Turizm Çalışanlarında İş Doyumu Ve Bütünleşme: Akış Kuramı Yaklaşımı

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 37, 445 - 470, 28.07.2020

Berrin Güzel Gözde Karabacak , Ceren İşçi

https://doi.org/10.35408/comuybd.552601

Cited By: 2

Öz

Keyif alınarak yapılan bir iş, gerçekten de kişinin işle bütünleşmesini sağlamakta ve doyumla sonuçlanmakta mıdır? Kişinin yaptığı işten doyum elde etmesinde bu süreç içinde akış yaşaması ve/veya kendini işine vermesi ve işle bütünleşmesi etkili midir? Bu sayede yapılan bir iş için optimal bir deneyim yaşanıp yaşanmadığı söylenebilir mi? Yapılan bu çalışma ile tüm bu sorulara cevap aranmaktadır. Çalışanlar bir işi yaparken yaptığı işe yoğunlaşmakta ve bu işten de derin bir haz duymaktadır. Bu derin haz duygusu, sarmalanma ve içsel motivasyon ile birlikte gerçekleşmekte ve kişinin doruk bir deneyim yaşamasını sağlamaktadır. Bu deneyimi yaşayan kişi ise kendini işine adamakta ve işinden haz almaktadır. Bu da iş doyumu ile sonuçlanarak, örgüt verimliliğine pozitif katkı sağlamaktadır. Diğer taraftan mevcut çalışma aynı zamanda, işte yaşanan akış deneyimi, işle bütünleşme ve iş doyumu arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesine yönelik bir model de önermektedir. 259 turizm çalışanı ile birlikte araştırma modeli test edilmiştir. Araştırma örneklemini, Kuşadası’nda faaliyet gösteren 4 ve 5 yıldızlı konaklama işletmeleri çalışanları oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın analiz sürecinde, SPSS veri analiz programı ile frekans analizi, güvenirlik analizi, açımlayıcı (keşfedici) faktör analizi, LISREL programı ile de doğrulayıcı faktör analizi yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, çalışanların içsel motivasyon, haz ve sarmalanma alt boyutlarıyla işte akış deneyimi gerçekleşmekte, bu da işle bütünleşmeyi ve işle bütünleşme de iş doyumunu anlamlı ve pozitif yönde etkilemektedir. Çalışmanın bazı sınırlılıkları bulunmaktadır. İşle bütünleşmenin bu çalışma kapsamında, Schaufeli ve Bakker (2003) tarafından geliştirilen UWES ölçeğinin kısa versiyonu ile ölçülmüş olmasıdır. Yine, bütünleşme ve sarmalanma kavramlarının ayrı yapılar olup olmadığı, sarmalanmanın boyut mu sonuç mu olduğu, odaklanılmış dikkat ile sarmalanma kavramlarının farklı yapılar olup olmadığı da araştırılması gereken konulardır. Tüm bu bulgular, ilgili literatür kapsamında değerlendirilip tartışılmış ve buradan yola çıkılarak, gelecek çalışmalar için önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

