Year 2019,
Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 15 - 24, 23.04.2019
Sertaç Argun Kıvanç
,
Berna Akova
References
- [1] Ne´grel AD, Thylefors B. The global impact of eye injuries. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 1998;5:143e69
- [2] Scruggs D, Scruggs R, Stukenborg G, Netland PA, Calland JF. Ocular injuries in trauma patients: an analysis of 28,340 trauma admissions in the 2003- 2007 National Trauma Data Bank National Sample Program. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73:1308- 12.
- [3] Gülen M, Ay M, Acehan S, Akoğlu H, İçme F, Kozacı N, Seğmen M, Satar S. Analysis of ophthalmic emergencies. Cukurova Medical Journal (Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi) 41 (2016): 326-332.
- [4] World Health Organization. Universal eye health: a global action plan 2014- 2019. WHO Press; Spain; 2013: p.7.
- [5] World Health Organization. Ocular Trauma. In : Strategies for the prevention of blindness in national programmes 2nd edition. WHO Press; England; 1997: p: 74-80
- [6]. Leonard R. Statistics on Vision Impairment: A Resource Manual. 5th ed. New York: International ARGRIoL; 2002:1Y41.
- [7] Kuhn F. Ocular Traumatology. Heilderberg, Springer. 2008
- [8] Kıvanç SA, Akova Budak B, Skrijelj E, Tok Çevik M. Demographic Characteristicsand Clinical Outcome of Work-related Open Globe Injuries in the Most Industrialised Region of Turkey. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2017 Jan;47(1):18-23.
- [9] Kadappu S, Silveira S, Martin F. Aetiology and outcome of open and closed globe eye injuries in children. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013 Jul;41(5):427-34.
- [10] Hassan Naqvi SA, Malik S, Zulfiqaruddin S, Anwar SB, Nayyar S. Etiology andseverity of various forms of ocular war injuries in patients presenting at an Army Hospital in Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2016 Nov-Dec;32(6):1543-1546.
- [11] Akova Budak B, Kıvanç SA, Başkaya K, Baykara M, Yücel AA. Evaluation of Occupational Closed Globe Eye Injuries. J Clin Anal Med 2015;6(suppl 3): 375-378.
- [12] Kuhn F, Pieramici DJ. Ocular Trauma Principles and Practice. New York 2002, Thieme.
- [13] Soliman MM, Macky TA. Pattern of ocular trauma in Egypt. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008 Feb;246(2):205-212.
- [14] Erdurman FC, Sobaci G, Acikel CH, Ceylan MO, Durukan AH, Hurmeric V. Anatomical and functional outcomes in contusion injuries of posterior segment. Eye (Lond). 2011 Aug;25(8):1050-6. doi: 10.1038/eye.2011.118
- [15] Yiğit Ö, Yürüktümen A, Arslan S. Bir merkezin acil servisinde tedavi edilen gözün yabancı cisim travmaları. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2012;18(1):75-9.
- [16] Yildiz M, Kıvanç SA, Akova-Budak B, Ozmen AT, Çevik SG. An Important Cause of Blindness in Children: Open Globe Injuries. J Ophthalmol. 2016;2016:7173515.
- [17] Pelitli Gürlü V, Esgin H, Benian Ö, Erda S. The factors affecting visual outcome in open globe injuries. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2007; 13(4): 294-299
- [18] Cillino S, Casuccio A, Di Pace F, Pillitteri F, Cillino G. A five-yearretrospective study of the epidemiological characteristics and visual outcomes ofpatients hospitalized for ocular trauma in a Mediterranean area. BMC Ophthalmol. 2008 Apr 22;8:6.
- [19] Kaplan AT, Kandemir B, Erdoğan Dib N, Sayman IB, ÖK Doğan. Epidemiology of Open-Globe Injuries. Turk J Ophthalmol 2010; 40: 84-88.
- [20] Whitcher JP, Srinivasan M, Upadhyay MP. Corneal blindness: a globalperspective. Bull World Health Organ. 2001;79(3):214-21.
