AVUSTRALYA’NIN BİRİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI’NA KATILMASINDA BÜYÜK BRİTANYA ETKİSİ: SİYASİ ELİTLER VE PROPAGANDA

Year 2021, Volume: 19 Issue: 30, 173 - 198, 30.04.2021

Orhan Özcan

https://doi.org/10.17518/canakkalearastirmalari.900150

Abstract

Büyük Britanya’yla birlikte Avustralya’nın Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na katılmasında siyasi ve askerî nedenler ileri sürülmesine rağmen, Büyük Britanya’nın Avustralya üzerinde baskın tarihsel, etnik ve kültürel etkisi genellikle göz ardı edilmiştir. Oysa Büyük Britanya, tarihsel, etnik, kültürel altyapı temelinde siyasi ve askerî manipülasyonları kullanarak Avustralya’nın savaşa müttefik olarak katılmasında etkin bir rol oynamıştır. Büyük Britanya, Avustralya’nın jeopolitik konumunun etkisiyle Avustralya siyasi elitlerini savaş öncesi Alman ve Japon işgali tehditleriyle irrasyonel bir korku sarmalının içerisine sürüklemiş ve propaganda, sivil toplum kuruluşları, savaş posterlerinin yoğun etkisiyle kamuoyunun ikna edilmesi sağlanmıştır. Kral/kraliçe’ye sadakat, anavatana (Büyük Britanya) bağlılık ve borcunu ödeme, görev, zorunluluk, Alman işgali, Sarı Tehlike paranoyası temelinde şekillenen savaş poster ve afişleri, toplumu kitlesel ve gönüllü biçimde savaşa katılmaya ikna etmiştir. Düşmanlaştırılmış ve ötekileştirilmişler üzerinden sosyal gerilimler üretilerek elde edilen Birleşik Krallığa sadakat duygusu, Avustralya toplumunu zihinsel ve manevi seferberliği tamamlanmış, savaşmaya hazır heyecanlı birer savaşçıya dönüştürmüştür. Heyecan arayışı, yeni yerler görme isteği, kendini ispatlama, iş/aile çevresinden kurtulma gibi kişisel ve sosyal psikolojiden kaynaklı nedenlerde Avustralya toplumsalının Birinci Dünya Savaş’ında Büyük Britanya’nın yanında savaşa katılma olgusu üzerinde istekliliğini oluşturmuştur.

Bu çalışmada, Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Türk askerine karşı Gelibolu’da savaşan Anzak askerî oluşumuna giden süreç ve Avustralya toplumsalını yönlendiren temel yapılar (Büyük Britanya, sosyolojik art alan, yönetici seçkinler, propaganda) araştırılmıştır. Makalenin amacı, Avustralya’nın etnik ve kültürel olarak Büyük Britanya’yla tarihsel bir geçmişe sahip olması nedeniyle, Avustralya’nın Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na katıldığı temeli üzerinde kavramsal bir teorik çerçeve belirlemektir. Bu kapsamda, Avustralya’nın Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na girme zemininin oluşturulmasında Büyük Britanya’nın, Avustralya siyasi seçkinler üzerindeki politik ve askerî nüfuza sahip olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Avustralya’nın Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na katılmasında jeopolitiğinin etkisi ve Büyük Britanya korumacılığına sığınmasının nedenleri üzerine odaklanılmıştır. Ayrıca Avustralya toplumu üzerinde Büyük Britanya ve Avustralya’nın savaş posterleriyle yaptığı propagandanın önemi vurgulanırken, Avustralya toplumu üzerindeki etkilerini eleştirel olarak tartışmıştır.

Keywords

I.Dünya Savaşı,, Avustralya,, Büyük Britanya,, Siyasi Elitler,, Propaganda.

