Abstract
Sasaniler,
Eskiçağ’dan Ortaçağ’a sarkan bir İmparatorluk olması açısından çok önemli bir
noktadadırlar. Ekonomik alanda uyguladıkları bazı tasarruflar, örneğin toprak
reformu olarak yapmak istedikleri, günümüz topluluklarına dahi kaynaklık edecek
durumdadır.
İmparatorlar
içinde bazıları oldukça ön plana çıkar. Örneğin I. Şapur daha üçüncü imparator
olmasına rağmen, tarihte tek örneği olan, 260 Edassa savaşında Roma İmparatoru Valerianus’u
esir etme başarısı göstermiş, ekonominin akışkanlığını sağlayacak bazı
düzenlemeler de yapmıştır. Sasani İmparatorları içinde II. Hüsrev de son büyük
Sasani Şah’ı olarak tarihe geçmiştir. Büyük büyükbabası I. Şapur gibi,
Romalılarla (Bizans) uzun sürecek bir savaşa girişmiş, Sasani ordularını İstanbul
Boğazı’na kadar sevk etmiş, ancak I. Şapur’un tersine bu süreç kendi trajik
ölümüne sebep olmuştur.
II. Hüsrev zamanında basılan
Sasani sikkelerinin tedavül coğrafyası o denli geniştir ki, İpek Yolunun en
kalabalık pazarlarından birini oluşturan Orta Asya ve Orta Doğu coğrafyasının
neredeyse tamamında kullanılmıştır. Arapların da bir İmparatorluk olarak ortaya
çıktıklarında ya da Eftalit ve Kuşhanların doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak Sasani
kalıplarını kullanıyor olmaları, bu sikkelerin İmparatorluğun dışında kalan
halklar tarafından ne kadar benimsendiğini göstermesi açısından da önemlidir.
Bu yüzden Dünya müzelerinin envanterinde sıklıkla II. Hüsrev’in sikkelerine
rastlanır.
Keywords
References
- Görsel Kaynaklar Resim 1. http://www.livius.org/pictures/iran/naqs-e-rustam/naqs-e-rustam-relief-of-shapur-i/naqs-e-rustam-relief-of-shapur-i/ (Erişim: 05 Aralık 2017) Resim 2. http://www.livius.org/pictures/iran/behistun/capital-of-khusrau-ii/ (Erişim: 05 Aralık 2017) Katalog. Katalogda kullanılan resimler, Erzurum Arkeoloji Müzesinden, 05.04.2017 tarih ve 75869715/155.03 - 195 sayılı izinle kullanılmıştır. Antik Kaynaklar Ammianus Marcellinus, Ammianus Marcellinus Rerum Gestarum Libri Qui Supersunt, Volume II, Trans. John C. Rolfe, Harvard University Press, Cambridge & Massachusetts 2000. Araştırma ve İncelemeler Amini, Amin, Sekehaye Sassani, Pazineh 2011. Artuk, İbrahim, “Sikke - Sikka”, İslam Ansiklopedisi, C. X, MEB, Ankara 2001, s. 621-640. Beer, Robert, The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols, Serindia Publisher, Chicago 2003. Börm, Henning, “Khusro II”, The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army, Ed. Yann Le Bohec, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Publishing, New Jersey 2015, s. 1. Brunner, Christopher J., Sasanian Stamp Seals in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, MMA Publication, New York 1978. Chegini, N.N. & A.V. Nikitin, “Sasanian Iran - Economy, Society, Arts and Crafts”, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. III - The Crossroads of Cilizitaions: A.D. 250 to 750, Ed. B.A. Litvinky, Unesco Publishing, Paris 1996, s. 39-80. Chrisomolis, Stephen, Numerical Notation - A Comparative History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2010. Daryaee, Touraj, “The use of religio-political propaganda on the coinage of Husro II”, American Journal of Numismatics, No 9, 1997, s. 41-53. DeJong, A., “Sub specie maiestatis: Reflections on Sasanian Court Rituals”, Zaroastrian Rituals in Context, Ed. Michael Stausberg, Brill, Leiden 2004, s. 345-366. Frye, Richard N., Persia, Vol. 5, Routledge Group, London & New York 2011. Göbl, Robert, Sasanidische Numismatik, Klinkhardt & Biermann Braunschweig, Würzburg 1968. _____, “Sasanian coins”, The Cambridge History of Iran - The Seleucid, Parthian and Sassanian Periods, Vol. III-1, Ed. Ehsan Yarshater, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006, s. 322-352. Greatrex, Geoffrey & Samuel N.C. Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars Part II AD 363 - 630, Routledge Publ, London 2002. Howard-Johnston, James, “Kosrow II”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, http://www.iranicaonline.org /articles/khosrow-ii (Erişim Tarihi: 4 Aralık 2017). Kasai, N. & S. Natsagdorj, “Socio-economic development: Food and clothing in eastern Iran and Central Asia”, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol.IV - The Crossroads of Cilizitaions: A.D. 250 to 750, Ed. M.S. Asimov & C.E. Bosworth, Unesco Publishing, Paris 1998, s. 383-394. Khanipoor, Morteza & Hosseinali Kavosh & Reza Naseri, “The reliefs of Naqš-e Rostam and a reflection on a forgotten relief, Iran”, Historia I ŚWIAT, No 6, 2017, s. 55-68. Litvinsky, B.A., “Christianity, Indian and local religious”, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. III - The Crossroads of Cilizitaions: A.D. 250 to 750, Ed. B.A. Litvinsky, Unesco Publishing, Paris 1996, s. 414-424. Malek, H.M., “A survey of research on Sasanian numismatics”, The Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. 153, 1993, s. 227-269. _____, “A Seventh century hoard of Sasanian Drachms”, Iran, Vol. 31, 1993, s. 77-93. Mitchiner, Michael, The World of Islam, Hawkings Publ. London 1977. Orsatti, Paola, “Kosrow o Şirin”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, http://www.iranicaonline.org /articles/kosrow-o-sirin (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Aralık 2017). Pourshariati, Parvaneh, Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire, Iran Heritage Foundation, London & New York 2008. Paruck, Furdoonjee D., Sasanian Coins, The Times Press, Bombay 1924. Schindel, Nikolaus, “Sasanian Coinage”, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, Ed. Dan Potts (Hrsg.), Oxford 2013, s. 814-840. Shimin, Geng, “The Uighur Kingdom of Kocho”, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol.IV - The Crossroads of Cilizitaions: A.D. 250 to 750, Ed. M.S. Asimov & C.E. Bosworth, Unesco Publishing, Paris 1998, s. 206-212.
Abstract
Sassanid Empire is at the
turning point of Ancient and Medieval Ages. That’s why some economic practices
are the continuity of the Ancient usage, but some practices such as land
reform, applied as early as the first Shahs of Sassanid’s, may account first
modern applications.
Some Sassanid
emperors had outstanding organizing capacity. Yet Shapur I was the 3rd emperor,
aside capturing the Roman emperor Valerianus at Edassa war, took the necessary
measurements to increase the fluidity of the economy. Khusru II was also a
prominent emperor among the Sassanid Empire, he was consider as the last great
King. He waged war with Romans as other Sassanid Kings, able to lead his army
up to shores of Constantinople but failed at the last of a long term war.
The circulation of Drachmae
during the time of Khusru II, were so vast and not only Arabs but other Central
Asian countries as Kushans or Hephtalites used directly or indirectly Sassanid
coins or casts in order to regulate their economic systems. Therefore, in the
inventories of major museums, mostly have Khusru II's coins.
