Ebeveynlik Stresinin Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi

Year 2022, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 50 - 59, 19.10.2022

Kadriye Özyazıcı , Yekta Yaray

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 0-18 yaş çocuğu olan ebeveynlerin, ebeveynlik streslerinin bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 0-18 yaş aralığında çocuğu olan 401 gönüllü ebeveyn oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden betimsel tarama deseninde tasarlanmıştır. Çalışma verileri araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen demografik bilgi formu ve Aydoğan ve Özbay tarafından 2017 yılında geliştirilen “Ebeveynlik Stres Ölçeği” aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre ebeveynlik stresi çocuk sayısı, çocuklarının yaşına göre farklılaştığı görülmüştür. Eşlerin çocuğun bakımını ve eğitim üstlenmesinde birbirine sağladığı sosyal desteğin ebeveynlik stresini anlamlı farklılık görülmediği bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Ebeveynlik stresini çocuklarla ilgili faktörlerden en çok çocukların dijital araçlarla geçirdiği zaman ve içeriği, en az ise çocuklarının uyku alışkanlığının açıkladığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular literatür doğrultusunda yorumlanmıştır. Ebeveynlere ve araştırmacılara öneriler geliştirilmiştir.

Keywords

Çocuk, ebeveyn, stres, kaygı, ebeveynlik stresi.

Examining Parenting Stress in Terms of Various Variables

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the parenting stress of parents with children aged 0-18 in terms of some variables. The study group of the research consists of 401 volunteer parents with children between the ages of 0-18. The research was designed in descriptive scanning design, which is one of the quantitative research methods. The study data were collected through the demographic information form developed by the researchers and the "Parenting Stress Scale" developed by Aydoğan and Özbay in 2017. According to the results of the research, it was seen that the number of children with parenting stress differed according to the age of their children. It was found that the social support provided by the spouses to each other in taking care of the child and education did not show a significant difference in parenting stress. It was concluded that among the factors related to children, parenting stress was explained mostly by the time and content of children with digital tools, and at least by their children's sleep habits. The findings obtained as a result of the research were interpreted in line with the literature. Recommendations have been developed for parents and researchers.

Keywords

Child, parent, stress, anxiety, parenting stress.