- [21] Meng Y 2015, Yan H. Prognostic Factors for Open Globe Injuries and Correlation of Ocular Trauma Score in Tianjin, China. J Ophthalmol. 2015;2015:345764.
- [22] Madhusudhan AP, Evelyn-Tai LM, Zamri N, Adil H, Wan-Hazabbah WH. Open globe injury in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia - A 10-year review. Int J Ophthalmol. 2014 Jun 18;7(3):486-90.
- [23] Kargı ŞH, Hoşal B, Saygı S, Gürsel E. Penetran göz yaralanmalarında son görme keskinliği üzerine etkili prognostik faktörler. Turk J Ophthalmol. 1999;29:252-259.
- [24] Li X, Zarbin MA, Bhagat N. Pediatric open globe injury: A review of the literature. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2015 Oct-Dec;8(4):216-23.
- [25] Jandeck C, Kellner U, Bornfeld N, Foerster MH. Open globe injuries in children. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2000;238: 420–426.
- [26] Bunting H, Stephens D, Mireskandari K. Prediction of visual outcomes afteropen globe injury in children: a 17-year Canadian experience. J AAPOS. 2013Feb;17(1):43-8.
- [27] Mayouego Kouam J, Epée E, Azria S, Enyama D, Omgbwa Eballe A, Ebana Mvogo C,Cherifi M. [Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic features of pediatricocular injuries in an eye emergency unit in Île-de-France]. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2015 Oct;38(8):743-51.
- [28] Brophy M, Sinclair SA, Hostetler SG, Xiang H. Pediatric eye injury-relatedhospitalizations in the United States. Pediatrics. 2006 Jun;117(6):e1263-71.
- [29] Yardley AE, Hoskin AK, Hanman K, Sanfilippo PG, Lam GC, Mackey DA. Paediatric ocular and adnexal injuries requiring hospitalisation in Western Australia. Clin Exp Optom. 2016 Oct 20. doi: 10.1111/cxo.12486.
- [30] Chakraborti C, Giri D, Choudhury KP, Mondal M, Datta J. Paediatric oculartrauma in a tertiary eye care center in Eastern India. Indian J Public Health. 2014 Oct-Dec;58(4):278-80.
- [31] Minderhoud J, van Nispen RM, Heijthuijsen AA, Beunders VA, Bueno de Mesquita-Voigt AM, Moll AC, Mans DR, Saeed P. Epidemiology and aetiology of childhood ocular trauma in the Republic of Suriname. Acta Ophthalmol. 2016 Aug;94(5):479-84.)
- [32] Al-Mahdi HS, Bener A, Hashim SP. Clinical pattern of pediatric ocular trauma in fast developing country. Int Emerg Nurs. 2011 Oct;19(4):186-91.
- [33] Gupta A, Rahman I, Leatherbarrow B. Open globe injuries in children: factors predictive of a poor final visual acuity. Eye (Lond). 2009 Mar;23(3):621-5.
- [34] Serrano JC, Chalela P, Arias JD. Epidemiology of childhood ocular trauma in a northeastern Colombian region. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003 Oct;121(10):1439-45.
- [35] Ojabo CO, Malu KN, Adeniyi OS. Open globe injuries in Nigerian children: epidemiological characteristics, etiological factors, and visual outcome. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2015 Jan-Mar;22(1):69-73.
- [36] Wang NK, Chen YP, Yeung L, Chen KJ, Chao AN, Kuo YH, Lee JS, Lai CC. Traumatic pediatric retinal detachment following open globe injury. Ophthalmologica. 2007;221(4):255-63.
- [37] Sarrazin L, Averbukh E, Halpert M, Hemo I, Rumelt S. Traumatic pediatric retinal detachment: a comparison between open and closed globe injuries. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004 Jun;137(6):1042-9.