akış deneyimi, işle bütünleşme, iş doyumu

Kaynakça

• Açıkalın, C. (2011). İçsel ve dışsal doyumun örgütsel bağlılığa etkisi: Eskişehir üretim sektörü örneği. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Dergisi, 31, 237-254.
• Ashforth, B. E. ve Humphrey, H. R. (1995). Emotion in the workplace: A reappraisal. Human Relations, 48(2), 97-125.
• Aşık N. A. (2010). Çalışanların iş doyumunu etkileyen bireysel ve örgütsel faktörler ile sektöründe bir uygulama. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 5(1), 17-26.
• Bakker, A. B. (2005). Flow among music teachers and their students: The crossover of peak experiences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(1), 26-44.
• Bakker, A. B. (2008). The work-related flow inventory: Construction and initial validation of the WOLF. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72(3), 400-414.
• Bakotic, D. ve Babic, T. B. (2013). Relationship between working conditions and job satisfaction: The case of Croatian shipbuilding company. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(2), 206-213.
• Baldwin, W. L. Q. ve Nakata, Y. (2017). Engagement, gender, and motivation: A predictive model for Japanese young language learners. System, 65, 151-163.
• Baştemur Y. (2006). İş tatmini ile yaşam tatmini arasındaki ilişkiler: Kayseri Emniyet Müdürlüğü’nde bir araştırma, Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Kayseri.
• Brass, D. J. (1981). Structural relationships, job characteristics, and worker satisfaction and performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 331-348.
• Breevaart, K., Bakker, A.B. ve Demerouti, E. (2014). Daily self-management and employee work engagement, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol.84, pp.31–38
• Brief, A. P. ve Aldag, R. J. (1975). Employee reactions to job characteristics: A constructive replication. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(2), 182-186.
• Carmeli, A. ve Freund, A. (2004). Work commitment, job satisfaction, and job performance: An empirical investigation, International Journal of Organization Theory And Behavior, 6(4), 289-309
• Cass M.LaH., Siu O.L., Faragher E.B. ve Cooper C.L. (2003). A meta-analysis of the relationship between job satisfaction and employee health ın Hong Kong, Stress and Health, 19, 79-95
• Chiu, S. F. ve Chen, H. L. (2005). Relationship between job characteristics and organizational citizenship behavior: The mediational role of job satisfaction. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 33(6), 523-540. Christian, M. S., Garza, A. S. ve Slaughter, J. E. (2011). Work engagement: A quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 89-136.
• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. San Francisco, CA:Jossey-Bass.
• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience." Journal of Leisure Research, 24(1), pp. 93–94.
• Çelik, E.H., Yılmaz, V. (2013). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
• Dalal, R. S. ve Hulin, C. L. (2008). Motivation for What? A Multivariate Dynamic Perspective of the Criterion in Work Motivation, Past, Present and Future (Eds: Ruth Kanfer, Gilad Chen ve Robert D. Pritchard) (pp.63-100). USA: Routledge.
• Demerouti, E. (2006). Job characteristics, flow, and performance: The moderating role of conscientiousness. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(3), 266-280.
• Douglas, Y. ve Hargadon, A. (2000, May). The pleasure principle: immersion, engagement, flow. In Proceedings of the eleventh ACM on Hypertext and hypermedia (pp. 153-160). ACM.
• Efron, L. (2013). Why you can’t find a job you love. Forbes Magazine, https://www.forbes.com/sites/louisefron/2013/09/13/why-you-cant-find-a-job-you-love/#57d90ceb1b0b (12.02.2019).
• Emeksiz, E. (2015). İş doyumunun yordayıcısı olarak çok boyutlu örgütsel kimliklenme: İşle bütünleşmenin aracılık rolü, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi), İstanbul.
• EuroStat (2018). Duration of working life – statistics, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Duration_of_working_life_-_statistics#General_overview (12.02.2019)
• Fagerlind, A.C., Gustavsson, M., Johansson, G. and Ekberg, K. (2013). Experience of work-related flow: Does high decision latitude enhance benefits gained from job resources?. Journal of Vocational Behavior 83 (2013) 161–170
• Freeman, R. B. (1977). Job satisfaction as an economic variable.
• Ghani, J. A. ve Deshpande, S. P. (1994). Task characteristics and the experience of optimal flow in human—computer interaction. The Journal of Psychology, 128(4), 381-391.
• Gichohi, P.M. (2012). The role of employee engagement in revitalizing creativity and ınnovation at the workplace: a survey of selected libraries in Meru County – Kenya. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 1-33.
• Gorgievski, M.J., and Hobfoll,S.E. (2008).Work can burn us out or fire us up:conservation of resources in burnout and engagement. In J.R.B.D. Halbesleben(Ed.), Handbook of stress and burnout in health care (pp. 7–22).Newyork:NovaScience Publishers Inc. Gündüz, B., Çapri, B. ve Gökçekalan, Z. (2013). Mesleki tükenmişlik, işle bütünleşme ve iş doyumu arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, Uluslararası E-Dergi, 3 (1), 29-49.
