebirgeTürkei aus der Sicht der Plattentektonik. Geologische Rundschau 68, 253-283.
• Akıncı, Ö.T. 1984. The geology and the metallogeny of the Eastern Pontides (Turkey). Dünya Jeoloji Kongresi Bildiri Özetleri Kitabı 197-198.
• Allen, R.L., Weihed, P., the Global VMS Research Project Team, 2002. Global comparison of volcanicassociated massive sulphide districts. In: Blundel, D.J., Neubauer, F. and von Quadt, A. (eds.), The Timing and Location of Major Ore Deposits in an Evolving Orogen. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, No: 204, 13-37.
• Barrie, C.T., Hannington, M.D. 1999. Classification of volcanic-associated massive sulfide deposits based on host-rock composition. In: Barrie, C.T. and Hannington, M.D. (Eds), Volcanic-associated Massive Sulfide Deposits: Processes and Examples in Modern and Ancient Settings. Rewievs in Economic Geology 8, 1-10.
• Buslaev, F.P., Kalegorov, B.A. 1992. The age of sulfide ore formation according to the K/Ar method. In: Prokin, V.A., Seravkin, I.B., Buslaev, F.P. et. Al. (eds). Copper-sulfide deposits of the Urals: conditions of formations. Russian Academy of science, Ural Branch. Ekaterinburg, 186-199 (in Russian).
• Clark, L.A. 1971. Volcanogenic ores: Comparison of cupriferous pyrite deposits of Cyprus and Japanese Kuruko deposits. Soc. Mining Geologists Japan, Spec. Issue 3, 206-215.
• Çamur, M.Z., Güven, İ.H., Er, M. 1996. Geochemical characteristics of the eastern Pontide volcanics, Turkey: An example of multiple volcanic cycles in arc evolution. Turkish Journal Earth Science 5, 123-144.
• Doyle, M.G., Allen, L.A. 2003. Subsea-floor replacement in volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits. Ore Geology Reviews 23, 183-222.
• Edmond, J.M., Measures, C., Mangum, B., Grant, B., Sclater, F.R., Collier, R., Hudson, A. 1979. On the formation of metal-rich deposits at ridge crests. Earth Planet. Sci. Letters, 46, 19-30.
• Eğin, D., Hirst, D.M, Phillips, R. 1979. The petrology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks from the northern Harşit River Area, Pontid volcanic province, northeast Turkey. J. Volcanol. Geothe. Res. 6, 105-123.
• Eldridge, S.C., Barton, Jr. P.B., Ohmoto, H. 1983. Mineral textures and their bearing on formation of the Kuroko ore bodies. Economic Geology Mon. 5, 241-281.
• Francheteau, J., Needham, H.D., Choukrone, P., Juteau, T., Seguret, M., Ballard, R.D., Fox, P.J., Normark, W.R., Carranza, A., Cordoba, D., Guerro, J., Rangin, C., Bougault, H., Cambon, P., Hekinian, R. 1979. Massive deep-sea sulfide ore deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise. Nature, 277, 523-528.
• Franklin, J.M., Lydon, J.W., Sangster, D.F. 1981. Volcanic associated massive sulfide deposits. Economic Geology, 75th Anniversary volume, 485-627.
• Galley, A.G., Koski, R.A. 1999. Setting and characteristics of ophiolite-hosted volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. In: Barrie, C.T., Hannington, M.D. (Ed.), Volcanic-Associated Massive Sulfide Deposits: Processes and Examples in Modern and Ancient Settings. Reviews in Economic Geology, 8, 221-246.
• Gedik, A., Ercan, T., Korkmaz, S., Karataş, S. 1992. Petrology of the magmatic rocks in the area between Rize, Fındıklı and Çamlıhemşin (eastern Black Sea region) and their distribution in the eastern Pontides. Geological Bulletin of Turkey 35, 15-38. (in Turkish).
• Gedikoğlu, A. 1978. Harşit granit karmaşığı ve çevre kayaçları (Doğankent-Giresun). Doçentlik Tezi, KTÜ, 176 s. (yayımlanmamış).
• Gemmell, J.B., Large, R.R. 1992. Stringer system and alteration zones underlying the Hellyer volcanichosted massive sulfide deposit, Tasmania, Australia. Economic Geology 87, 620-649.