- [38] Oner A, Kekec Z, Karakucuk S, Ikizceli I, Sözüer EM. Ocular trauma in Turkey: a 2-year prospective study. Adv Ther. 2006 Mar-Apr;23(2):274-83.
- [39] Kanoff JM, Turalba AV, Andreoli MT, Andreoli CM. Characteristics and outcomes of work-related open globe injuries. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010 Aug;150(2):265-269.e2.
- [40] Pimolrat W, Choovuthayakorn J, Watanachai N, Patikulsila D, Kunavisarut P, Chaikitmongkol V, Ittipunkul N. Predictive factors of open globe injury in patients requiring vitrectomy. Injury. 2014 Jan;45(1):212-6.
- [41] Vasu U, Vasnaik A, Battu RR, Kurian M, George S. Occupational open globe injuries. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2001 Mar;49(1):43-7.
- [42] Knyazer B, Bilenko N, Levy J, Lifshitz T, Belfair N, Klemperer I, Yagev R. Open globe eye injury characteristics and prognostic factors in southern Israel: a retrospective epidemiologic review of 10 years experience. Isr Med Assoc J. 2013 Mar;15(3):158-62.
- [43] Vlasov A, Ryan DS, Ludlow S, Coggin A, Weichel ED, Stutzman RD, Bower KS, Colyer MH. Corneal and Corneoscleral Injury in Combat Ocular Trauma from Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. Mil Med. 2017 Mar;182(S1):114-119.
- [44] Sobaci G, Akin T, Mutlu FM, Karagül S, Bayraktar MZ. Terror-related open-globe injuries: a 10-year review. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005 May;139(5):937-9.
- [45]Dannenberg AL, Parver LM, Fowler CJ. Penetrating eye injuries related to assault: The National Eye Trauma Registry. Arch Ophthalmol 1992;110:849-852.
- [46] Weichel ED, Colyer MH, Ludlow SE, Bower KS, Eiseman AS. Combat ocular trauma visual outcomes during operations iraqi and enduring freedom. Ophthalmology. 2008 Dec;115(12):2235-45.
- [47] Islam QU, Ishaq M, Yaqub A, Saeed MK. Functional and anatomical outcome in closed globe combat ocular injuries. J Pak Med Assoc. 2016 Dec;66(12):1582-1586.
- [48] Erdurman FC, Hurmeric V, Gokce G, Durukan AH, Sobaci G, Altinsoy HI. Ocular injuries from improvised explosive devices. Eye (Lond). 2011 Nov;25(11):1491-8.
- [49] Plestina-Borjan I, Medvidovic-Grubisic M, Zuljan I, Lakos V, Miljak S, Markovic I, Ivanisevic M. Wartime open globe eye injuries. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010 Mar;248(3):305-12.
- [50] Yulish M, Pikkel J. Motor vehicle accident eye injuries in northern Israel. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014 Apr 17;11(4):4311-5. doi: 10.3390/ijerph110404311.
- [51] Soong TK, Koh A, Subrayan V, Loo AV. Ocular trauma injuries: a 1-year surveillance study in the University of Malaya Medical Centre, Malaysia. 2008. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011 Dec;249(12):1755-60.
- [52] Grayson W. Armstrong, Allison J. Chen, James G. Linakis, Michael J. Mello, Paul B. Greenberg. Motor Vehicle Crash-Associated Eye Injuries Presenting to U.S. Emergency Departments West J Emerg Med. 2014 Sep; 15(6): 693–700.
- [53]McGwin G Jr, Owsley C. Risk factors for motor vehicle collision-related eye injuries. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005 Jan;123(1):89-95.
- [54] Lehto KS, Sulander PO, Tervo TM. Do motor vehicle airbags increase risk of ocular injuries in adults? Ophthalmology. 2003 Jun;110(6):1082-8.
- [55] Stein JD, Jaeger EA, Jeffers JB. Air bags and ocular injuries. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1999; 97: 59–82;
- [56]Ghafouri A, Burgess SK, Hrdlicka ZK, Zagelbaum BM. Air bag-related ocular trauma. Am J Emerg Med1997; 15: 389–392.