References

• Abidin, R. R. (1976). Parenting stress model (Unpublished Manuscript). University of Virgina, Charlottesville, VA
• Anthony, L. G., Anthony, B. J., Glanville, D. N., Naiman, D. Q., Waanders, C., and Shaffer, S. (2005). The relationships between parenting stress, parenting behaviour and preschoolers’ social competence and behaviour problems in the classroom. Infant and Child Development, 14(2), 133–154. doi:10.1002/icd.385
• Avcı, Ş., Fener, M. T., ve Mutlu, A. (2021). Serebral Palsili Çocuklarin Fonksiyonel Seviyeleri ve Ekstremite Dağilimlarinin Ebeveynlik Stres Düzeyine Etkileri1. Aydın Sağlık Dergisi, 123-140
• Aydoğan, D., ve Özbay, Y. (2017). Ebeveynlik stres ölçeği geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Uluslararası Erken Çocukluk Eğitimi Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 24-38.
• Bakoula, C., Kolaitis, G., Veltsista, A., Gika, A., and Chrousos, G. P. (2009). Parental stress affects the emotions and behaviour of children up to adolescence: A Greek prospective, longitudinal study. Stress, 12(6), 486-498. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890802645041
• Berryhill, M. B., and Durtschi, J. A. (2017). Understanding single mothers’ parenting stress trajectories. Marriage and Family Review, 53(3), 227-245. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2016.1204406
• Campbell, K., Thoburn, J. W., and Leonard, H. D. (2017). The mediating effects of stress on the relationship between mindfulness and parental responsiveness. Couple Family Psychol. 6, 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000075
• Cengiz, S., Yıldız, M. N., ve Peker, A. (2021). Özel Gereksinimli Çocuğa Sahip Ebeveynler ile Tipik Gelişim Gösteren Çocuğa Sahip Ebeveynlerin Stres ve Yaşam Doyum Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(36), 1-1.
• Conger, K. J. (2000). 13 The Role of Economic Pressure in the Lives of Parents and Their Adolescents: The Family Stress Model. Negotiating adolescence in times of social change, 201.
• Crnic, K. A., Gaze, C., and Hoffman, C. (2005). Cumulative parenting stress across the preschool period: Relations to maternal parenting and child behaviour at age 5. Infant and Child Development: An International, Journal of Research and Practice, 14(2), 117-132. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.384
• Çepni, Salih. (2014). Araştırma ve Proje Çalışmalarına Giriş. Trabzon: Celepler Matbaacılık Deater-Deckard, K. (2005). Parenting stress and children's development: Introduction to the special issue. Infant and Child Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.383
• Douglas, J. E., and Bryon, M. (1996). Interview data on severe behavioural eating difficulties in young children. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 75(4), 304–308. doi:10.1136/adc.75.4.304. http://dx.doi.org/0.1136/adc.75.4.304
• Epifanio, M. S., Genna, V., De Luca, C., Roccella, M., and La Grutta, S. (2015). Paternal and maternal transition to parenthood: the risk of postpartum depression and parenting stress. Pediatric Reports, 7(2), 38-44. https://doi.org/10.4081/pr.2015.5872
• Farmer, A. Y., and Lee, S. K. (2011). The effects of parenting stress, perceived mastery, and maternal depression on parent–child interaction. Journal of Social Service Research, 37(5), 516-525. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2011.607367
• Halpern‐Meekin, S., and Turney, K. (2016). Relationship churning and parenting stress among mothers and fathers. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(3), 715-729. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12297
• Han, Z. R., and Shaffer, A. (2014). Maternal expressed emotion in relation to child behavior problems: Differential and mediating effects. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(8), 1491-1500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-9923-6
• Herle, M., De Stavola, B., Hübel, C., Abdulkadir, M., Ferreira, D. S., Loos, R. J., ... and Micali, N. (2020). A longitudinal study of eating behaviours in childhood and later eating disorder behaviours and diagnoses. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 216(2), 113-119. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.174
• Huang, C. Y., Costeines, J., Kaufman, J. S., and Ayala, C. (2014). Parenting stress, social support, and depression for ethnic minority adolescent mothers: Impact on child development. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(2), 255-262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9807-1
• İldeniz, BS (2021). Koronavirüs pandemisinde annelik stresleri, anne babalık stresi, aile dayanıklılığı ve koronavirüs pandemisi sırasında çocuk yetiştirme uygulamaları arasındaki ilişki. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Maltepe Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• İlhan, T. (2017). Özel gereksinimli 3-6 yaş çocuklarının ebeveynlerinin stres düzeyleri ile rolleri arasındaki ilişki. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 18(03), 383-400.
• Jang, M., Brown, R., and Park, M. (2021). Mediating effect of the parent-child relationship on the association between parenting stress and children’s eating behaviors. BMC Public Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12052-5
• Karasar, N. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi (25. Basım). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
