THE PERCEPTION OF ISLAM AND MISSIONARY ACTIVITIES OF CATALAN SCHOLARS IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES

Year 2023, , 91 - 115, 30.12.2023

Enes Şanal

https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.1412268

Abstract

In the centuries following the conquest of al-Andalus by Muslims in 711, this geography was home to the beliefs of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism for eight centuries. In the few centuries following the conquest, Muslims constituted the overwhelming majority of Andalusian society as a result of intense Islamization among Christians. With the adoption of Islam by large masses in Europe for the first time, some Christians in the Iberian Peninsula began to see this religion as a clear threat to Christianity. The anti-Islamic discourse that began with Alvaro of Cordoba (d. 861), who harshly criticized the influence of Islamic culture on Christians in al-Andalus, was continued in a more systematic manner in the Iberian Peninsula in the following centuries by Christians such as Petrus Alfonsi (d. 1140), Peter the Venerable (d. 1156) and Mark of Toledo (d. 1216).
After nearly five centuries of Islamic rule, Andalusian cities such as Cordoba, Seville and Murcia fell to the Christians in the 13th century, which inevitably intensified interreligious contacts in the region. Some Catalan scholars in Christian Spain, where Islam was perceived as a threat in the late Middle Ages, made special efforts to invite Muslims to Christianity. They not only put forward arguments for Muslims to convert to Christianity, but also developed new methods in political, military, religious and cultural matters that were unprecedented in the Christian West.
This study aims to determine the perception of Islam and missionary activities of Ramon Peñafort (d. 1275), Ramon Martí (d. 1292), Ramon Llull (d. 1316) and Francesc Eiximenis (d. 1406) who are the most important Catalan scholars of the period, in the light of the Catalan and Latin sources of the late Middle Ages. Thus, it will be revealed how similar and different the perceptions of Islam of these four Catalan scholars have from their religious colleagues who lived in the region before them and came forward with their anti-Islamic ideas.

Keywords

Al-Andalus, Spain, Catalan, Ramon Peñafort, Ramon Martí, Ramon Llull, Francesc Eiximenis.

GEÇ ORTAÇAĞ’DA KATALAN ÂLİMLERİN İSLÂM TASAVVURU VE MİSYONERLİK FAALİYETLERİ

Abstract

Endülüs’ün 711’de Müslümanlar tarafından fethedilmesini takip eden asırlarda bu coğrafya sekiz asır İslâm, Hristiyanlık ve Yahudilik inançlarına ev sahipliği yaptı. Fetihten sonraki birkaç asırlık süreçte Hristiyanlar arasında görülen yoğun İslâmlaşma sonucunda Müslümanlar, Endülüs toplumunun kahir ekseriyetini teşkil etti. İslâm’ın Avrupa’da ilk kez geniş kitleler tarafından benimsenmesiyle İber Yarımadası’ndaki bazı Hristiyanlar, bu dini Hristiyanlık için açık bir tehdit olarak görmeye başladılar. Endülüs’teki Hristiyanların İslâm kültüründen etkilenmelerini sert bir şekilde tenkit eden Kurtubalı Alvarus (ö. 861) ile başlayan İslâm karşıtı söylem, sonraki asırlarda İber Yarımadası’nda Petrus Alfonsi (ö. 1140), Muhterem Peter (ö. 1156) ve Toledolu Mark (ö. 1216) gibi Hristiyanlar tarafından daha sistematik bir çerçevede devam ettirildi.
Yaklaşık beş asır İslâm idaresi altında kalan Kurtuba, Sevilla ve Murcia gibi Endülüs şehirlerinin XIII. asırda Hristiyanların eline geçmesiyle bölgede dinler arası temaslar kaçınılmaz olarak yoğunlaştı. Geç Ortaçağ’da İslâm’ın bir tehdit olarak algılandığı Hristiyan İspanya’daki bazı Katalan âlimler, Müslümanları Hristiyanlığa davet etmek konusunda özel gayret sarf ettiler. Onlar, Müslümanların Hristiyanlığı benimsemeleri için birtakım argümanlar ortaya koymakla kalmayıp siyasi, askeri, dini ve kültürel konularda Hristiyan Batı’da daha önce görülmemiş yeni yöntemler geliştirdiler.
Bu çalışma Geç Ortaçağ’ın Katalanca ve Latince kaynakları ışığında devrin en önemli Katalan âlimlerinden Ramon Peñafort (ö. 1275), Ramon Martí (1292), Ramon Llull (ö. 1316) ve Francesc Eiximenis’in (ö. 1409) İslâm tasavvurlarını ve misyonerlik faaliyetlerini tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Böylece bahsi geçen Katalan âlimlerin İslâm tasavvurlarının kendilerinden önce yaşayıp İslâm karşıtı fikirleriyle öne çıkan dindaşlarından ne gibi benzer ve farklı özelliklere sahip olduğu da ortaya koyulacaktır.

Keywords

Endülüs, İspanya, Katalan, Ramon Peñafort, Ramon Martí, Ramon Llull, Francesc Eiximenis.

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