- [57] Kuhn F, Collins P, Morris R, Witherspoon CD. Epidemiology of motor vehicle crash-related serious eye injuries. Accid Anal Prev. 1994 Jun;26(3):385-90.
- [58] Ahmadieh H, Soheilian M, Sajjadi H, Azarmina M, Abrishami M. Vitrectomy in ocular trauma. Factors influencing final visual outcome. Retina. 1993;13(2):107-13.
- [59] Atkins EJ, Newman NJ, Biousse V. Post-Traumatic Visual Loss. Rev Neurol Dis . 2008 ; 5(2): 73–81.
- [60] Hassan A, Crompton JL, Sandhu A. Traumatic chiasmal syndrome: a series of 19 patients. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2002 Aug;30(4):273-80.
- [61] Savino PJ, Glaser JS, Schatz NJ. Traumatic chiasmal syndrome. Neurol- ogy 1980;30:963–70.
- [62] Olcaysü OO, Kivanc SA, Altun A, Çinici E, Altınkaynak H, Ceylan E. Causes of disability, low vision and blindness in old age. Turk Geriatri Dergisi react-text: 55 2014(17):44-49.
- [63] Balckburn J, Levitan EB, MacLennan PA, Owsley C, McGwin G Jr. A case-crossover study of risk factors for occupational eye injuries. J Occup Environ Med. 2012;54:42-47.
- [64] http://www.mfa.gov.tr/synopsis-of-the-turkish-foreign-policy.en.mfa. Accessed March 2017.
Prognostic factors for traumatic visual impairment and blindness in special groups
Year 2019,
Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 15 - 24, 23.04.2019
Sertaç Argun Kıvanç
,
Berna Akova
Abstract
Our purpose to review the manuscripts worldwide and evaluate
the prognostic factors that effect end visual acuity in different injury groups.
Studies about ocular injuries of the children, worker, driver, and army
personal were investigated. Injuries of those groups are more frequent in our
region than some other regions. Prognostic factors of those studies were
compared with each other. Globally prevention is critical and open glob injury is bad prognostic
factor, evaluation of visual acuity of the paediatric patients is important. Work
related injuries and combat injuries mostly happen in productive young-aged and
those have impact as global burden. Ocular traumas secondary to motor vehicle
accident can cause central blindness secondary to optic neuropathy or intracranial
pathology.
References
- [1] Ne´grel AD, Thylefors B. The global impact of eye injuries. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 1998;5:143e69
- [2] Scruggs D, Scruggs R, Stukenborg G, Netland PA, Calland JF. Ocular injuries in trauma patients: an analysis of 28,340 trauma admissions in the 2003- 2007 National Trauma Data Bank National Sample Program. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73:1308- 12.
- [3] Gülen M, Ay M, Acehan S, Akoğlu H, İçme F, Kozacı N, Seğmen M, Satar S. Analysis of ophthalmic emergencies. Cukurova Medical Journal (Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi) 41 (2016): 326-332.
- [4] World Health Organization. Universal eye health: a global action plan 2014- 2019. WHO Press; Spain; 2013: p.7.
- [5] World Health Organization. Ocular Trauma. In : Strategies for the prevention of blindness in national programmes 2nd edition. WHO Press; England; 1997: p: 74-80
- [6]. Leonard R. Statistics on Vision Impairment: A Resource Manual. 5th ed. New York: International ARGRIoL; 2002:1Y41.
- [7] Kuhn F. Ocular Traumatology. Heilderberg, Springer. 2008
- [8] Kıvanç SA, Akova Budak B, Skrijelj E, Tok Çevik M. Demographic Characteristicsand Clinical Outcome of Work-related Open Globe Injuries in the Most Industrialised Region of Turkey. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2017 Jan;47(1):18-23.
