Depression Anxiety Stress Levels of Dentists Redeployed to Filiation due to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 418 - 425, 15.06.2023

Nuray Bağcı , Umut Pamukçu , İlkay Peker

https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1139507

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the levels of depression, stress, and anxiety of dentists redeployed to filiation during the COVID-19 pandemic and to determine the factors that caused any changes observed.
Methods: An online questionnaire was sent to dentists redeployed to filiation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: I) demographic characteristics, II) working conditions in filiation, and III) the DASS-21 scale, which evaluates the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress states of participants.
Results: 206 (164 female, 42 male) voluntary dentists participated in the study. Off all participants, 77.2% had symptoms of depression, 73.8% had symptoms of anxiety, and 59.7% had symptoms of stress. All subscales of the DASS-21 were statistically significantly higher in females than in males, in single dentists than in married dentists, and in those living alone than in those living with family or friends. Among the dentists redeployed to filiation during the COVID-19 pandemic, female gender, living alone, and working at a university were found to be effective factors that constituted the high scores of any of the DASS-21 subscales.
Conclusion: Dentists who were redeployed to filiation during the COVID-19 pandemic stated that they were negatively emotionally affected. Dentists can always be redeployed to the public health method in case of social emergencies. Therefore, dentists need to be trained and motivated for redeployment.