Australia’s Participation in the Fırst World War Great Britain Effect: Political Elites and Propaganda

Abstract

Although political and military reasons were put forward for Australia’s participation with Great Britain in World War I, Great Britain’s dominant historical, ethnic and cultural influence on Australia was generally ignored. However, Great Britain played an active role in Australia’s participation in the war as an ally, using political and military manipulations on the basis of historical, ethnic and cultural infrastructure. Great Britain, with the influence of Australia’s geopolitcal position, dragged the Australian political elites into an irrational spiral of fear with the threats of German and Japanese occupation before the war and the public was convinced by intense influence of propaganda, non-governmental organizations and war posters. The war posters, designed on the basis of loyalty to the king/queen, loyalty to the motherland (Great Britain) and repayment, duty, obligation, German occupation, fear of Yellow Peril, had convinced the people to join the war as en masse and voluntarily. The sense of loyalty to the empire, achieved through the production of social tensions the hostility and marginalized ones, which had transformed the Australian society into an enthusiastic warrior with complete mental and spiritual mobilization and ready to fight. The reasons arising from personal and social psychology such as passion for adventure, desire to see new places, self-assertion, escape from the family-work environment have also constituted the willingness of the Australian society to join the war alongside Great Britain during the First World War.

In this study, in the process leading to the formation of the Anzac military that fought against the Turkish soldiers in Gallipoli in the First World War, the basic structures (Great Britain, sociological background, political elites, propaganda) were investigated. The aim of the paper is to establish a conceptual theoretical framework on the basis of Australia’s participation in the First World War, as Australia has ethnically and culturally a historical background with Great Britain. In this context, it has been argued that Great Britain had a political and military influence on the Australian political elite in laying groundwork for Australia’s entry into World War I. The impact of geopolitics in Australia’s participation in the First World War and the reasons for taking shelter in Great Britain protectionism were focused on. In addition, the importance of the propaganda made by Great Britain and Australia with the war posters on the Australian society was emphasized, as well as its effects on the Australian society were critically discussed.

Keywords

First World War,, Australia,, Great Britain,, Political Elites,, Propaganda.