- [9] Kadappu S, Silveira S, Martin F. Aetiology and outcome of open and closed globe eye injuries in children. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013 Jul;41(5):427-34.
- [10] Hassan Naqvi SA, Malik S, Zulfiqaruddin S, Anwar SB, Nayyar S. Etiology andseverity of various forms of ocular war injuries in patients presenting at an Army Hospital in Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2016 Nov-Dec;32(6):1543-1546.
- [11] Akova Budak B, Kıvanç SA, Başkaya K, Baykara M, Yücel AA. Evaluation of Occupational Closed Globe Eye Injuries. J Clin Anal Med 2015;6(suppl 3): 375-378.
- [12] Kuhn F, Pieramici DJ. Ocular Trauma Principles and Practice. New York 2002, Thieme.
- [13] Soliman MM, Macky TA. Pattern of ocular trauma in Egypt. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008 Feb;246(2):205-212.
- [14] Erdurman FC, Sobaci G, Acikel CH, Ceylan MO, Durukan AH, Hurmeric V. Anatomical and functional outcomes in contusion injuries of posterior segment. Eye (Lond). 2011 Aug;25(8):1050-6. doi: 10.1038/eye.2011.118
- [15] Yiğit Ö, Yürüktümen A, Arslan S. Bir merkezin acil servisinde tedavi edilen gözün yabancı cisim travmaları. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2012;18(1):75-9.
- [16] Yildiz M, Kıvanç SA, Akova-Budak B, Ozmen AT, Çevik SG. An Important Cause of Blindness in Children: Open Globe Injuries. J Ophthalmol. 2016;2016:7173515.
- [17] Pelitli Gürlü V, Esgin H, Benian Ö, Erda S. The factors affecting visual outcome in open globe injuries. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2007; 13(4): 294-299
- [18] Cillino S, Casuccio A, Di Pace F, Pillitteri F, Cillino G. A five-yearretrospective study of the epidemiological characteristics and visual outcomes ofpatients hospitalized for ocular trauma in a Mediterranean area. BMC Ophthalmol. 2008 Apr 22;8:6.
- [19] Kaplan AT, Kandemir B, Erdoğan Dib N, Sayman IB, ÖK Doğan. Epidemiology of Open-Globe Injuries. Turk J Ophthalmol 2010; 40: 84-88.
- [20] Whitcher JP, Srinivasan M, Upadhyay MP. Corneal blindness: a globalperspective. Bull World Health Organ. 2001;79(3):214-21.
- [21] Meng Y 2015, Yan H. Prognostic Factors for Open Globe Injuries and Correlation of Ocular Trauma Score in Tianjin, China. J Ophthalmol. 2015;2015:345764.
- [22] Madhusudhan AP, Evelyn-Tai LM, Zamri N, Adil H, Wan-Hazabbah WH. Open globe injury in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia - A 10-year review. Int J Ophthalmol. 2014 Jun 18;7(3):486-90.
- [23] Kargı ŞH, Hoşal B, Saygı S, Gürsel E. Penetran göz yaralanmalarında son görme keskinliği üzerine etkili prognostik faktörler. Turk J Ophthalmol. 1999;29:252-259.
- [24] Li X, Zarbin MA, Bhagat N. Pediatric open globe injury: A review of the literature. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2015 Oct-Dec;8(4):216-23.
- [25] Jandeck C, Kellner U, Bornfeld N, Foerster MH. Open globe injuries in children. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2000;238: 420–426.
- [26] Bunting H, Stephens D, Mireskandari K. Prediction of visual outcomes afteropen globe injury in children: a 17-year Canadian experience. J AAPOS. 2013Feb;17(1):43-8.
- [27] Mayouego Kouam J, Epée E, Azria S, Enyama D, Omgbwa Eballe A, Ebana Mvogo C,Cherifi M. [Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic features of pediatricocular injuries in an eye emergency unit in Île-de-France]. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2015 Oct;38(8):743-51.