Keywords
References
- Görsel Kaynaklar Resim 1. http://www.livius.org/pictures/iran/naqs-e-rustam/naqs-e-rustam-relief-of-shapur-i/naqs-e-rustam-relief-of-shapur-i/ (Erişim: 05 Aralık 2017) Resim 2. http://www.livius.org/pictures/iran/behistun/capital-of-khusrau-ii/ (Erişim: 05 Aralık 2017) Katalog. Katalogda kullanılan resimler, Erzurum Arkeoloji Müzesinden, 05.04.2017 tarih ve 75869715/155.03 - 195 sayılı izinle kullanılmıştır. Antik Kaynaklar Ammianus Marcellinus, Ammianus Marcellinus Rerum Gestarum Libri Qui Supersunt, Volume II, Trans. John C. Rolfe, Harvard University Press, Cambridge & Massachusetts 2000. Araştırma ve İncelemeler Amini, Amin, Sekehaye Sassani, Pazineh 2011. Artuk, İbrahim, “Sikke - Sikka”, İslam Ansiklopedisi, C. X, MEB, Ankara 2001, s. 621-640. Beer, Robert, The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols, Serindia Publisher, Chicago 2003. Börm, Henning, “Khusro II”, The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army, Ed. Yann Le Bohec, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Publishing, New Jersey 2015, s. 1. Brunner, Christopher J., Sasanian Stamp Seals in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, MMA Publication, New York 1978. Chegini, N.N. & A.V. Nikitin, “Sasanian Iran - Economy, Society, Arts and Crafts”, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. III - The Crossroads of Cilizitaions: A.D. 250 to 750, Ed. B.A. Litvinky, Unesco Publishing, Paris 1996, s. 39-80. Chrisomolis, Stephen, Numerical Notation - A Comparative History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2010. Daryaee, Touraj, “The use of religio-political propaganda on the coinage of Husro II”, American Journal of Numismatics, No 9, 1997, s. 41-53. DeJong, A., “Sub specie maiestatis: Reflections on Sasanian Court Rituals”, Zaroastrian Rituals in Context, Ed. Michael Stausberg, Brill, Leiden 2004, s. 345-366. Frye, Richard N., Persia, Vol. 5, Routledge Group, London & New York 2011. Göbl, Robert, Sasanidische Numismatik, Klinkhardt & Biermann Braunschweig, Würzburg 1968. _____, “Sasanian coins”, The Cambridge History of Iran - The Seleucid, Parthian and Sassanian Periods, Vol. III-1, Ed. Ehsan Yarshater, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006, s. 322-352. Greatrex, Geoffrey & Samuel N.C. Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars Part II AD 363 - 630, Routledge Publ, London 2002. Howard-Johnston, James, “Kosrow II”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, http://www.iranicaonline.org /articles/khosrow-ii (Erişim Tarihi: 4 Aralık 2017). Kasai, N. & S. Natsagdorj, “Socio-economic development: Food and clothing in eastern Iran and Central Asia”, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol.IV - The Crossroads of Cilizitaions: A.D. 250 to 750, Ed. M.S. Asimov & C.E. Bosworth, Unesco Publishing, Paris 1998, s. 383-394. Khanipoor, Morteza & Hosseinali Kavosh & Reza Naseri, “The reliefs of Naqš-e Rostam and a reflection on a forgotten relief, Iran”, Historia I ŚWIAT, No 6, 2017, s. 55-68. Litvinsky, B.A., “Christianity, Indian and local religious”, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. III - The Crossroads of Cilizitaions: A.D. 250 to 750, Ed. B.A. Litvinsky, Unesco Publishing, Paris 1996, s. 414-424. Malek, H.M., “A survey of research on Sasanian numismatics”, The Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. 153, 1993, s. 227-269. _____, “A Seventh century hoard of Sasanian Drachms”, Iran, Vol. 31, 1993, s. 77-93. Mitchiner, Michael, The World of Islam, Hawkings Publ. London 1977. Orsatti, Paola, “Kosrow o Şirin”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, http://www.iranicaonline.org /articles/kosrow-o-sirin (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Aralık 2017). Pourshariati, Parvaneh, Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire, Iran Heritage Foundation, London & New York 2008. Paruck, Furdoonjee D., Sasanian Coins, The Times Press, Bombay 1924. Schindel, Nikolaus, “Sasanian Coinage”, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, Ed. Dan Potts (Hrsg.), Oxford 2013, s. 814-840. Shimin, Geng, “The Uighur Kingdom of Kocho”, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol.IV - The Crossroads of Cilizitaions: A.D. 250 to 750, Ed. M.S. Asimov & C.E. Bosworth, Unesco Publishing, Paris 1998, s. 206-212.
Details
| Journal Section | Articles |
|---|---|
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 31, 2017 |
| Submission Date | October 21, 2017 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2017 |