References

• National Australia of Archive (NAA), Naval Defence of Australia: Policy of Fisher Government 1909, A6661, 1325, s.13. https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=422426 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2020).
• Census of the Commonwealth of Australia 1911, Vol.1.
• Knibbs, G.H., C.H.G.,Population and Vital Statistics Bulletin No:32 Commonwealth Demography 1914 and Previous Years, Authority: Albert J.Mullett, Government Printer, Melbourne, 1915.
• Andrews, Eric Montgomery, Anzac Illusion: Anglo-Australian Relations During World War I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993.
• Australia’s Asia: From Yellow Peril to Asia Century, Edited by David Walker, Agnieszka Sobocinska, UWA Publishing, 2012.
• Avşar, Servet, “Birinci Dünya Savaşında İngiliz Propaganda Faaliyetleri ve Osmanlı Devleti”, http://e-dergi.atauni.edu.tr/atauniad/article/view/1025001048 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2020).
• Barberis, Peter, John McHugh,Mike Tyldesley, Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations: Parties, Groups, and Movements of the Twentieth Century, Pinter, London and New York, 2000.
• Bates, Sonya, “The Anzac Day Legend: İts Orgins, Meaning, Power and İmpact on Shaping Australia’s İdentity”, Master’s of Peace and Conflict Studies Dissertation, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2013.
• Bean, Charles Edwin Woodrow, The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-1918, Vol.I The Story of Anzac: First Phase, Eleventh Edition, Angus&Robertson Ltd, Sydney, 1941.
• Beaumont, Joan, “Australia” ,https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/australia?version=1.0 (Erişim Tarihi: 14.06.2019). Corcoran, Robert, Jackie Dickenson, A Dictionary of Australian Politics, Allen&Unwin, NSW, 2010.
• Docherty, James C., Historical Dictionary of Australia, The Scarecow Press, Maryland US, Toronto CA, Plymouth UK, Third Edition, 2007.
• Firth, Stewart, Australia in International Politics: An Introduction to Australian Policy, Allen&Unwin, NSW, 2005.
• Fredrickson, George M., Racism: A Short History, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 2002.
• Gammage, Bill, The Broken Years: Australian Soldiers in the Great War, Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1974.
• Gilchrist, Catie, “World War I and The Peace Society in Sydney”, 2014, http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/world_war_i_and_the_peace_society_in_sydney (Erişim Tarihi: 25.02.2020).
• Jenks, M.A.E., A History of the Australasian Colonies, Cambridge at the University Press, 1912.
• Jordens, Ann-Mari, “Anti-War Organisations in a Society at War, 1914-18”, Ann‐Mari Jordens (1990) Anti‐war organisations in a society at war, 1914–18,Journal of Australian Studies, 14:26, 78-93,s.78-79. DOI: 10.1080/14443059009387022, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443059009387022 (Erişim Tarihi:25.02.2020).
• Mat, Celâl, Türk Romanında Çanakkale Muharebeleri, Akçağ Yayınları, Ankara, 2007.
• Kirişçi, Ayşe Candan, “Nation-Building and Gallipoli: Represantations in Turkish, Australian and New Zealand Literatures”, Dissertation Doctor of Philosopfy in English Literature, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul, 2011.
• Macinnis, Peter, The Big Book of Australian History, National Library of Australia, Canberra, 2013.
• Mckane, Benjamin, “Remembering the Great War in the Dominions of British Empire”, MA Thesis, Leiden University, 2012.
• Mountford, Benjamin, Britain, China and Colonial Australia, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2016. Monger, David, “Propaganda at Home (Great Britain and Ireland)”, https://encyclopedia.19141918online.net/article/propagandaathomegreatbritainandireland (Erişim Tarihi: 18.12.2019).
• Mordike, John, We Should Do This Thing Quietly- Japan and the Great Deception in Australian Defence Policy 1911-1914, National Library of Australia, 2002.
• Palazzo, Albert, The Australian Army: A History of its Organisation 1901-2001, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 2001.
• Roberson, Emily, “Propaganda at Home (Australia)”, https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/propaganda_at_home_australia (Erişim Tarihi: 15.11.2019).
• Simkins, Peter, Kitchener’s Army: The Raising of New Army 1914-1916, Pen & Sword Military, First Published 1988, South Yorkshire, 2007.
• Umunç, Himmet, “Anzaklar ve Çanakkale: Anzak Günlüklerindeki Gerçekler”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 33/Sayı 1/Haziran 2016.
• West, Barbara A., Frances T. Murphey, A Brief History of Australia, Facts on File, New York, 2010.
• Wılcox, Craig, “Pre-War Military Planning (Australia)”, https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/pre-war_military_planning_australia (Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2019).
• Australian Dictionary of Biography, F.K. Crowley, “Sir Joseph Cook (1860-1947)”, Volume 8, (MUP), 1981. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/cook-sir-joseph-5763 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2020).
• Australian Dictionary of Biography, K.J. Cable, “Boyce, Francis Bertie (1844-1931), Volume 7, (MUP), 1979. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/boyce-francis-bertie-5319 (Erişim Tarihi: 01.06.2020).
• Australian Dictionary of Biography, L.F. Fitzhardinge, “Hughes, William Morris (Billy)(1862-1952)”,Volume9,(MUP),1983,http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hughes-william-morris-billy-6761 (Erişim Tarihi: 15.03.2020).
• http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-06-17/lockhart---the-secret-centenary/2761502(Erişim Tarihi: 14.12.2020).
• https://www.griffithreview.com/articles/race-fear-dangerous-denial (Erişim Tarihi: 14.12.2020).
• http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/fisher/in-office.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2020).
• http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl (Erişim Tarihi: 20.12.2020).
• http://www.australia.gov.au/about-government/how-government-works (Erişim Tarihi: 24.06.2020).
• http://www.australia.gov.au/aboutgovernment/howgovernmentworks/federation(ErişimTarihi:24.06.2020).
• http://www.ww1propaganda.com/search/node?search=Women+of+Britain (Erişim Tarihi:19.03.2020).
• http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/17053 (Erişim Tarihi:19.03.2020).
• http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogD.html (Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2020).
• https://primeministers.moadoph.gov.au/prime-ministers (Erişim Tarihi: 27.05.2020).
• https://primeministers.moadoph.gov.au/prime-ministers/alfred-deakin (Erişim Tarihi: 27.05.2020).
• https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/pops/pop63/c01(Erişim Tarihi:09.01.2020).
• https://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/convicts-and-the-british-colonies (Erişim Tarihi:10.01.2020).
• https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/prime-ministers/billy-hughes (Erişim Tarihi:14.04.2020).