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BEING A COMRADE OF THE CIDDAVIS: THE SECURITY OF THE CAIRO PILGRIMAGE CARAVAN AND ITS ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

Year 2022, , 79 - 100, 14.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.1131051

Abstract

The Ottoman sultans, who bore the title “Servant of the Two Holy Sanctuaries”, assumed many responsibilities related to Mecca and Medina and their pilgrimage affairs, including the security of pilgrims, pilgrimage routes, and of the Holy Cities themselves. During the Ottoman period, these security services were mainly provided both by soldiers located in Mecca and Medina, and by troops who were sent from the provinces of Damascus and Egypt. This study evaluates the role of the Ciddavi (Ar. Jiddawi) soldiers recruited from the seven corps of Egypt to escort the pilgrimage caravans under the command of the serdar-ı kitar (commander of the military force escorting pilgrims) of Egypt, returning to Cairo at the end of the pilgrimage season. In this context, the military structure and remit of the Ciddavi Unit will be examined by focusing on the imperial edicts in the mühimme-i Mısır registers. This study reveals that the Janissaries were the most powerful and influential military corps within the Ciddavi Unit and they used this power to benefit their commercial interests. The soldiers who went to Mecca and Jeddah from Cairo for pilgrimage services created commercial opportunities for the Janissary Corps, which had a great interest in the Red Sea trade. Janissary commanders and soldiers of the Ciddavi Unit, together with the Egyptian merchants and artisans under their protection, became inconspicuous, yet important, parts of the international trade conducted between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean.

Supporting Institution

European Research Council (ERC)

Project Number

849911

References

  • Bab-ı Asafi Divan-ı Hümayun Defterleri-Mühimme-i Mısır Defterleri (A.DVNS.MSR.MHM.d) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9. Bab-ı Asafi Divan-ı Hümayun Defterleri-Mühimme Defterleri (A.DVNS.MHM.d) 12. Maliyeden Müdevver Defterler (MAD.d) 4258.
  • Abdülkerim b. Abdurrahman, Tarih-i Mısır, Süleymaniye Library (Istanbul), Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa Collection 705.
  • Al-Damurdashi Ahmad Kethuda ‘Azaban, Al-Damurdashi’s Chronicle of Egypt 1688-1737: Al-durra al-musana fi akhbar al-kinana, (eds. and trans. Daniel Crecelius and ‘Abd al-Wahhab Bakr), Leiden 1991.
  • ‘Abd al-Malik, Sami Saleh, “The Khans of the Egyptian Hajj Route in the Mamluk and Ottoman Periods”, The Hajj: Collected Essays, (eds. Venetia Porter and Liana Saif), London 2013, p. 52-64.
  • Abd ar-Rahman al-Jabarti, Al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, (ed. Jane Hathaway), Princeton 2009.
  • Barkan, Ömer Lütfi, XV ve XVI inci Asırlarda Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Ziraî Ekonominin Hukukî ve Malî Esasları, Birinci Cilt: Kanunlar, Istanbul 1943.
  • Brower, Benjamin Claude, “The Hajj by Land”, The Hajj: Pilgrimage in Islam, (eds. Eric Tagliacozzo and Shawkat M. Toorawa), New York 2016, p. 87-113.
  • Cezzâr Ahmed Pasha, Ottoman Egypt in the Eighteenth Century: The Nizâmnâme-i Mısır of Cezzâr Ahmed Pasha, (ed. and trans. Stanford J. Shaw), Cambridge 1964.
  • Crecelius, Daniel, “The Importance of Qusayr in the Late Eighteenth Century”, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 24, (1987), p. 53-60.
  • ______, “Egypt in the Eighteenth Century”, The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 2, (ed. M. W. Daly), Cambridge 1998, p. 59-86.
  • Diko, Gülay Y., “Blurred Boundaries between Soldiers and Civilians: Artisan Janissaries in Seventeenth-Century Istanbul”, Bread from the Lion’s Mouth: Artisans Struggling for a Livelihood in Ottoman Cities, (ed. Suraiya Faroqhi), New York 2015, p. 175-193.
  • Evliyâ Çelebi b. Derviş Mehemmed Zıllî, Evliyâ Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi, Volume 9, (eds. Seyit Ali Kahraman, Yücel Dağlı, and Robert Dankoff), Istanbul 2011.
  • Faroqhi, Suraiya, Pilgrims and Sultans: The Hajj under the Ottomans 1517-1683, London 1994.
  • ______, Osmanlı’da Kentler ve Kentliler: Kent Mekânında Ticaret Zanaat ve Gıda Üretimi 1550-1650, (trans. Neyyir Berktay), Istanbul 2011.
  • Genç, Mehmet, “Contrôle et taxation du commerce du café dans l’Empire ottoman fin XVIIe-première moitié du XVIIIe siècle”, Le commerce du café avant l’ère des plantations coloniales : espaces, réseaux, sociétés (XVe-XIXe siècle), (ed. Michel Tuchscherer), Cairo 2001, p. 161-179.
  • Hathaway, Jane, The Politics of Households in Ottoman Egypt: The Rise of Qazdağlıs, Cambridge 1997.
  • ______, “The Evlâd-ı ‘Arab (Sons of the Arabs) in Ottoman Egypt: A Rereading”, Frontiers of Ottoman Studies: State, Province and the West, (eds. Colin Imber and Keiko Kiyotaki), London 2005, p. 203- 216.
  • ______, “Çerkes Mehmed Bey: Rebel, Traitor, Hero?”, The Turkish Studies Association Bulletin, 21/1 (1998), p. 110-111.
  • Holt, P. M., Egypt and the Fertile Crescent 1516-1922, New York 1966.
  • Niebuhr, M., Travels through Arabia and Other Countries in the East, (trans. Robert Heron), Volume 1, Edinburgh 1792.
  • Pamuk, Şevket, A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire, Cambridge 2000.
  • Raymond, André, Artisans et commerçants au Caire au XVIIIe siècle, Volume 1, Damascus 1973.
  • ______, “Soldiers in Trade: The Case of Ottoman Cairo”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 18/1, (1991), p. 16-37.
  • ______, Yeniçerilerin Kahiresi: Abdurrahman Kethüda Zamanında Bir Osmanlı Kentinin Yükselişi, (trans. Alp Tümertekin), Istanbul 2015.
  • Shaw, Stanford J., The Financial and Administrative Organization and Development of Ottoman Egypt 1517-1798, Princeton 1962.
  • Sunar, Mehmet Mert, Cauldron of Dissent: A Study of the Janissary Corps, 1807-1826, SUNY-Binghamton, Ph.D, New York 2006.
  • Tuchscherer, Michel, “Le Pèlerinage de l’émir Suleymân Gawis al-Qâzdughlî, Sirdâr de la Caravane de La Mekke en 1739”, Annales Islamologiques, 24 (1988), p. 155-206.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, Mekke-i Mükerreme Emirleri, Ankara 2013.

