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CHASING JANISSARY GHOSTS: SULTAN MAHMUD II’S PARANOIA ABOUT A JANISSARY UPRISING AFTER THE ABOLITION OF THE JANISSARY CORPS

Year 2022, , 145 - 168, 14.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.1131060

Abstract

During his first years as sultan, Mahmud II faced direct threats to his life from the Janissaries and their allies in Istanbul. Although he was able to keep his life and throne during the Alemdar Incident of 1808, he endured continuous political harassment and humiliation at the hands of the Janissaries in the following years. Such bitter experiences left deep scars in Mahmud II’s psyche and he developed a deep hatred for his tormentors. Even his well-planned victory in 1826 and the destruction of the Janissaries could not convince the sultan that the Janissary threat was over. As a result, Mahmud II urged his ministers and officials to be vigilant for any signs of Janissary conspiracy following the so-called Auspicious Event in 1826. As his hypersensitivity on the subject led him to believe any allegation of potential Janissary plots and reprimand his ministers for their negligence, government officials quickly realized that they had to appear more vigilant than the sultan if they were to protect their careers. Some even exploited the sultan’s weakness by exaggerating rumors or feeble attempts at rebellion as empire-wide Janissary conspiracies, seeking to get into the sultan’s good graces. This atmosphere of paranoia had serious consequences for ordinary people, as anyone accused of criticizing or voicing an opinion against the sultan’s new regime risked being exiled or executed. Thus, the period between 1826 and 1830 witnessed the uncovering of alleged Janissary plots against Mahmud II’s administration and the subsequent executions and exiles of former Janissaries and civilians.

Supporting Institution

European Research Council (ERC)

Project Number

849911

References

  • Bab-ı Asafi Kalebendlik Kalemi Defterler (A.DVN.KLB.d) 929/01. Cevdet Askeriye (C.AS) 1022/44832. Hatt-ı Hümayun (HAT) 289/17327; 289/17335; 290/17357; 290/17381; 290/17394; 293/17460; 294/17506; 294/17509; 337/19314; 340/18438; 402/21083. Maliyeden Müdevver Defter (MAD.d) 3946; 6536.
  • Abdülhak Molla, Tarih-i Liva, (ed. Mehmet Yıldız), Ankara 2013.
  • Ahmed Lutfi, Tarih-i Lûtfî, 8 volumes, Istanbul 1290-1328/1873-1910.
  • Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, Tarih-i Cevdet, 12 volumes (Tertib-i Cedid; İkinci Tab), Istanbul 1309/1892. Beyhan, Mehmet Ali, Saray Günlüğü (1802-1809), Istanbul 2007.
  • Bloch, Marc, The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in England and France, London 1973.
  • Cabi Ömer Efendi, Cabi Tarihi: Tarih-i Sultan Selim-i Salis ve Mahmud-ı Sani, (ed. Mehmet Ali Beyhan), 2 volumes, Ankara 2003.
  • Connelly, Owen, The Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon, 1795-1812, London 2005.
  • Esad Efendi, Üss-i Zafer, 2nd Edition, Istanbul 1293/1876.
  • ______, Vak‘a-nüvîs Es’ad Efendi Tarihi (Bâhir Efendi’nin Zeyl ve İlâveleriyle) 1237-1241/1821-1826, (ed. Ziya Yılmazer), Istanbul 2000.
  • Hâfız Hızır İlyas Ağa, Letâif-i Vekâyiʿ-i Enderûniyye: Osmanlı Sarayında Gündelik Hayat, (ed. Ali Şükrü Çoruk), Istanbul 2011.
  • Lord Eversley, The Turkish Empire: Its Growth and Decay, London 1917.
  • MacFarlane, Charles, Constantinople in 1828: A Residence of Sixteen Months in the Turkish Capital and Provinces, 2 volumes, 2nd Edition, London 1829.
  • Melvin-Koushki, Matthew, “Astrology, Lettrism, Geomancy: The Occult-Scientific Methods of Post-Mongol Islamicate Imperialism”, The Medieval History Journal, 19/1, (2016), p. 1-9.
  • Reed, Howard A., The Destruction of the Janissaries by Mahmud II in June, 1826, Princeton University, Department of Oriental Languages and Literatures, Ph.D, Princeton 1951.
  • Sariyannis, Marinos, “Knowledge and the Control of the Future in Ottoman Thought”, Aca’ib: Occasional papers on the Ottoman perceptions of the supernatural, 1, (2020), p. 49-87.
  • Schmidt, Jan, “The Occult Sciences and their Importance in Ottoman Culture; Evidence from Turkish Manuscripts in Dutch Public Collections”, Osmanlı Araştırmaları, 23, (2003), p. 219-254.
  • Spyropoulos, Yannis, Κοινωνική, διοικητική, οικονομική και πολιτική διάσταση του οθωμανικού στρατού: οι γενίτσαροι της Κρήτης, 1750-1826 [Social, Administrative, Financial, and Political Dimensions of the Ottoman Army: The Janissaries of Crete, 1750-1826], University of Crete, Ph.D, Rethymno 2014.
  • Slade, Adolphus, Records of Travels in Turkey, Greece, &c. and a Cruise in the Black Sea with the Capitan Pasha in the Years 1829, 1830 and 1831, 2 volumes, 2nd Edition, London 1833.
  • Sunar, Mehmet Mert, Cauldron of Dissent: A Study of the Janissary Corps, 1807-1826, SUNY-Binghamton, Ph.D, New York 2006.
  • Şanizade Mehmed Ataullah Efendi, Tarih-i Şanizade, 4 volumes, Istanbul, 1284-1291/1867-1875.
  • Tayyâr-zâde Atâ, Târîh-i Enderûn, (ed. Mehmet Arslan), 5 volumes, Istanbul 2010.
  • Turna, Nalan, “Pandemonium and Order: Suretyship, Surveillance, and Taxation in Early Nineteenth-Century Istanbul”, New Perspectives on Turkey, 39, (Fall 2008), p. 167-189. Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, Osmanlı Devleti Teşkilatından Kapıkulu Ocakları, 2 volumes, Ankara 1943.
  • Yıldız, Gültekin, “Üniformalı Padişah II. Mahmud”, II. Mahmud: Yeniden Yapılanma Sürecinde İstanbul, (ed. Coşkun Yılmaz), Istanbul 2010, p. 103-129.