• Koç, G. K., and Paslı, F. (2019). Dijital Topluluklara Üye Olan Annelerin Stres Düzeylerinin Demografik Değişkenlere Göre İncelenmesi. Kastamonu İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, (2), 100-118.
• Krieg, D. B. (2007). Does motherhood get easier the second-time around? Examining parenting stress and marital quality among mothers having their first or second child. Parenting: Science and Practice, 7(2), 149-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295190701306912
• Louie, A. D., Cromer, L. D., and Berry, J. O. (2017). Assessing parenting stress: Review of the use and interpretation of the parental stress scale. The Family Journal, 25(4), 359-367. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480717731347
• Marshall, C., and Rossman, G. B. (2014). Designing qualitative research. Sage publications.
• Matvienko-Sikar, K., Murphy, G., and Murphy, M. (2018). The role of prenatal, obstetric, and post-partum factors in the parenting stress of mothers and fathers of 9-month old infants. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 39(1), 47-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/0167482X.2017.1286641
• McMahon, C. A., and Meins, E. (2012). Mind-mindedness, parenting stress, and emotional availability in mothers of preschoolers. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 27, 245–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.08.002
• Meltzer, L. J., and Mindell, J. A. (2007). Relationship between child sleep disturbances and maternal sleep, mood, and parenting stress: A pilot study. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.21.1.67. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.21.1.67
• Meppelder, M., Hodes, M., Kef, S., and Schuengel, C. (2015). Parenting stress and child behaviour problems among parents with intellectual disabilities: the buffering role of resources. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59(7), 664-677. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12170
• Mitchell, D. B., Szczerepa, A., and Hauser-Cram, P. (2016). Spilling over: Partner parenting stress as a predictor of family cohesion in parents of adolescents with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 49, 258-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2015.12.007
• Morgan, J., Robinson, D., and Aldridge, J. (2005). Parenting stress and externalizing child behavior. Social Work Diagnosis in Contemporary Practice, 61, 1998-2019.
• Najmi, B., Heidari, Z., Feizi, A., Hovsepian, S., Momeni, F., and Azhar, S. M. M. (2018). Do psychological characteristics of mothers predict parenting stress? A cross-sectional study among mothers of children with different disabilities. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 32(3), 396-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2017.12.004
• Nomaguchi, K. M. (2012). Parenthood and psychological well-being: Clarifying the role of child age and parent–child relationship quality. Social Science Research, 41(2), 489-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.08.001
• Nomaguchi, K., and Johnson, W. (2016). Parenting stress among low-income and working-class fathers: The role of employment. Journal of Family İssues, 37(11), 1535-1557. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X14560642
• Nomaguchi, K., Brown, S., and Leyman, T. M. (2017). Fathers’ participation in parenting and maternal parenting stress: Variation by relationship status. Journal of Family Issues, 38(8), 1132-1156. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X15623586
• Oliveira, T. D. O., Costa, D. S., Alvim-Soares, A., de Paula, J. J., Kestelman, I., Silva, A. G., ... and Miranda, D. M. (2021). Children's behavioral problems, screen time, and sleep problems' association with negative and positive parenting strategies during the COVID-19 outbreak in Brazil. Child Abuse and Neglect, 105345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105345
• Östberg, M., and Hagekull, B. (2000). A structural modeling approach to the understanding of parenting stress. Journal of clinical child psychology, 29(4), 615-625. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP2904_13
• Östberg, M., Hagekull, B., and Hagelin, E. (2007). Stability and prediction of parenting stress. Infant and Child Development: An International Journal of Research and Practice, 16(2), 207-223. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.516
• Özcan, N. A., and Arslan, R. (2018). Ergen annelerine uygulanan ebeveyn stresini yönetme programı’nın etkililiği. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 8(2), 40-59.
• Parent, J., McKee, L. G., Rough, J. N., and Forehand, R. (2016). The association of parent mindfulness with parenting and youth psychopathology across three developmental stages. J. Abnormal Child Psychol. 44, 191–202. doi: 10.1007/s10802-015-9978-x. https://doi.org/1007/s10802-015-9978-x
• Park, I. Y. (2018). The Discourse on Multi-Child Families in South Korea's Media and Popular Culture. Korean Studies. https://doi.org/10.1353/ks.2018.0030
• Pearlin, L. (1983). Role strains and personal stress. In H. B. Kaplan (Ed.), Psychological stress (pp. 3–32). New York, NY: Academic Press.
• Petts, R. J. (2018). Time off after childbirth and mothers’ risk of depression, parenting stress, and parenting practices. Journal of Family Issues, 39(7), 1827-1854. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X17728984