• Goldfarb, M.S., Converse, D.R., Holland, H.D., Edmond, J.M. 1983. The genesis of hot spring deposits on the East Pacific Rise, 21 ºN. Economic Geology Monograph 5, 184-97.
• Hannington, M.D., de Ronde, C.E.J., Petersen, S. 2005. Sea-floor tectonics and submarine hydrothermal systems. Economic Geology, 100th Anniversary volume, 111-141.
• Hashiguchi, H. 1983. Penecontemporaneous deformation of Kuroko ore at the Kosaka Mine, Akita, Japon. Economic Geology Monograph 5, 167-183.
• Haymon, R. M. 1983. Growth history of hydrothermal black smoker. Nature, 301, 695-698.
• Hekinian R., Fevrier M., Bischoff J.L., Picot, P., Shanks, W.C. 1980. Sulfide deposits from the East Pacific Rise near 21 º N. Science, 207, 1433-1444.
• Herrington, R.J., Maslennikov, V.V., Zaykov, V.V., Seravkin, I.B., Kosarev, A.S., Bushmann, B., Orgeval, J-J., Holland, N., Tessalina, S.G., Nimis, P., Armstrong, R. 2005. Classification of VHMS deposits: Lessons from the Uralides. Reviews in Economic Geology, 203-237.
• Kalogeropoulos, S.I., Scott, S.D. 1983. Mineralogy and Geochemistry of tuffaceous exhalites (Tetsusekiei) of the Fukazawa Mine, Hokuroku Districti Japan. Economic Geology Monograph 5, 412-432.
• Kalogeropoulos, S.I. 1985. Discriminant analysis for evaluating the use of lithogeochemistry along the Tetsusekiei Horizon as an exploration tool in search for Kuroko type ore deposits. Mineralium Deposita 20, 135-142.
• Kazmin, V.G., Sbortshikov, I.M., Ricou, L.E., Zonenshain, L.P., Boulin J., Knipper, A.L. 1986. Volcanic belts as markers of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic active margin of Eurasia. Tectonophysics 123, 123-152.
• Ketin, İ. 1966. Anadolunun Tektonik Birlikleri. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi 66, 20-34.
• Kuroda, H. 1983. Geological characteristics and formation environment of the Furutobe and Matsuki Kuroko deposits, Akita Prefecture, northeast Japon. Economic Geology Monograph 5, 149-166.
• Large, R.R. 1977. Chemical evolution and zonation of massive sulfide deposits in volcanic terrains. Economic Geology 72, 549-572.
• Large, R.R. 1992. Australian volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits: features, styles, and genetic models. Economic Geology 87, 471-510.
• Lob’e, L. 1990. Oasises on the ocean flor. Moscow. Hydrometeoizdat 156 p. (in Russian).
• Lydon, J.W. 1984a. Volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits. Part 1. Descriptive model. Geoscience Canada 11, 195-202.
• Lydon, J.W. 1984b. Some observations on the morphology and ore texture of volcanogenic sulphide deposits of Cyprus. Current Research. Part A. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 84-1A, 601-610.
• Manetti, P., Peccerillo. A., Poli, G., Corsini, F. 1983. Petrochemical constrains on the models of Cretaceous-Eocene tectonic evolution of the eastern Pontic Chain (Turkey). Cretaceous Research 4, 159-72.
• Maslennikov, V.V. 1991. Lithological control of copper massive sulfide ores (after the example of Sibay and Oktyabrskoye deposits, Ural). Sverdlovsk, UB of RAC USSR press, 139 p. (in Russian).
• Maslennikov, V.V. 1999. Sedimentogenesis, halmyrolysis, ecology of massive sulfide-bearing paleohydrothermal fields (on the Southern Ural example). Miass: Geotur, 348 p.
• Maslennikov, V.V., Zaykov, V.V., Monacke, T., Large, R.R., Danyushevsky, L.V., Maslennikova, S.P., Allen, R.L, Çağatay, N., Revan, M.K. 2009. Ore facies of volcanic massive sulfide deposits in Pontides. 2 th international symposium on the geology of the Black Sea region, Turkey. Abstract Book, p.123.
