Alternaria Mikotoksinleri ve Önemi

Year 2023, Volume: 37 Issue: 1, 195 - 219, 01.06.2023

Berna Tunalı , Yeter Küçüktopcu , Nazlı Tunalı , Songül Erken Meral , Seçil Eker , Bayram Kansu

https://doi.org/10.20479/bursauludagziraat.1111062

Abstract

Alternaria, dünyada yaygın olarak görülen önemli bir fungus cinsi olup Ascomycota bölümü,
Dothideomycetes sınıfı, Pleosporales takımı ve Pleosporaceae familyasında yer almaktadır. Alternaria cinsi
içerisinde, saprofitik, endofitik ve patojenik türler yer almaktadır. Patojen türler arasında ise bitki patojenleri,
hasat sonrası patojenler veya insan patojenleri de bulunmaktadır. Alternaria spp. alternariol (AOH), alternariol
monometil eter (AME), tenuazonik asit (TEA), altenuen (ALT) ve altertoksin (AT) gibi önemli bazı
mikotoksinleri üretmektedir. Mikotoksinler, insan besin zincirine çeşitli şekillerde girebilmekte, birçok farklı
gıda ve hayvan yemi ürününde bulunabilmektedir. Bu mikotoksinler, insanlar, memeliler ve diğer hayvanlar
tarafından ağız yoluyla alınırsa, mikotoksikoz adı verilen toksik bir tepkiye neden olabilmektedir. Birçoğunun
kanserojen olduğu bilinmektedir. Diğerlerinin de cilt hassasiyetinden immün yetmezliğe kadar değişen
nörotoksikolojik etkilerle birlikte karaciğer veya böbrek fonksiyonunun bozulması gibi insanlarda çeşitli farklı
tepkiler ortaya çıkardığı gösterilmiştir. Alternaria spp., özellikle su aktivitesi (aw), sıcaklık ve pH gibi abiyotik
faktörlerden etkilenmektedir. Literatürdeki çalışmalara göre bazı tahıl taneleri dahil sorgum, pamuk tohumu, domates ve soya fasulyesi gibi farklı substratlar fungusun çoğalması ve toksin üretimi ile ilişkilendirilmiştir.
Alternaria toksinlerinin incelenmesinde ELISA, sıvı kromatografi ve PCR temelli analizler en kullanışlı
yöntemler olarak görülmektedir. Bu derleme, Alternaria türlerinin önemini, ekolojilerini, mikotoksin üretimi ve
sıcakkanlılardaki etkileri ile mikotoksin analiz metotlarını içermektedir. Derleme özellikle, Alternaria türlerinin
oluşturdukları mikotoksinler hakkında genel bir bilgi sunmak ve önemine dikkat çekmek amacıyla
hazırlanmıştır.

Keywords

Alternaria türleri, mikotoksin, insan sağlığı, kromatografi, inceleme

Alternaria Mycotoxins and Their Importance

Abstract

Alternaria, which are an important genus of fungi that are ubiquitous in the environment, belongs to
the Ascomycota division, Dothideomycetes class, Pleosporales order, and Pleosporaceae family. The Alternaria
genus includes saprophytic, endophytic, and pathogenic species, whereas the pathogenic species include plant,
post-harvest, and human pathogens. Alternaria spp. produce some important mycotoxins such as alternariol
(AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TEA), altenuene (ALT) ve altertoxin (AT). These
mycotoxins can gain access to the human food chain and exist in many different food products and forage. When
ingested orally by humans, mammalians, or other animals, these mycotoxins may cause mycotoxicosis, which is
a toxic reaction. Many of these mycotoxins are known to be carcinogenic, while some others are shown to
disrupt liver and kidney functions as well as have neurotoxicological effects ranging from skin hypersensitivity
reactions to immunologic deficiency syndromes. Alternaria spp. can get affected by abiotic factors such as water
activity (aw), temperature, and pH. In literature, many crops including sorghum, cotton, tomato, and soya beans,
have been related the conditions that result in fungi to reproducing and producing toxins. The most effective
methods established for analyzing the Alternaria toxins are ELISA, liquid chromatography, and PCR-based
methods. This review includes the importance of Alternaria spp., their ecologies, mycotoxin production and their
effect on the homeotherms, and the methods for analyzing mycotoxins. It is specifically aimed to highlighting
the importance and providing a general knowledge of producing mycotoxins that Alternaria spp.

Keywords

Alternaria spp., mycotoxin, human health, chromatography, detection

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