• Hackman, J. R. ve Lawler, E. E. (1971). Employee reactions to job characteristics. Journal of applied psychology, 55(3), 259.
• Hackman, J. R. ve Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2), 250-279.
• Hakanen, J.J., Bakker, A.B. and Demerouti, E. (2005). How dentists cope with their job demands and stayengaged: The moderating role of job resources. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 113, 479-487.
• Hallberg, U. E. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Same same but different? can work engagement be discriminated from job ınvolvement and organizational commitment?. European Psychologist, 11(2), 119-127.
• Hayes, D. ve Ninemeier, J. D. (2009). Human Resource Management in the Hospitality Industry. USA: John Wiley & Sons.
• Innanen, H., Tolvanen, A. ve Salmela-Aro, K. (2014). Burnout, work engagement and workaholism among highly educated employees: Profiles, antecedents and outcomes. Burnout Research, 1, 38–49.
• Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692-724.
• Kanwar Y.P.S., Singh A.K. ve Kodwani A.D. (2012). “A Study of Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intent among the IT and ITES Sector Employees”, Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective, c:16 ss:27
• Kamalanabhan, T.J., Sai, L.P. and Duggirala, M., (2009).Employee Engagement and Job Satisfaction In The Information Technology Industry. Psychological Reports, 105, 759-770
• Kanten, S. ve Sadullah, Ö. (2012). An empirical research on relationship quality of work life and work engagement. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sccassiences, 62, 360-366.
• Karasek, R., Brisson, C., Kawakami, N., Houtman, I., Bongers, P. ve Amick, B. (1998). The Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ): An instrument for internationally comparative assessments of psychosocial job characteristics. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4), 322-355.
• Karatepe, O. M., Beirami, E., Bouzari, M. ve Safavi, H. P. (2014). Does work engagement mediate the effects of challenge stressorson job outcomes? evidence from the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 36, 14-22.
• Karatepe O. M. ve Baddar L. (2006). “An Empirical Study Of The Selected Consequences Of Frontline Employees’ Work–Family Conflict And Family–Work Conflict”, Tourism Management, Vol. 27, pp.1017–1028
• Kavgacı, H. (2014). İlköğretim Kurumu Öğretmenlerinin İşle Bütünleşme Düzeylerinin Bireysel ve Örgütsel Değişkenlerle İlişkisi. Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü: Ankara.
• Kelloway, E. K.ve Barling, J. (1991). Job characteristics, role stress and mental health. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 64(4), 291-304.
• Kitchin, D. (2010). An Introduction to Organisational Behaviour for Managers and Engineers, A Group and Multicultural Approach. First Edition. UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.
• Kowal, J. ve Fortier, M. (1999). Motivational Determinants of Flow: Contrıbutions From SelfDetermination Theory. Journal of Social Psychology,139 (3), 355-369.
• Kwak, K. T., Choi, S.K., and Lee, B.G. (2014). SNS flow, SNS self-disclosure and post hoc interpersonal relations change: Focused on Korean Facebook user, Computers in Human Behavior 31 (2014) 294–304
• Lam T., Zhang H. ve Baum T. (2001). An investigation of employees' job satisfaction: The case of hotels in Hong Kong., Tourism Management, 22, 157-165.
• Langton, N. ve Robbins, S. P. (2007). Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour. 3rd Edition. USA: Pearson.
• Lawler, E. E. ve Hall, D. T. (1970). Relationship of job characteristics to job involvement, satisfaction, and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 54(4), 305.
• Lövey, I. ve Nadkarni, M. S. (2007). How Healthy Is Your Organization?. USA: Praeger.
• Lugman O.O., Boloji S. ve Abubakar M-J (2012). Job satisfaction and job commitment: A study of quantity surveyors in Nigerian public service. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(5), 1-15.
• Lyu, Y., Zhu, H., Zhong, H-J. ve Hu, L. (2016). Abusive supervision and customer-oriented organizational citizenship behavior: The roles of hostile attribution bias and work engagement. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 53, 69-80.
• Macey, W. H. ve Schneider, B. (2008). The meaning of employee engagement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 1, 3-30.
• Maeran, R. ve Cangiano, F. (2013). Flow experience and job characteristics: Analyzing the role of flow in job satisfaction. TPM-Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 20(1), 13-26.
• Martin, A. J., Ginns, P., & Papworth, B. (2017). Motivation and engagement: Same or different? Does it matter? Learning and Individual Differences, 55, 150–162. Mathis, R. L. ve Jackson, J. H. (2008). Human Resource Management. 12th Edition. USA: Thomson South-Western.
