How Did Women Entrepreneurship Change over Time in Turkey (2006-2015): A Regression of Pooling Cross Sections Across Time

Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 43 - 69, 03.06.2018

Ahmet Özçam , Esra Karadeniz

Abstract

This study uses the
Regression of Pooling Cross Sections Across Time model to analyze whether the
tendency to become an entrepreneur in Turkey has changed over time and also
whether the gender gap between males and females has been narrowed. The data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) for the years
2006-2015 for Turkey were employed. The dataset consisted of 56,109 interviews
with a representative sample of adults (18-64 years old). There was a noticeable
increase in the general tendency in the entrepreneurial activity starting from
the year of 2011 in Turkey. Although the probability of being a woman
entrepreneur increased in Turkey, the
gender entrepreneurial gap stayed quite stable at around 4% throughout 2006 –
2015.

Keywords

probability of being an early-stage entrepreneur, time effects, gender gap, Turkey, distribution of age, logistic model

Türkiye'deki Kadın Girişimciliğinin 2006-2015 Yılları Arasındaki Gelişim Süreci: Yatay Kesit ve Zaman Verileriyle bir Regresyon Analizi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de genel girişimcilik endeksi ve erkek-kadın girişimci endeksi arasındaki farkın zaman içindeki değişimi Yatay Kesit ve Zaman Verileri Regresyon Analizi kullanarak araştırılmıştır. Küresel Girişimcilik Monitörü (GEM) projesi tarafından, 2006-2015 yılları arasında Türkiye için toplanan veri seti kullanılmıştır. Veri seti temsili bir örnek olup, 56.109 görüşmeden oluşmaktadır. Türkiye’de 2011 yılından itibaren girişimcilik faaliyetlerinde kayda değer bir artış kaydetmiştir. Aynı zamanda, Türkiye’de kadın girişimci sayısında da artış görülmüş, fakat kadın-erkek girişimcilik oranındaki fark % 4 civarında sabit kalmıştır.

Keywords

erken dönem girişimci olma olasılığı, yatay kesit ve zaman serisi verileri, cinsiyet farkı, Türkiye, yaş dağılımı, lojistik model

References

• Arenius, P., & Kovalainen, A. (2006). Similarities and Differences Across the Factors Associated with Women’s Self-employment Preference in the Nordic Countries. International Small Business Journal, 24(1), 31–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242606059778
• Arenius, P., & Minniti, M. (2005). Perceptual Variables and Nascent Entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 233–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-1984-x
• Boden, R. J., & Nucci, A. R. (2000). On the survival prospects of men’s and women’s new business ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(4), 347–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00004-4
• Bönte, W., & Piegeler, M. (2013). Gender gap in latent and nascent entrepreneurship: driven by competitiveness. Small Business Economics, 41(4), 961–987. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-012-9459-3
• Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (pp. 241–258). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
• Brush, C. G., Carter, N., Gatewood, E., Greene, P. G., & Hart, M. M. (2001). An investigation of women-led firms and venture capital investment. U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy & National Women’s Business Council.
• Carter, S. L., & Shaw, E. (2006). Women’s business ownership: Recent research and policy developments (DTI Small Business Service Research Report) (pp. 1–96). London.
• Cetindamar, D., Gupta, V. K., Karadeniz, E. E., & Egrican, N. (2012). What the numbers tell: The impact of human, family and financial capital on women and men’s entry into entrepreneurship in Turkey. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(1–2), 29–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2012.637348
• Chowdhury, S., & Endres, M. L. (2005). Gender Difference and the Formation of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy. Entrepreneurship in a Diverse World, 8. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1497806
• Davidsson, P., & Honig, B. (2003). The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(3), 301–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00097-6
• Delmar, F., & Davidsson, P. (2000). Where do they come from? Prevalence and characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 12(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/089856200283063
• Evans, D. S., & Jovanovic, B. (1989). An Estimated Model of Entrepreneurial Choice under Liquidity Constraints. Journal of Political Economy, 97(4), 808–827.
• Firkin, P. (2003). Entrepreneurial capital. In A. De Bruin & A. Dupuis (Eds.), Entrepreneurship: New perspectives in a global age (pp. 57–75). Aldershot: Ashgate.
• Fischer, E. M., Reuber, A. R., & Dyke, L. S. (1993). A theoretical overview and extension of research on sex, gender, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(2), 151–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(93)90017-Y
• Gonzalez-Alvarez, N., & Solis-Rodriguez, V. (2011). Discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities: a gender perspective. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 111(5), 755–775.
• Grilo, I., & Irigoyen, J.-M. (2006). Entrepreneurship in the EU: to wish and not to be. Small Business Economics, 26(4), 305–318.
• Huggins, R. (2000). The success and failure of policy-implanted inter-firm network initiatives: motivations, processes and structure. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 12(2), 111–135.
• Klapper, L. F., & Parker, S. C. (2010). Gender and the business environment for new firm creation. The World Bank Research Observer, 26(2), 237–257.
• Loscocco, K. A., & Robinson, J. (1991). Barriers to Women’s Small-Business Success in the United States. Gender and Society, 5(4), 511–532.
• Marlow, S., & Patton, D. (2005). All Credit to Men? Entrepreneurship, Finance, and Gender. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(6), 717–735. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00105.x
• Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
• Robinson, S., & Stubberud, H. A. (2009). Gender differences in successful business owners’ network structures: A European study. In Proceedings of the Academy for Studies in International Business (Vol. 9, pp. 29–34). New Orleans: Jordan Whitney Enterprises, Inc.
• Roomi, M. A., & Parrott, G. (2008). Barriers to Development and Progression of Women Entrepreneurs in Pakistan. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 17(1), 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/097135570701700105
• Sarfaraz, L., Mian, S., Karadeniz, E. E., Zali, M. R., & Qureshi, M. (2018). Do Financial, Human, Social and Cultural Capital Matter? In N. Faghih & M. R. Zali (Eds.), Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): Dynamics in Trends, Policy and Business Environment. Springer International Publishing. Retrieved from //www.springer.com/la/book/9783319759128
• Shane, S. (2000). Prior Knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities. Organization Science, 11(4), 448–469. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.11.4.448.14602
• Shaw, E., Carter, S., Lam, W., & Wilson, F. (2005). Social capital and accessing finance: the relevance of networks. In Institute for Small Business & Entrepreneurship (ISBE). Blackpool, UK.
• Smallbone, D., & Welter, F. (2001). The Distinctiveness of Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies. Small Business Economics, 16(4), 249–262. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011159216578
• Storey, D. J. (1994). Understanding the Small Business Sector. London: Routledge.
• Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., & Wright, M. (2008). Opportunity Identification and Pursuit: Does an Entrepreneur’s Human Capital Matter? Small Business Economics, 30(2), 153–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-9020-3
• Uhlaner, L., & Thurik, R. (2004). Postmaterialism influencing total entrepreneurial activity across nations (Papers on entrepreneurship, growth and public policy). Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute of Economics.
• Zwan, P. van der, Verheul, I., & Thurik, A. R. (2012). The entrepreneurial ladder, gender, and regional development. Small Business Economics, 39(3), 627–643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9334-7