Ciddavilerin Yoldaşı Olmak: On Sekizinci Yüzyılda Kahire Hac Kervanının Güvenliği ve Bunun Ekonomik Yönleri

Year 2022, , 79 - 100, 14.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.1131051

Abstract

Hadimü’l-Haremeyn unvanına sahip olan Osmanlı sultanları bu unvanla kutsal şehirler ve hac işleriyle ilgili birçok sorumluğu üzerlerine almışlardır. Bu sorumluklar arasında hacıların, hac yollarının ve kutsal şehirlerin güvenliği de yer almaktadır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu devrinde bu güvenlik hizmetleri ağırlıklı olarak Mekke ve Medine’de yerleşik halde bulunan askerler ile Şam ve Mısır eyaletlerinden gönderilen askerler üzerinden sağlanmaktaydı. Bu çalışma, Mısır’ın yedi askeri bölüğünden toplanan ve Mısır serdar-ı kitarı emri altında hac kervanlarıyla birlikte seyahat eden ve hac mevsiminin sonunda yeniden Kahire’ye dönen “Ciddavi” birliği hakkında bir değerlendirmedir. Bu kapsamda mühimme-i Mısır defterlerinde yer alan fermanlar değerlendirilerek Ciddavi birliğinin askeri yapısı ve görev tanımı açığa kavuşturulacaktır. Bu çalışma, yeniçerilerin Ciddavi birliği içindeki en güçlü ve etkili bölük olduğunu ve bu güçten ticari olarak faydalandıklarını ortaya koymaktadır. Hac hizmetleri için Kahire’den Mekke ve Cidde’ye giden askerler, Kızıldeniz ticaretine büyük bir ilgisi olduğu bilinen yeniçeri bölüğü için ticari fırsatlar yaratmıştır. Ciddavi birliğindeki yeniçeri komutanlar ve askerler ile onların himayesinde ticaret yapan Mısırlı tüccar ve esnaf, Kızıldeniz ve Akdeniz arasındaki uluslararası ticari organizasyonun dikkat çekici olmayan parçaları haline geldiler.