• Morris, M. G. ve Venkatesh, V. (2010). Job characteristics and job satisfaction: understanding the role of enterprise resource planning system implementation. Mis Quarterly, 34(1). 141-161.
• Nadiri H. ve Tanova C. (2010). An investigation of the role of justice in turnover intentions, job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior in hospitality ındustry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 33-41.
• Nakamura, J. ve Czikszentmihalyi, M. (2009). The concept of flow. in Snyder, C. R. ve Lopez, S. J. (pp: 89-105), (Eds.). Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology. USA: Oxford University Press
• Namasivayam K. ve Zhao X. (2007). An investigation of the moderating effects of organizational commitment on the relationships between work-family conflict and job satisfaction among hospitality employees in India. Tourism Management, 28, 1212-1223.
• Öztürk A.B. ve Hançer M. (2011). The effect of demographics on job satisfaction: A study of hotel managers in Turkey. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 12, 189-201.
• Pine, J. B. Ve Gilmore, J. H. (1999). The experience economy, work is theatre and every business a stage. USA: Harvard Business School Press.
• Reid, D. (2011). Mindfulness and flow in occupational engagement: Presence in doing. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 78(1), 50-56.
• Robbins, S. P. ve Judge, T. A. (2013). Organizational Behavior. 15th Edition. USA: Pearson.
• Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of managerial psychology, 21(7), 600-619.
• Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2003). UWES–Utrecht work engagement scale: test manual. Unpublished Manuscript: Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, 8.
• Schaufeli, W., & Salanova, M. (2011). Work engagement: On how to better catch a slippery concept. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(1), 39-46.
• Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B. ve Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire. A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 701-716.
• Schaufeli, W. B., Martinez, I., Marques-Pinto, A., Salanova, M., Bakker, A., (2002a). Burnout and engagement in university students: A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(5), 464-481. Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., ve Van Rhenen, W. (2008). Workaholism, burnout, and engagement: Three of a kind or three different kinds of employee well-being. Journal of Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57, 173-203.
• Sevimli, F. ve İşcan, Ö. F. (2005). Bireysel ve iş ortamına ait etkenler açısından iş doyumu. Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 5 (1), 55-65.
• Sheldon, K. M., Prentice, M. ve Halusic, M. (2015). The experiential incompatibility of mindfulness and flow absorption. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(3), 276-283.
• Sims, H. P., Szilagyi, A. D. ve Keller, R. T. (1976). The measurement of job characteristics. Academy of Management Journal, 19(2), 195-212.
• Singh, J. (1998). Striking a balance in boundary-spanning positions: An investigation of some unconventional influences of role stressors and job characteristics on job outcomes of salespeople. Journal of Marketing, 62(3), 69-86.
• Sonnentag, S. ve Zijlstra, F. R. (2006). Job characteristics and off-job activities as predictors of need for recovery, well-being, and fatigue. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 330.
• Sun H. Ö. (2002). İş doyumu üzerine bir araştırma: Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası Banknot Matbaası Genel Müdürlüğü. Uzmanlık Yeterlilik Tezi, Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası Banknot Matbaası Genel Müdürlüğü: Ankara
• Tütüncü, Ö. ve Kozak, M. (2007) An investigation of factors affecting job satisfaction. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 8(1), 1-19.
• Ullén, F., de Manzano, Ö., Almeida, R., Magnusson, P. K., Pedersen, N. L., Nakamura, J., Csikszentmihalyi, M. and Madison, G. (2012). Proneness for psychological flow in everyday life: Associations with personality and intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(2), 167-172.
• Wilkin C. L. (2012). I can’t get no job satisfaction: Meta-analysis comparing permanent and contingent workers. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 5-18.
• Wollard, K. K. ve Shuck, B. (2011). Antecedents to employee engagement: A structured review of the literature. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 13(4), 429-446.
• World Health Organization (2019). Global Health Observatory (GHO) data, Life Expectancy. https://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/life_tables/situation_trends_text/en/ (12.02.2019)
• Yakın, M. ve Erdil, O. (2012) Relationships between self-efficacy and work engagement and the effects on job satisfaction: A survey on certified public accountants. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 370-378.
• Yeh, C.M. (2013) Tourism ınvolvement, work engagement and job satisfaction among frontline hotel employees. Annals of Tourism Research, 42, 214-239.