• Pinquart, M. (2018). Parenting stress in caregivers of children with chronic physical condition—A meta‐analysis. Stress and Health, 34(2), 197-207. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2780
• Pleck, J. H., Masciadrelli, B. P. (2004). Paternal involvement by U.S. residential fathers. In Lamb, M. E. (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (4th ed., pp. 222-271). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
• Qian, G., Mei, J., Tian, L., and Dou, G. (2021). Assessing Mothers’ Parenting Stress: Differences Between One-and Two-Child Families in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 3699. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.609715
• Radesky, J. S., Eisenberg, S., Kistin, C. J., Gross, J., Block, G., Zuckerman, B., and Silverstein, M. (2016). Overstimulated consumers or next-generation learners? Parent tensions about child mobile technology use. The Annals of Family Medicine, 14(6), 503-508. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1976
• Ramos, M. C., Guerin, D. W., Gottfried, A. W., Bathurst, K., and Oliver, P. H. (2005). Family conflict and children's behavior problems: the moderating role of child temperament. Structural Equation Modeling, 12(2), 278-298. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1202_6
• Ren, J., Li, X., Chen, S., Chen, S., and Nie, Y. (2020). The influence of factors such as parenting stress and social support on the state anxiety in parents of special needs children during the COVID-19 epidemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565393
• Respler-Herman, M., Mowder, B. A., Yasik, A. E., and Shamah, R. (2012). Parenting beliefs, parental stress, and social support relationships. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21(2), 190-198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-011-9462-3
• Rollè, L., Prino, L. E., Sechi, C., Vismara, L., Neri, E., Polizzi, C., Trovato, A., Volpi, B., Molgora, S., Fenaroli, V., Ierardi, E., Ferro, V., Lucarelli, L., Agostini, F., Tambelli, R., Saita, E., Crugnola, C.R. and Brustia, P. (2017). Parenting stress, mental health, dyadic adjustment: a structural equation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 839. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00839
• Schoppe, S. J., Mangelsdorf, S. C., and Frosch, C. A. (2001). Coparenting, family process, and family structure: Implications for preschoolers’ externalizing behavior problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(3), 526– 545. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.15.3.526
• Seguin, D., Kuenzel, E., Morton, J. B., and Duerden, E. G. (2021). School's out: parenting stress and screen time use in school-age children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 6, 100217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100217
• Semerci, A. B., and Volery, T. (2017). Entrepreneurs as parents: The antecedents and consequence of parenting stress. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-04-2017-0136
• Shapiro, D. N., and Stewart, A. J. (2011). Parenting stress, perceived child regard, and depressive symptoms among stepmothers and biological mothers. Family Relations, 60(5), 533-544. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00665.x
• Shin, E., Choi, K., Resor, J., and Smith, C. L. (2021). Why do parents use screen media with toddlers? The role of child temperament and parenting stress in early screen use. Infant Behavior and Development, 64, 101595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101595
• Söğüt, R. (2019). Üstün yetenekli olan ve olmayan çocukların anne babalarının ebeveynliğe ilişkin yeterlik algıları ile stres düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması. Yüksek lisans tezi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gaziantep.
• Taşcı, M. (2014). Serebral palsili çocukların fonksiyonel seviyeleri ve ekstremite dağılımlarının ebeveynlik stres düzeyine etkileri. Yayımlanmış Yüksek lisans tezi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bolu.
• Trillingsgaard, T., Baucom, K. J., and Heyman, R. E. (2014). Predictors of change in relationship satisfaction during the transition to parenthood. Family Relations, 63(5), 667-679. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12089
• Trumello, C., Babore, A., Cofini, M., Baiocco, R., Chirumbolo, A., and Morelli, M. (2021). The buffering role of paternal parenting stress in the relationship between maternal parenting stress and children's problematic behaviour. International Journal of Psychology, 56(5), 739-744. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12758
• Trumello, C., Babore, A., Cofini, M., Baiocco, R., Chirumbolo, A., and Morelli, M. (2021). The buffering role of paternal parenting stress in the relationship between maternal parenting stress and children's problematic behaviour. International Journal of Psychology, 56(5), 739-744. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12758
• Ward, K. P., and Lee, S. J. (2020). Mothers’ and fathers’ parenting stress, responsiveness, and child wellbeing among low-income families. Children and Youth Services Review, 116, 105218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105218
• Wilson, S., and Durbin, C. E. (2010). Effects of paternal depression on fathers' parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 167-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.007