Yeniçeri Hayaletlerini Kovalamak: Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın Kaldırılmasından Ardından Sultan II. Mahmud’un Yeniçeri İsyanı Paranoyası

Year 2022, , 145 - 168, 14.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.1131060

Abstract

Sultan II. Mahmud saltanatının ilk yıllarında yeniçeriler ve müttefiklerinin hayatına yönelik ciddi tehditlerine maruz kaldı. Sultan 1808’deki Alemdar Vakası sırasında hayatını ve tahtını korumayı başardıysa da, yeniçeriler belli bir süre daha sultanın şahsına yönelik siyasi aşağılama ve tacizlere devam ettiler. Bu acı tecrübeler II. Mahmud’un halet-i ruhiyesinde sadece derin yaralar bırakmakla kalmadı aynı zamanda yeniçerilere karşı büyük bir nefret duygusunu da beraberinde getirdi. 1826’da iyi ve sabırla uygulanmış bir plan doğrultusunda Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın ortadan kaldırması bile sultanı iktidarına yönelik yeniçeri tehdidinin geçtiği konusunda ikna edemedi. Sultan bu yüzden vezirlerini ve diğer devlet görevlilerini potansiyel bir yeniçeri komplosuna karşı her daim uyanık olmaları konusunda uyarmaya devam etti. Yeniçeriler konusundaki bu aşırı hassasiyeti sultanı en ufak komplo ihbar ve ithamlarına dahi inanmaya ve vezirlerini ihmalkârlıkla suçlamaya kadar götürdüğünden, vezirler ve paşalar bu dönemde kendi kariyerlerini korumanın yeniçerilik konusunda sultandan daha hassas görünmekte yattığını anlamakta gecikmediler. İçlerinde bazıları sultanın bu zafiyetini istismar ederek önemsiz dedikodu ve olayları imparatorluk geneline yayılmış yeniçeri komploları olarak lanse ederek sultanın gözüne girmeye çabaladılar. Bu hâkim atmosfer sıradan halk ve sabık yeniçeriler için ciddi sonuçlar doğurdu; sultanın yeni rejimini ve reformlarını eleştiren ya da en ufak muhalif görüş belirten herkes sürgün ya da idam cezası riski ile karşı karşıyaydı. Bu sebeple, 1826 ile 1830 arası dönem II. Mahmud yönetimine karşı çeşitli yeniçeri komplolarının birbiri ardına ortaya çıkarıldığı ve sabık yeniçeriler ile sivillerin sürgün ve idam cezasına çarptırıldığı bir dönem oldu.