• Maslennikov, V.V., Ayupova, N.R., Herrington, R.J., Danyushevsky, L.V., Large, R.R. 2012. Ferruginous and manganiferous haloes around the massive sulphide deposits of the Urals. Ore Geology Reviews, 47, 5-41.
• Murdmaa, I.O. 1987. Ocean facies. Moscow; Nauka, 304 p. (in Russian).
• Okay, A.İ., Şahintürk, Ö. 1997. Geology of the eastern Pontides. In: Robinson A.G. (Ed.) Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Regions. American Association of Petroleum Geologist, Memoirs 68, 291-311.
• Peccerillo, A., Taylor, S.R. 1975. Geochemistry of Upper Cretaceous volcanic rocks from the Pontic chain, Northern Turkey. Bull. Volcan. 39/4, 557-569.
• Qudin, E., Constantinou, G. 1984. Black smoker chimney fragments in Cyprus sulphide deposits. Nature 308, 349-353.
• Revan, M.K. 2010. Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi volkanojenik masif sülfid yataklarının tip özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniv. Fen Bil. Enst. Jeo. Müh. ABD., Ankara, 320 s. Ankara (Yayımlanmamış).
• Revan, M.K., Genç, Y., Ünlü, T., Maslennikov, V.V., Karslı, Ş. 2010. Preliminary findings of fossil traces from massive sulfide deposits (Lahanos, Killik, Çayeli) of eastern Black Sea Region. 63th geological congress of Turkey. Abstract book, 120-121.
• Ridler, R.H. 1971. Analysis of Archean volcanic basin in the Canadian Shield using exhalite concept (abs.). Canadian Inst. Mining Metal. Bull. 64, No: 714, p. 20.
• Sangster, D.F. 1972. Precambrian volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposits in Canada: a review. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 72-22.
• Schultze-Westrum, H.H. 1961. Giresun civarındaki Aksu deresinin jeolojik profili; Kuzeydoğu Anadolu’da, Doğu Pontus cevher ve mineral bölgesinin jeolojisi ve maden yatakları ile ilgili mütalaalar. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 57, 63-71.
• Spiess, F.N., Rise Group 1980. East Pacific Rise: Hot springs and geophysical experiments. Science 207, 1421-1433.
• Telenkov, O.S., Maslennikov, V.V. 1995. Automatic Expert System for Typification of Siliceous-Ferruginous Rocks in Paleohydrothermal Fields of the southern Urals. Institute of Mineralogy, Urals Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Miass. 200 pp. (in Russian).
• Tesalina S.G., Maslennikov V.V. 1993. Complete clastation of some sulfide mounds on the bottom of the Urals paleoocean. L.P.Zonenshain memorial international conference on plate tectonics, Moscow, p.143.
• Tornos, F. 2000. Styles of mineralization and mechanisms of ore deposition in massive sulfides of the Iberian Pyrite Belt. In: Gemmell, J.B., Pongratz, J. (Ed.), Volcanic environments and massive sulfide deposits, Abstracts. CODES Special Publication, v. 3, 211-213.
• Tsutsumi, M., Ohmoto, H. 1983. A preliminary oxygen isotope study of Tetsusekiei ores associated with the Kuroko deposits in the Hokuroko district, Japan. Economic Geology Monograph 5, 433-438.
• Tüysüz, N. 2000. Geology, Lithogeochemistry and Genesis of the Murgul massive sulfide deposit, NE-Turkey. Chemie der Erde 60, 231-250.
• Yarosh, P.Y. 1973. Diagenesis and metamorphism of massive sulfide ores in the Urals VMS deposits. Moscow, “Nauka” publishing house, 239 p. (in Russian).
• Yılmaz, Y., Tüysüz, O., Yiğitbaş, E., Genç, Ş.C., Şengör, A.M.C. 1997. Geology and tectonic evolution of the Pontides. In: A.G. Robinson, A.G.(Ed), Regional and Petroluem Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Regions, American Association Petroleum Geologist, Memoir 68, 183-226.
• Zaykov, V.V., Maslennikov, V.V., Zaykova, E.V. 1993. Volcanism and Metalliferous Deposits of Devonian Island Arc System of southern Urals. Institute of Mineralogy, Urals Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Miass. 146 pp. (in Russian).