Project Number

849911

References

  • Bab-ı Asafi Divan-ı Hümayun Defterleri-Mühimme-i Mısır Defterleri (A.DVNS.MSR.MHM.d) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9. Bab-ı Asafi Divan-ı Hümayun Defterleri-Mühimme Defterleri (A.DVNS.MHM.d) 12. Maliyeden Müdevver Defterler (MAD.d) 4258.
  • Abdülkerim b. Abdurrahman, Tarih-i Mısır, Süleymaniye Library (Istanbul), Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa Collection 705.
  • Al-Damurdashi Ahmad Kethuda ‘Azaban, Al-Damurdashi’s Chronicle of Egypt 1688-1737: Al-durra al-musana fi akhbar al-kinana, (eds. and trans. Daniel Crecelius and ‘Abd al-Wahhab Bakr), Leiden 1991.
  • ‘Abd al-Malik, Sami Saleh, “The Khans of the Egyptian Hajj Route in the Mamluk and Ottoman Periods”, The Hajj: Collected Essays, (eds. Venetia Porter and Liana Saif), London 2013, p. 52-64.
  • Abd ar-Rahman al-Jabarti, Al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, (ed. Jane Hathaway), Princeton 2009.
  • Barkan, Ömer Lütfi, XV ve XVI inci Asırlarda Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Ziraî Ekonominin Hukukî ve Malî Esasları, Birinci Cilt: Kanunlar, Istanbul 1943.
  • Brower, Benjamin Claude, “The Hajj by Land”, The Hajj: Pilgrimage in Islam, (eds. Eric Tagliacozzo and Shawkat M. Toorawa), New York 2016, p. 87-113.
  • Cezzâr Ahmed Pasha, Ottoman Egypt in the Eighteenth Century: The Nizâmnâme-i Mısır of Cezzâr Ahmed Pasha, (ed. and trans. Stanford J. Shaw), Cambridge 1964.
  • Crecelius, Daniel, “The Importance of Qusayr in the Late Eighteenth Century”, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 24, (1987), p. 53-60.
  • ______, “Egypt in the Eighteenth Century”, The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 2, (ed. M. W. Daly), Cambridge 1998, p. 59-86.
  • Diko, Gülay Y., “Blurred Boundaries between Soldiers and Civilians: Artisan Janissaries in Seventeenth-Century Istanbul”, Bread from the Lion’s Mouth: Artisans Struggling for a Livelihood in Ottoman Cities, (ed. Suraiya Faroqhi), New York 2015, p. 175-193.
  • Evliyâ Çelebi b. Derviş Mehemmed Zıllî, Evliyâ Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi, Volume 9, (eds. Seyit Ali Kahraman, Yücel Dağlı, and Robert Dankoff), Istanbul 2011.
  • Faroqhi, Suraiya, Pilgrims and Sultans: The Hajj under the Ottomans 1517-1683, London 1994.
  • ______, Osmanlı’da Kentler ve Kentliler: Kent Mekânında Ticaret Zanaat ve Gıda Üretimi 1550-1650, (trans. Neyyir Berktay), Istanbul 2011.
  • Genç, Mehmet, “Contrôle et taxation du commerce du café dans l’Empire ottoman fin XVIIe-première moitié du XVIIIe siècle”, Le commerce du café avant l’ère des plantations coloniales : espaces, réseaux, sociétés (XVe-XIXe siècle), (ed. Michel Tuchscherer), Cairo 2001, p. 161-179.
  • Hathaway, Jane, The Politics of Households in Ottoman Egypt: The Rise of Qazdağlıs, Cambridge 1997.
  • ______, “The Evlâd-ı ‘Arab (Sons of the Arabs) in Ottoman Egypt: A Rereading”, Frontiers of Ottoman Studies: State, Province and the West, (eds. Colin Imber and Keiko Kiyotaki), London 2005, p. 203- 216.
  • ______, “Çerkes Mehmed Bey: Rebel, Traitor, Hero?”, The Turkish Studies Association Bulletin, 21/1 (1998), p. 110-111.
  • Holt, P. M., Egypt and the Fertile Crescent 1516-1922, New York 1966.
  • Niebuhr, M., Travels through Arabia and Other Countries in the East, (trans. Robert Heron), Volume 1, Edinburgh 1792.
  • Pamuk, Şevket, A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire, Cambridge 2000.
  • Raymond, André, Artisans et commerçants au Caire au XVIIIe siècle, Volume 1, Damascus 1973.
  • ______, “Soldiers in Trade: The Case of Ottoman Cairo”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 18/1, (1991), p. 16-37.
  • ______, Yeniçerilerin Kahiresi: Abdurrahman Kethüda Zamanında Bir Osmanlı Kentinin Yükselişi, (trans. Alp Tümertekin), Istanbul 2015.
  • Shaw, Stanford J., The Financial and Administrative Organization and Development of Ottoman Egypt 1517-1798, Princeton 1962.
  • Sunar, Mehmet Mert, Cauldron of Dissent: A Study of the Janissary Corps, 1807-1826, SUNY-Binghamton, Ph.D, New York 2006.
  • Tuchscherer, Michel, “Le Pèlerinage de l’émir Suleymân Gawis al-Qâzdughlî, Sirdâr de la Caravane de La Mekke en 1739”, Annales Islamologiques, 24 (1988), p. 155-206.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, Mekke-i Mükerreme Emirleri, Ankara 2013.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Abdulmennan Mehmet Altıntaş 0000-0002-0685-2293

Project Number 849911
Publication Date June 14, 2022
Submission Date December 1, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

Chicago Altıntaş, Abdulmennan Mehmet. “BEING A COMRADE OF THE CIDDAVIS: THE SECURITY OF THE CAIRO PILGRIMAGE CARAVAN AND ITS ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY”. Cihannüma Tarih Ve Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi 8, no. 1 (June 2022): 79-100. https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.1131051.