- [28] Brophy M, Sinclair SA, Hostetler SG, Xiang H. Pediatric eye injury-relatedhospitalizations in the United States. Pediatrics. 2006 Jun;117(6):e1263-71.
- [29] Yardley AE, Hoskin AK, Hanman K, Sanfilippo PG, Lam GC, Mackey DA. Paediatric ocular and adnexal injuries requiring hospitalisation in Western Australia. Clin Exp Optom. 2016 Oct 20. doi: 10.1111/cxo.12486.
- [30] Chakraborti C, Giri D, Choudhury KP, Mondal M, Datta J. Paediatric oculartrauma in a tertiary eye care center in Eastern India. Indian J Public Health. 2014 Oct-Dec;58(4):278-80.
- [31] Minderhoud J, van Nispen RM, Heijthuijsen AA, Beunders VA, Bueno de Mesquita-Voigt AM, Moll AC, Mans DR, Saeed P. Epidemiology and aetiology of childhood ocular trauma in the Republic of Suriname. Acta Ophthalmol. 2016 Aug;94(5):479-84.)
- [32] Al-Mahdi HS, Bener A, Hashim SP. Clinical pattern of pediatric ocular trauma in fast developing country. Int Emerg Nurs. 2011 Oct;19(4):186-91.
- [33] Gupta A, Rahman I, Leatherbarrow B. Open globe injuries in children: factors predictive of a poor final visual acuity. Eye (Lond). 2009 Mar;23(3):621-5.
- [34] Serrano JC, Chalela P, Arias JD. Epidemiology of childhood ocular trauma in a northeastern Colombian region. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003 Oct;121(10):1439-45.
- [35] Ojabo CO, Malu KN, Adeniyi OS. Open globe injuries in Nigerian children: epidemiological characteristics, etiological factors, and visual outcome. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2015 Jan-Mar;22(1):69-73.
- [36] Wang NK, Chen YP, Yeung L, Chen KJ, Chao AN, Kuo YH, Lee JS, Lai CC. Traumatic pediatric retinal detachment following open globe injury. Ophthalmologica. 2007;221(4):255-63.
- [37] Sarrazin L, Averbukh E, Halpert M, Hemo I, Rumelt S. Traumatic pediatric retinal detachment: a comparison between open and closed globe injuries. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004 Jun;137(6):1042-9.
- [38] Oner A, Kekec Z, Karakucuk S, Ikizceli I, Sözüer EM. Ocular trauma in Turkey: a 2-year prospective study. Adv Ther. 2006 Mar-Apr;23(2):274-83.
- [39] Kanoff JM, Turalba AV, Andreoli MT, Andreoli CM. Characteristics and outcomes of work-related open globe injuries. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010 Aug;150(2):265-269.e2.
- [40] Pimolrat W, Choovuthayakorn J, Watanachai N, Patikulsila D, Kunavisarut P, Chaikitmongkol V, Ittipunkul N. Predictive factors of open globe injury in patients requiring vitrectomy. Injury. 2014 Jan;45(1):212-6.
- [41] Vasu U, Vasnaik A, Battu RR, Kurian M, George S. Occupational open globe injuries. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2001 Mar;49(1):43-7.
- [42] Knyazer B, Bilenko N, Levy J, Lifshitz T, Belfair N, Klemperer I, Yagev R. Open globe eye injury characteristics and prognostic factors in southern Israel: a retrospective epidemiologic review of 10 years experience. Isr Med Assoc J. 2013 Mar;15(3):158-62.
- [43] Vlasov A, Ryan DS, Ludlow S, Coggin A, Weichel ED, Stutzman RD, Bower KS, Colyer MH. Corneal and Corneoscleral Injury in Combat Ocular Trauma from Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. Mil Med. 2017 Mar;182(S1):114-119.
- [44] Sobaci G, Akin T, Mutlu FM, Karagül S, Bayraktar MZ. Terror-related open-globe injuries: a 10-year review. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005 May;139(5):937-9.