Project Number

849911

References

  • Bab-ı Asafi Kalebendlik Kalemi Defterler (A.DVN.KLB.d) 929/01. Cevdet Askeriye (C.AS) 1022/44832. Hatt-ı Hümayun (HAT) 289/17327; 289/17335; 290/17357; 290/17381; 290/17394; 293/17460; 294/17506; 294/17509; 337/19314; 340/18438; 402/21083. Maliyeden Müdevver Defter (MAD.d) 3946; 6536.
  • Abdülhak Molla, Tarih-i Liva, (ed. Mehmet Yıldız), Ankara 2013.
  • Ahmed Lutfi, Tarih-i Lûtfî, 8 volumes, Istanbul 1290-1328/1873-1910.
  • Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, Tarih-i Cevdet, 12 volumes (Tertib-i Cedid; İkinci Tab), Istanbul 1309/1892. Beyhan, Mehmet Ali, Saray Günlüğü (1802-1809), Istanbul 2007.
  • Bloch, Marc, The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in England and France, London 1973.
  • Cabi Ömer Efendi, Cabi Tarihi: Tarih-i Sultan Selim-i Salis ve Mahmud-ı Sani, (ed. Mehmet Ali Beyhan), 2 volumes, Ankara 2003.
  • Connelly, Owen, The Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon, 1795-1812, London 2005.
  • Esad Efendi, Üss-i Zafer, 2nd Edition, Istanbul 1293/1876.
  • ______, Vak‘a-nüvîs Es’ad Efendi Tarihi (Bâhir Efendi’nin Zeyl ve İlâveleriyle) 1237-1241/1821-1826, (ed. Ziya Yılmazer), Istanbul 2000.
  • Hâfız Hızır İlyas Ağa, Letâif-i Vekâyiʿ-i Enderûniyye: Osmanlı Sarayında Gündelik Hayat, (ed. Ali Şükrü Çoruk), Istanbul 2011.
  • Lord Eversley, The Turkish Empire: Its Growth and Decay, London 1917.
  • MacFarlane, Charles, Constantinople in 1828: A Residence of Sixteen Months in the Turkish Capital and Provinces, 2 volumes, 2nd Edition, London 1829.
  • Melvin-Koushki, Matthew, “Astrology, Lettrism, Geomancy: The Occult-Scientific Methods of Post-Mongol Islamicate Imperialism”, The Medieval History Journal, 19/1, (2016), p. 1-9.
  • Reed, Howard A., The Destruction of the Janissaries by Mahmud II in June, 1826, Princeton University, Department of Oriental Languages and Literatures, Ph.D, Princeton 1951.
  • Sariyannis, Marinos, “Knowledge and the Control of the Future in Ottoman Thought”, Aca’ib: Occasional papers on the Ottoman perceptions of the supernatural, 1, (2020), p. 49-87.
  • Schmidt, Jan, “The Occult Sciences and their Importance in Ottoman Culture; Evidence from Turkish Manuscripts in Dutch Public Collections”, Osmanlı Araştırmaları, 23, (2003), p. 219-254.
  • Spyropoulos, Yannis, Κοινωνική, διοικητική, οικονομική και πολιτική διάσταση του οθωμανικού στρατού: οι γενίτσαροι της Κρήτης, 1750-1826 [Social, Administrative, Financial, and Political Dimensions of the Ottoman Army: The Janissaries of Crete, 1750-1826], University of Crete, Ph.D, Rethymno 2014.
  • Slade, Adolphus, Records of Travels in Turkey, Greece, &c. and a Cruise in the Black Sea with the Capitan Pasha in the Years 1829, 1830 and 1831, 2 volumes, 2nd Edition, London 1833.
  • Sunar, Mehmet Mert, Cauldron of Dissent: A Study of the Janissary Corps, 1807-1826, SUNY-Binghamton, Ph.D, New York 2006.
  • Şanizade Mehmed Ataullah Efendi, Tarih-i Şanizade, 4 volumes, Istanbul, 1284-1291/1867-1875.
  • Tayyâr-zâde Atâ, Târîh-i Enderûn, (ed. Mehmet Arslan), 5 volumes, Istanbul 2010.
  • Turna, Nalan, “Pandemonium and Order: Suretyship, Surveillance, and Taxation in Early Nineteenth-Century Istanbul”, New Perspectives on Turkey, 39, (Fall 2008), p. 167-189. Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, Osmanlı Devleti Teşkilatından Kapıkulu Ocakları, 2 volumes, Ankara 1943.
  • Yıldız, Gültekin, “Üniformalı Padişah II. Mahmud”, II. Mahmud: Yeniden Yapılanma Sürecinde İstanbul, (ed. Coşkun Yılmaz), Istanbul 2010, p. 103-129.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mehmet Mert Sunar This is me 0000-0003-0971-9612

Project Number 849911
Publication Date June 14, 2022
Submission Date December 8, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

Chicago Sunar, Mehmet Mert. “CHASING JANISSARY GHOSTS: SULTAN MAHMUD II’S PARANOIA ABOUT A JANISSARY UPRISING AFTER THE ABOLITION OF THE JANISSARY CORPS”. Cihannüma Tarih Ve Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi 8, no. 1 (June 2022): 145-68. https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.1131060.