Keywords

COVID-19, Filiation, DASS-21, Dentist, Redeployed

References

• World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Report-1. 2020. https://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/handle/10665/330760/nCoVsitrep21Jan2020-eng.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
• World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) Situation Report-51. 2020. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331475/nCoVsitrep11Mar2020-eng.pdf sequence=1&isAllowed=y
• Martin K, Archer N, Johnston L. Redeployment of dental trainees: challenges and opportunities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Fac Dent J. 2020; 11(4): 190-195. DOI:10.1308/rcsfdj.2020.119
• Sacoor S, Chana S, Fortune F. The dental team as part of the medical workforce during national and global crises. Br Dent J. 2020; 229 (2): 89-92. DOI:10.1038/s41415.020.1854-6
• Li G, Chang B, Li H, Wang R, Li G. The role of dental professionals in pandemic events and disaster responses. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2020; 11: 1-5. DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.140
• Forrester S, Fisher G, Chieng CY, Rogers SN. Oral and maxillofacial dental care professionals in critical care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2021; 59(1): 117-120. DOI:10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.08.100
• Patel M, Menhadji P, Mayor S. Redeployment of dental core trainees in the United Kingdom due to Coronavirus Disease 2019. Eur J Dent. 2020; 14(S 01): 44-49. DOI:10.1055/s-0040.171.9216
• Galletti JrCA, Correa AE, Ogata CK, Oliveira AMFF, de Oliveira MS, de Oliveira MCQ. The importance of dental military officers during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Craniofac Surg. 2021; 32(1): e112-e113. DOI:10.1097/SCS.000.000.0000007108
• Johnston L, Archer N, Martin K. Swapping drills for dressings: redeployment of dentists to community nursing. Br J Community Nurs. 2020; 25 (6): 266-270. DOI:10.12968/bjcn.2020.25.6.266
• Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci. 2020; 12 (1): 9. DOI:10.1038/s41368.020.0075-9
• Üstündağ MG, Turhan S, Topbaş M, Beyhun NE. The importance of anamnesis on the filiation of COVID-19 patients and the determination of their contacts. Turk J Public Health. 2020; 18 (Special issue): 107-111.
• Turkish Ministry of Health. (2021). COVID-19 (Sars-CoV-2 Infection) Contact Tracking, Pandemic Management, Home Patient Monitoring and Filiation Guide. https://covid19.saglik. gov.tr/Eklenti/41530/0/covid-19rehberitemaslitakibievdehastaizlemivefilyasyon-200921-3pdf.pdf
• Demirtaş T, Tekiner H. Filiation: A historical term the COVID-19 outbreak recalled in Turkey. Erciyes Med J 2020; 42 (3): 354–358.
• Erdem B, Demir YA, Erdem F, Yılmaz ET, Uyar N. Organizational structure of İstanbul Kadıköy district health directorate in Covid-19 pandemic struggle. TJFMPC, 2021; 15(1): 170-178. DOI:10.21763/tjfmpc.760179
• Şahin MK, Aker S, Şahin G, Karabekiroğlu A. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, distress and insomnia and related factors in healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. J Community Health. 2020; 45 (6): 1168-1177.
• Elbay RY, Kurtulmuş A, Arpacıoğlu S, Karadere E. Depression, anxiety, stress levels of physicians and associated factors in Covid-19 pandemics. Psychiatry Res. 2020; 290: 113130. DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113130
• Di Tella M, Romeo A, Benfante A, Castelli L. Mental health of healthcare workers during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Italy. J Eval Clin Pract. 2020; 26(6): 1583-1587. DOI:10.1111/ jep.13444
• Kramer V, Papazova I, Thoma A, Kunz M, Falkai P, Schneider‑Axmann T, Hierundar A, Wagner E, Hasan A.Subjective burden and perspectives of German healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2021; 271 (2): 271-281. DOI:10.1007/s00406.020.01183-2
• Inter-Agency Standing Committee. Interim briefing note: Addressing mental health and psychosocial aspects of COVID-19 outbreak. Geneva: Inter‐agency Standing Committee. (2020). https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/system/files/2021-03/IASC%20Interim%20Briefing%20 Note%20on%20COVID-19%20Outbreak%20Readiness%20and%20Response%20Operations%20-%20MHPSS.pdf
• Özarslan M, Caliskan S. Attitudes and predictive factors of psychological distress and occupational burnout among dentists during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Curr Psychol. 2021; 1-12. DOI:10.1007/s12144.021.01764-x
• Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behav Res Ther. 1995; 33 (3): 335-343.
• Sariçam H. The psychometric properties of Turkish version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in health control and clinical samples. J Cognit Behav Psychother Res. 2018; 7: 19–30.
• Erdfelder E, Faul F, Buchner A. GPOWER: A general power analysis program. Behav Res Meth Instrum Comput. 1996; 28(1): 1-11. DOI:10.3758/BF03203630
• Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, Wu J, Du H, Chen T, Ruiting L, Huawei T, Kang L, Yao L, Huang M, Wang H, Wang G, Liu Z, Hu S. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020; 3(3): e203976. DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
• Duruk G, Gümüşboğa ZŞ, Çolak C. Investigation of Turkish dentists’ clinical attitudes and behaviors towards the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey study. Braz Oral Res. 2020; 34: 54. DOI:10.1590/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0054
• Shacham M, Hamama-Raz Y, Kolerman R, Mijiritsky O, Ben-Ezra M, Mijiritsky E. COVID-19 factors and psychological factors associated with elevated psychological distress among dentists and dental hygienists in Israel. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17 (8): 2900. DOI:10.3390/ijerph17082900
• Mijiritsky E, Hamama-Raz Y, Liu F, Datarkar A, Mangani L, Caplan J, Shacham A, Kolerman R, Mijiritsky O, Ben-Ezra M, Shacham M. Subjective overload and psychological distress among dentists during COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17(14): 5074. DOI:10.3390/ijerph17145074
• Gasparro R, Scandurra C, Maldonato NM, Dolce P, Bochicchio V, Valletta A, Sammartino G, Sammartino P, Mariniello M, Lauro AE, Marenzi G. Perceived job insecurity and depressive symptoms among Italian dentists: The moderating role of fear of COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17 (15):5338. DOI:10.3390/ijerph17155338
• Özdede M, Sahin S. Views and anxiety levels of Turkish dental students during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Stomatol. 2020; 73(3): 123–128.
• Sarialioglu Gungor A, Donmez N, Uslu Y. Knowledge, stress levels, and clinical practice modifications of Turkish dentistsdue to COVID-19: A survey study. Braz Oral Res. 2021; 35: 48. DOI:10.1590/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0048
• Peixoto KO, Resende CMBMD, Almeida EOD, Almeida-Leite CM, Conti PCR, Barbosa GAS, Barbosa JS. Association of sleep quality and psychological aspects with reports of bruxism and TMD in Brazilian dentists during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Appl Oral Sci. 2021; 29: e20201089. DOI:10.1590/1678-7757- 2020-1089
• World Health Organization. Infection prevention and control during health care when COVID-19 is suspected. 2020. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoVIPC-2021.1
• Tabah A, Ramanan M, Laupland KB, Buetti N, Cortegiani A, Mellinghoff J, Morris AC, Camporota L, Zappella N, Elhadi M, Povoa P, Amrein K, Vidal G, Derde L, Bassetti M, Francois G, Kai NSY, De Waele JJ. Personal protective equipment and intensive care unit healthcare worker safety in the COVID-19 era (PPESAFE): An international survey. J Crit Care. 2020; 59: 70-75.DOI:10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.06.005
• Ippolito M, Ramanan M, Bellina D, Catalisano G, Iozzo P, Di Guardo A, Moscarelli A, Grasselli G, Giarratano A, Bassetti M, Tabah A, Cortegiani A. Personal protective equipment use by healthcare workers in intensive care unit during the early phase of COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: A secondary analysis of the PPE-SAFE survey. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2021; 8:204.993.6121998562. DOI:10.1177/204.993.6121998562
• Gómez-Ochoa SA, Franco OH, Rojas LZ, Raguindin PF, Roa-Diaz ZM, Wyssmann BM, Guevara SLR, Echeverria LE, Glisic M, Muka T. COVID-19 in health-care workers: A living systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcomes. Am J Epidemiol. 2021; 190 (1):161-175. DOI:10.1093/aje/kwaa191
• Contejean A, Leporrier J, Canouï E, Alby-Laurent F, Lafont E, Beaudeau L, Parize P, Lecieux F, Greffet A, Cheron G, Gauzit R, Fourgeaud J, L’Honneur A, Treluyer J, Charlier C, Casetta A, Frange P, Leruez-Ville M, Rozenberg F, Lortholary O, Kerneis S. Comparing dynamics and determinants of SARSCoV- 2 transmissions among health care workers of adult and pediatric settings in Central Paris. Clin Infect Dis. 2021; 72 (2): 257-264. DOI:10.1093/cid/ciaa977
• Lan F-Y, Filler R, Mathew S, Buley J, Iliaki E, Bruno-Murtha LA, Osgood R, Christophi CA, Fernandez-Montero A, Kales SN. COVID-19 symptoms predictive of healthcare workers’ SARS-CoV-2 PCR results. PLoS One. 2020; 15 (6): e0235460. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0235460
• Sikkema RS, Pas SD, Nieuwenhuijse DF, O’Toole A, Verweij J, Linden A, Chestakova I, Schapendonk C, Pronk M, Lexmond P, Bestebroer T, Overmars RJ, Nieuwkoop S, Bijllaardt AG, Bentvelsen RG, Rijen MML, Buiting AGM, Oudheusden AJG, Diederen BM, Bergmans AMC, Koopmans MPG. COVID-19 in health-care workers in three hospitals in the south of the Netherlands: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20 (11): 1273-1280. DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30527-2
• Tengilimoğlu D, Zekioğlu A, Tosun N, Işık O, Tengilimoğlu O. Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic period on depression, anxiety and stress levels of the healthcare employees in Turkey. Leg Med. 2021; 48: 101811. DOI:10.1016/j.legalmed.2020.101811