- [45]Dannenberg AL, Parver LM, Fowler CJ. Penetrating eye injuries related to assault: The National Eye Trauma Registry. Arch Ophthalmol 1992;110:849-852.
- [46] Weichel ED, Colyer MH, Ludlow SE, Bower KS, Eiseman AS. Combat ocular trauma visual outcomes during operations iraqi and enduring freedom. Ophthalmology. 2008 Dec;115(12):2235-45.
- [47] Islam QU, Ishaq M, Yaqub A, Saeed MK. Functional and anatomical outcome in closed globe combat ocular injuries. J Pak Med Assoc. 2016 Dec;66(12):1582-1586.
- [48] Erdurman FC, Hurmeric V, Gokce G, Durukan AH, Sobaci G, Altinsoy HI. Ocular injuries from improvised explosive devices. Eye (Lond). 2011 Nov;25(11):1491-8.
- [49] Plestina-Borjan I, Medvidovic-Grubisic M, Zuljan I, Lakos V, Miljak S, Markovic I, Ivanisevic M. Wartime open globe eye injuries. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010 Mar;248(3):305-12.
- [50] Yulish M, Pikkel J. Motor vehicle accident eye injuries in northern Israel. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014 Apr 17;11(4):4311-5. doi: 10.3390/ijerph110404311.
- [51] Soong TK, Koh A, Subrayan V, Loo AV. Ocular trauma injuries: a 1-year surveillance study in the University of Malaya Medical Centre, Malaysia. 2008. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011 Dec;249(12):1755-60.
- [52] Grayson W. Armstrong, Allison J. Chen, James G. Linakis, Michael J. Mello, Paul B. Greenberg. Motor Vehicle Crash-Associated Eye Injuries Presenting to U.S. Emergency Departments West J Emerg Med. 2014 Sep; 15(6): 693–700.
- [53]McGwin G Jr, Owsley C. Risk factors for motor vehicle collision-related eye injuries. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005 Jan;123(1):89-95.
- [54] Lehto KS, Sulander PO, Tervo TM. Do motor vehicle airbags increase risk of ocular injuries in adults? Ophthalmology. 2003 Jun;110(6):1082-8.
- [55] Stein JD, Jaeger EA, Jeffers JB. Air bags and ocular injuries. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1999; 97: 59–82;
- [56]Ghafouri A, Burgess SK, Hrdlicka ZK, Zagelbaum BM. Air bag-related ocular trauma. Am J Emerg Med1997; 15: 389–392.
- [57] Kuhn F, Collins P, Morris R, Witherspoon CD. Epidemiology of motor vehicle crash-related serious eye injuries. Accid Anal Prev. 1994 Jun;26(3):385-90.
- [58] Ahmadieh H, Soheilian M, Sajjadi H, Azarmina M, Abrishami M. Vitrectomy in ocular trauma. Factors influencing final visual outcome. Retina. 1993;13(2):107-13.
- [59] Atkins EJ, Newman NJ, Biousse V. Post-Traumatic Visual Loss. Rev Neurol Dis . 2008 ; 5(2): 73–81.
- [60] Hassan A, Crompton JL, Sandhu A. Traumatic chiasmal syndrome: a series of 19 patients. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2002 Aug;30(4):273-80.
- [61] Savino PJ, Glaser JS, Schatz NJ. Traumatic chiasmal syndrome. Neurol- ogy 1980;30:963–70.
- [62] Olcaysü OO, Kivanc SA, Altun A, Çinici E, Altınkaynak H, Ceylan E. Causes of disability, low vision and blindness in old age. Turk Geriatri Dergisi react-text: 55 2014(17):44-49.
- [63] Balckburn J, Levitan EB, MacLennan PA, Owsley C, McGwin G Jr. A case-crossover study of risk factors for occupational eye injuries. J Occup Environ Med. 2012;54:42-47.
- [64] http://www.mfa.gov.tr/synopsis-of-the-turkish-foreign-policy.en.mfa. Accessed March 2017.